低能X射线空气比释动能国际关键比对

为促进我国在低能X射线空气比释动能计量领域内的量值统一并达到国际等效,中国计量科学研究院(NIM)于2018年采用平板自由空气基准电离室复现低能X射线空气比释动能,并通过传递电离室Radcal-RC6M在国际计量局(BIPM)低能X射线辐射场中开展了间接比对,其比对结果在合成标准不确定度为0.37%范围内与国际计量局等效一致,该比对结果已纳入国际计量局的关键比对数据库(KCDB)。     

蒙特卡罗模拟计算中能X射线自由空气电离室电子损失修正因子

采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了中能X射线自由空气电离室在入射不同能量光子时的电子损失修正因子.根据此结果,获得中能X射线基准电离室在5个辐射束规范下的电子损失修正因子,为中能X射线空气比释动能的绝对测量和国际比对提供了重要数据.     

高剂量率近距离192Ir治疗源的井型电离室仪器的校准

针对后装治疗用192Ir放射源的参考空气比释动能率的量值急需进行溯源。参考国际通例,由指型电离室(PTW-30013)在60Co γ射线和250kV X射线下的空气比释动能校准因子推导得出192Ir γ射线的空气比释动能校准因子,从而测定192Ir放射源参考空气比释动能率标准值,进而完成对井型电离室的参考空气比释动能率校准。通过不确定度评定得出:192Ir放射源的参考空气比释动能率的不确定度为3.6%,井型电离室校准因子的不确定度为3.8%。     

X射线环境辐射监测仪器校准方法的研究

环境辐射监测仪表作为微弱放射性监测计量器具,它的量值溯源是一个急需解决的问题。由于环境辐射剂量率低且电离信号微弱,故通常采用大体积电离室或者充压电离室进行测量。依托60~250kV X射线空气比释动能基准电离室,在完成重过滤窄谱X射线辐射质空气比释动能绝对测量的基础上,通过逐级替代法完成大体积环境辐射监测仪器的校准。测量结果不确定度为5.6%(k=2),实现环境水平X射线空气比释动能测量量值溯源,为国内环境辐射监测仪器在低剂量率水平的性能评价提供计量保障。     

防护水平X射线电离室的校准及不确定度分析

防护水平电离室剂量计是辐射防护的主要计量器具,需要在窄谱参考辐射质下进行检定和校准。利用EGSnrc软件模拟了参考辐射质X射线能谱,分析得到的能谱分辨率和平均能量与ISO 4037-1推荐值的最大偏差分别为7.1％和1.04％,均满足规范要求。依托60~250kV X射线空气比释动能国家基准装置,在窄谱系列参考辐射质下完成了距离X光机1m处参考点的空气比释动能量值复现;然后通过替代法对两个传递电离室进行校准并完成量值传递;最后利用传递电离室复现的2.25m处的空气比释动能率对PTW-32002球形电离室进行校准,获得相应的校准因子,校准因子相对扩展不确定度为2.2%(k=2)。     

6～70keV同步辐射X射线能量标定

为建立高注量率同步辐射X射线计量领域相关的国家标准,对同步辐射X射线能量标定方法进行研究。在北京同步辐射装置上选择6、10和20keV三个能量点进行实验,得到的传递探测器校准因子与辐射能量的关系曲线近似直线,变化趋势呈线性递减;在20keV能量点,不同直径光阑条件下进行的标定实验验证了传递探测器的校准因子与光源照射到基准电离室与传递探测器的光子通量有关。在上海光源上进行10～70keV能量标定实验,得到传递探测器的校准因子拟合曲线;10～20keV能量段的变化趋势与在北京同步辐射装置得到的校准因子变化趋势一致,30～70keV能量段的校准因子随着能量的增加而平稳缓慢增大。对各个能量点标定产生的A类不确定度进行评定,为后续建立国家计量标准同步辐射X射线空气比释动能量值传递体系提供了技术数据。     

圆饼电离室空气比释动能物理参量的蒙特卡洛模拟

为建立基于圆饼电离室系统的~(60)Coγ射线空气比释动能基准装置,对辐射场及场中电离室的相关物理参量进行了蒙特卡洛模拟研究。通过BEAMnrc程序建立辐照器模型计算测量点处能谱和注量分布,使用EGSnrc计算圆饼电离室在辐射场中各物理参量。~(60)Coγ射线空气比释动能绝对测量装置通过蒙特卡洛模拟得到的相关物理参数合成不确定度为0.20%,该结果与澳大利亚计量院同结构电离室的结果在不确定度范围内一致,与国家基准球-圆柱形电离室及球形电离室相比在不确定范围内符合。     

γ射线空气比释动能测量不确定度分析

基于空气比释动能测量的Bragg-Gray空腔理论,通过采用石墨空腔电离室对γ射线空气比释动能率进行测量,建立了测量数学模型,考虑到空气比释动能测量过程中的各影响量及其修正,采用实验测量或蒙卡模拟计算的方法得到各修正因子并分析不确定度,得到γ射线空气比释动能测量的扩展不确定度约为0.5%,其中主要是由壁效应修正和平均电离功的不确定度贡献,因此有必要开展相应的研究,以提高空气比释动能的测量水平。     

K荧光X射线光子注量测量方法研究

K荧光因为拥有良好的单能性而被用于刻度校准仪器仪表.K荧光产额与单能性直接关系着刻度的准确性.利用RC6M电离室,测量锆(Zr)、硫酸铯(Cs2SO4)、钨(W)3种材料分别作为辐射体时的电离电流,计算得出其空气比释动能,进而求出K荧光辐射场在60cm处的光子注量.结果显示,计算得出的光子注量率在107～109m-2·s-1的量级.分析了K荧光X射线光子注量的不确定度的来源,最终计算得出当用Zr作为辐射体时,光子注量的相对扩展不确定度为5.78％,当用Cs2S04作为辐射体材料时,光子注量的相对扩展不确定度为1.08％,当用W作为辐射体材料时,光子注量的相对扩展不确定度为1.34％.     

钼靶X射线空气比释动能的国际关键比对

为支撑国内乳腺诊断X射线空气比释动能的量值溯源体系，中国计量科学研究院完成了钼靶X射线空气比释动能率的量值复现，其量值复现不确定度为0.3%,并于2018年与国际计量局完成了BIPM.RI(I)-K7关键比对工作，两机构对相同2个传递电离室的校准因子偏差小于0.04%,比对结果合成不确定度为0.28%,比对结果进入国际计量局关键比对数据库(KCDB),实现了国际互认。     

Effect of the diaphragm of free-air ionisation chamber for X-ray air-kerma measurements

Free-air ionisation chambers are widely used at standards laboratories as primary standards for absolute measurements of air kerma in X-ray fields. The area of the diaphragm aperture of a free-air ionisation chambers is an important factor for absolute measurements because it defines the size of the X-ray beam incident on the free-air chamber. In this study, correction factors for the contribution of X rays transmitted through the diaphragm of a free-air ionisation chamber and those scattered from the surface of the diaphragm aperture are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation for two different sized free-air ionisation chambers and for various diaphragm aperture sizes, X-ray energies and source-to-chamber distances.     

~(137)Cs γ射线空气比释动能基准石墨空腔电离室的研制

根据Bragg-Gray理论研制了圆柱形石墨空腔电离室,用于~(137)Cs空气比释动能基准的建立。通过理论计算灵敏体积内部电场分布,优化了电离室壁和收集极之间接地保护的结构设计,在此基础上,对研制的电离室的饱和曲线、本底电流以及稳定性等电学性能进行了测试,其结果表明完全达到设计要求。对电离室的各项修正因子进行了理论计算和实验测量,实现了~(137)Cs空气比释动能的量值复现,其合成标准不确定度为0.25%。     

Determination of conversion factors from air kerma to operational dose equivalent quantities for low-energy X-ray spectra

The conversion coefficients from air kerma to ICRU operational dose equivalent quantities for STUK's realisation of the X-radiation qualities N-15 to N-60 of the ISO narrow (N) spectrum series were determined by utilising X-ray spectrum measurements. The pulse-height spectra were measured using a planar high-purity germanium spectrometer and unfolded to fluence spectra using Monte Carlo generated data of the spectrometer response. To verify the measuring and unfolding method, the first and second half-value layers and the air kerma rate were calculated from the fluence spectra and compared with the values measured using an ionisation chamber. For each radiation quality, the spectrum was characterised by the parameters given in ISO 4037-1. The conversion coefficients from the air kerma to the ICRU operational quantities H(p)(10), H(p)(0.07), H'(0.07) and H(*)(10) were calculated using monoenergetic conversion coefficients at zero angle of incidence. The results are discussed with respect to ISO 4037-4, and compared with published results for low-energy X-ray spectra.     

Dosimetry of a nearly monoenergetic 6 to 7 MeV photon source by NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometry

The dosimetry of a nearly-monoenergetic 6–7 MeV photon source developed at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) for radiation protection instrument calibration has been carried out by NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometry. This approach uses calculated 3 in. × 3 in. NaI(Tl) detector-response functions that have been shown to be reasonably accurate up to 20 MeV. A least-squares fit of the appropriate response functions to a selected region of the pulse-height distribution determines the primary 6–7 MeV photon fluence. The uncertainty in the fluence determination is based on the χ² of the fit, the statistics of the data, and the uncertainty in the response functions. The air kerma delivery due to the primary photons at a reference point in the photon field was calculated from the primary photon fluence. The uncertainty in the determination of air kerma delivery for primary photons was less than 5% (1 std. dev.). The primary high-energy photon contribution to the detector response was subtracted from the data and the remaining distribution due to lower-energy photons was evaluated by spectrum unfolding analyses. The spectrum-unfolded results indicate that a contribution of approximately 12% of the total air kerma was mostly from a continuous distribution of photons extending up to 4.5 MeV.