总溶解气体过饱和胁迫下齐口裂腹鱼的耐受和回避特征

高坝工程在泄流时,高速水流强烈的掺气作用导致下游水体中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和,从而使水体中鱼类患上气泡病,威胁到其生存。本文以二龄齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为研究对象,对其开展了急性致死实验、间歇胁迫实验、水平回避实验和垂直回避实验,结果表明齐口裂腹鱼持续暴露在TDG饱和度为120%、125%和130%的水体中的半致死时间分别为10.7 h、9.5 h和6.5 h。通过短时间的TDG过饱和暴露结合长时间的清水恢复能显著地延长齐口裂腹鱼在TDG过饱和水体中的生存时间。齐口裂腹鱼对饱和度为135%和145%水体具有较强的探知和回避能力,而当水体TDG饱和度为125%及以下时,其探知和回避能力较弱。齐口裂腹鱼在垂直方向具有利用补偿水深来回避水体中TDG过饱和的能力。     

水库泄水总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类的危害

水库建设促进了库区渔业养殖的发展，但高坝大库泄水导致的总溶解气体（Total Dissolved Gas, TDG）过饱和可能导致下游河道尤其下一梯级水库的鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡。为探究TDG过饱和对鱼类的胁迫效应，以金沙江梯级电站溪洛渡至向家坝江段为研究对象，构建立面二维TDG动态模型，推求库区控制断面的安全水深阈值，结合库区主要鱼类生活习性和网箱养殖深度，研究TDG过饱和对野生鱼类和网箱养殖鱼类的胁迫效应。结果表明:梯级电站库区的野生鱼类具有足够的垂向空间进行深度补偿以规避TDG过饱和的危害，其生活习性以及利用深度补偿的能力决定了受过饱和TDG胁迫的程度；但养殖鱼类受网箱限制难以自由下潜至安全水深，为保证养殖鱼类的安全，网箱深度至少应大于安全水深阈值，在TDG过饱和胁迫期，鱼类的游泳水深应持续限制在安全水深阈值以下。对于具有利用深度补偿能力的鱼类，梯级电站的库区比最后一个梯级的下游河道更安全，需要对最后一级电站实施比中间梯级更严格的坝下近区TDG饱和度限制标准。     

中国高坝工程过饱和总溶解气体研究进展

高坝泄洪会导致下游水体总溶解气体过饱和,鱼类长期处于这种环境容易患气泡病甚至死亡.为保护生态环境,找出切实可行的TDG饱和度消减措施,我国针对高坝泄洪导致的总溶解气体过饱和现象开展了大量研究.对高坝工程过饱和溶解气体的产生、释放过程、鱼类对过饱和溶解气体耐受性、TDG饱和度预测模型及TDG过饱和减缓措施的研究成果进行了总结,同时针对已有研究成果的不足提出了建议,旨在为进一步开展研究工作提供参考.     

总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究

高坝泄洪形成总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和的含沙水流,由于泥沙的作用,加剧了对高坝下游鱼类的影响。为探讨TDG过饱和含沙水体对鱼类影响的规律,以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,选取中值粒径为7.4μm的泥沙,对TDG饱和度为100%、120%、125%、130%、135%、140%的水体,分别设置0、20、60、80 mg/L的含沙量实验工况,开展含沙水体TDG过饱和的持续暴露实验。实验结果表明,含沙量不同但TDG饱和度保持为100%不变的实验组中,未出现实验鱼死亡现象。TDG饱和度为130%时,含沙量为0、20、60、80 mg/L的实验组中,实验鱼的半致死时间分别为15.3 h、10.75 h、8.3 h、7.85 h。在TDG饱和度相同时,含沙量越高半致死时间越短,但高含沙量实验组(60 mg/L,80m g/L)的半致死时间相差不大;含沙量相同时,TDG饱和度越高,半致死时间越短。     

总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响研究进展

高坝下泄洪水导致大坝下游河道水体总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和,威胁着下游鱼类的生存。目前,高坝泄洪引起的TDG过饱和问题及其对鱼类的影响,已成为备受关注的生态环境问题之一。针对国内已有的研究,从气体过饱和引起的鱼类气泡病症状、耐受性、回避性等方面进行了总结。发现鱼类对TDG过饱和的耐受性阈值并未确定,TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的解决方案尚未明确。提出进一步开展野外原位观测试验,着手TDG与其他环境因子的耦合作用对鱼类的影响研究,以及利用多学科交叉的方法揭示TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的内在机制,有助于水库调度方案和鱼类保护措施的制定。     

鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性

为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。     

高坝泄水产生溶解气体过饱和水体对鱼类影响的模拟研究

采用高坝泄洪TDG生成预测模型,考虑泄洪水流的非恒定流特征及过饱和TDG水流在河道内的一维动力学释放,模拟某待建坝高289m的高坝工程以单泄洪洞分别持续泄洪不同时间,下游河段内TDG饱和度水体对鱼类影响。以已有鱼类研究成果为标准,研究得到,泄洪流量一定,泄洪持续时间延长,TDG过饱和水体对下河道内鱼类的影响区域从坝下逐渐向下游延长。当泄洪流量、泄洪时间一定,坝下游河道内TDG过饱和水流对鱼类的影响区域沿河流方向逐渐减小。     

水利工程总溶解气体过饱和问题探讨

从对总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和概念的分析入手,阐述TDG过饱和的危害。通过对不同典型水体TDG饱和度的测量,表明泄流可以导致水体TDG含量增加甚至过饱和。在此基础上,采用试验研究的方法,探讨了TDG过饱和产生原因及其释放过程,表明水利工程泄流引起的TDG过饱和与泄流掺气、压力、紊动强度、水温等要素相关,并由此提出减缓水利工程TDG过饱和影响的建议。     

紊动促进过饱和总溶解气体释放研究

总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,简称“TDG”)过饱和可能直接导致鱼类和水中生物患有“气泡病”甚至死亡。文章为解决该问题开展研究。实验结果表明,在紊动的系列条件下,紊动能促进过饱和总溶解气体的释放,转速和温度对过饱和TDG释放起促进作用,而水深对其起抑制作用。研究还获得过饱和TDG释放系数(释放速率)分别与水深、转速和温度的关系表达式,以及紊动因素对过饱和TDG的影响大小为K_TDG,n>K_TDG,T>K_TDG,H。该研究成果是一种减缓过饱和TDG危害的方法,为探讨减缓过饱和TDG不利影响的措施提供科学指导和依据。     

NaCl对鲫鱼鱼苗受TDG过饱和影响的缓解实验

水体总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和经常发生在高坝泄水及渔业养殖中,鱼类生活在这样的环境中易患气泡病而死亡。食盐(NaCl)在水产养殖中用途广泛,但是否能够缓解TDG过饱和对鱼类的影响至今少有文献提及,为此,对NaCl能否延长暴露在总溶解气体过饱和水体中鲫鱼鱼苗的死亡时间进行实验,即将2种规格的鲫鱼鱼苗暴露在不同饱和度以及不同NaCl浓度的水体的实验,研究结果表明,在NaCl溶液浓度为50 g/m3时,大鲫鱼鱼苗(体长为6~8 cm,体重为4~6 g)半致死时间明显延长;在NaCl溶液浓度为10 g/m3时,规格较小的鲫鱼鱼苗(体长为3~4 cm,体重为1~2g)半致死时间明显延长;过高的NaCl浓度会加快鲫鱼鱼苗的死亡。因此,水体中加入一定浓度的NaCl能够缓解鱼类受过饱和气体的影响。     

Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of the rare and endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River to total dissolved gas supersaturation by hydropower stations

Several superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT₅₀), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT₅₀ of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT₅₀ values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.     

Microanalysis of supersaturated gas release based on wall-attached bubbles

Supersaturation of dissolved gases in natural water, due to spillage from high dams and other factors, may cause fish mortality. In previous experiments, the dissipation coefficient has been used to denote the degassing process of total dissolved gas(TDG) saturation. These experiments mainly analyzed supersaturated TDG dissipation from a macroscopic view. To precisely clarify the mechanism of supersaturated TDG release, this study investigated bubble adsorption at a wall surface from a microscopic view. The experiment was conducted in a Plexiglas-wall container filled with supersaturated TDG water. A model that calculates the adsorption flux of supersaturated TDG by a solid wall, and helps describe construction for a contact angle at a three-phase intersection, was developed according to Young's equation. This model was used to investigate the formation process of bubbles adsorbed on a solid polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) surface in supersaturated TDG water. The adsorption effect of a solid wall on TDG release was analyzed based on the experimental data. The modeling results were compared with observations under different wall area conditions, and it was found that TDG release tended to increase with wall area. This study helps improve our understanding of the mechanisms of supersaturated TDG release and provides an important theoretical method for accurate calculation of the release process. The adsorption flux model of the solid wall provides mitigation measures to combat the adverse effects of TDG supersaturation,which will be beneficial to the protection of aquatic organisms in hydropower-regulated rivers.     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测

通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。     

高坝下游水中总溶解气体过饱和研究进展

随着水电工程的不断兴起,高坝建设引起的过饱和水体问题日渐突出。总结了近年来国内外的的研究成果,从鱼类的耐受性、鱼类对过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)的规避效应以及过饱和TDG对鱼类的致死机理3方面分析了过饱和TDG与下游水生生物之间的相互作用,并提出了一些研究思路和想法。此外,还重点论述了促进过饱和TDG释放速率方面取得的进展和不足之处,指出实际工况条件下过饱和TDG的释放易受河流形态等周边环境影响,而实验条件下无法准确反映实际工况,今后室内试验和原型观测需进一步加强。而如何在安全行洪的前提下实现快速高效的TDG释放是该领域下一步研究的重点。     

A laterally averaged two-dimensional simulation of unsteady supersaturated total dissolved gas in deep reservoir

Elevated levels of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG) may be reached downstream of dams, leading to increased incidences of gas bubble diseases in fish. The supersaturated TDG dissipates and transports more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of the greater depth and the lower turbulence, which endangers the fish more seriously. With consideration of the topographical characteristics of a deep reservoir, a laterally averaged two-dimensional unsteady TDG model for deep reservoir is proposed. The dissipation process of the TDG inside the waterbody and the mass transfer through the free surface are separately modeled with different functions in the model. Hydrodynamics equations are solved coupling with those of water temperature and density. The TDG concentration is calculated based on the density current field. A good agreement is found in the simulation of the Dachaoshan Reservoir between the simulation results and the field data of the hydrodynamics parameters and the TDG distribution in the vertical direction and their unsteady evolution with time. The hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG concentration are analyzed based on the simulation results. This study demonstrates that the model can be used to predict the evolutions of hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG distribution in a deep reservoir with unsteady inflow and outflow. The results can be used in the study of the mitigation measures of the supersaturated TDG.     

In situ study on the impact of total dissolved gas supersaturation on endemic fish in the Upper Yangtze River

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation in the upper Yangtze River caused by high spill rates upstream of hydroelectric dams has become a serious environmental problem in recent years. TDG supersaturation downstream of the Xiangjiaba Dam was investigated during flood periods in 2014 and 2015. Alongside this, an in situ study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of TDG supersaturation on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and rock carp (Procypris rabaudi). TDG supersaturation levels ranged from 115% to 131% in 2014 and from 118% to 128% in 2015. During 2014, TDG supersaturation first decreased and then increased and finally remained relatively stable. In contrast, the TDG supersaturation level remained between 122–126% for a relatively long time in the 2015 study period. During 2014, grass carp confined to water depths of 0–1 and 1–2 m began to die after 45 hr of exposure, and most grass carp died between 90 and 130 hr when TDG supersaturation level was greater than 127%. The first observed death during 2015 occurred after 30‐hr exposure. The survival of rock carp was greater than 50% when they were restricted to water depths of 0–1 m. Only three rock carp died when they were confined to water depths of 0–2 m, and no dead fish were recorded at water depths of 0–3 m.     

地下连续墙与止水帷幕共同作用下富水砂层深基坑变形性状

研究富水砂层地下连续墙深基坑变形特性对深基坑工程实践具有重要指导意义。以某车站地下连续墙深基坑工程为依托,通过数值模拟和现场实测方法研究降水渗流作用下富水砂层地下连续墙深基坑施工变形性状及其影响因素。研究结果表明:地下连续墙水平位移曲线分布随开挖深度加深由“斜线”形—“弓”形—倒“V”形演变,墙体最大水平位移U_x,max及其位置深度H_x,max与开挖深度h_e符合线性关系,最大水平位移约为(0.048%～0.082%)h_e,其深度位置约为(0.60～1.20)h_e;地表竖向位移曲线分布沿横向水平距离呈凹槽形,沉降槽随开挖深度增加而变宽、加深,沉降变形显著影响区为(1.0~1.5)h_e,距坑边(1/3~1/2)h_e处地表沉降最大;考虑地下连续墙与止水帷幕共同作用的富水砂层深基坑变形与实测结果更为吻合,且帷幕隔水和挡土作用对基坑变形影响显著;地下水位上升、砂层厚度加深均引起墙体水平位移和地表竖向位移增大,当风化砂岩层渗透系数较大时,渗透系数增加对坑外地表竖向位移的影响较墙体水平位移显著,合理的止水帷幕深度及间距参数有利于控制基坑变形和保持稳定性。