Mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive shearing of AZ91 alloy melt

It has been demonstrated recently that intensive melt shearing can be an effective approach to the grain refinement of both shape casting and continuous casting of Mg alloys. In the present study, the mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive melt shearing were investigated through a combination of both modelling and experimental approaches. The measurement of the cooling curves during solidification, quantification of grain size of the solidified samples, and image analysis of the MgO particle size and size distribution in the pressurized filtration samples were performed for the AZ91 alloy with and without intensive melt shearing. The experimental results were then used as input parameters for the free growth model to investigate the mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive melt shearing. The experimental results showed that, although intensive melt shearing does not change the nucleation starting temperature, it increases the nucleation finishing temperature, giving rise to a reduced nucleation undercooling. The theoretical modelling using the free growth model revealed quantitatively that intensive melt shearing can effectively disperse MgO particles densely populated in the oxide films into more individual particles in the alloy melt, resulting in an increase in the MgO particle density by three orders of magnitude and the density of active nucleating MgO particles by a factor of 20 compared with those of the non-sheared melt. Therefore, the grain refining effect of intensive melt shearing can be confidently attributed to the significantly increased refining efficiency of the naturally occurring MgO particles in the alloy melt as potent nucleation sites.     

Effect of SiC particles on microstructure and mechanical property of friction stir processed AA6061-T4

Friction stir processing of AA6061-T4 alloy with SiC particles was successfully carried out.SiC particles were uniformly dispersed into an AA6061-T4 matrix.Also SiC particles promoted the grain refinement of the AA6061-T4 matrix by FSP.The mean grain size of the stir zone (SZ) with the SiC particles was obviously smaller than that of the stir zone without the SiC particles.The microhardness of the SZ with the SiC particles reached about HV80 due to the grain refinement and the distribution of the SiC particles.     

固结金刚石聚集体磨料垫高效研磨氧化锆陶瓷背板

氧化锆陶瓷背板的高效低损伤研磨加工是其在5G通讯应用中的前提。针对氧化锆材料的硬脆特性造成磨粒磨损严重的特点,以金刚石单晶和聚集体为磨料,制备固结磨料垫（FAP）,并对比研究其加工性能,探索了研磨液中碳化硅磨粒在固结磨料研磨垫自修整过程中的作用机理。结果表明:采用金刚石聚集体作为固结磨料垫的磨料,辅以碳化硅砂浆,能够明显提高研磨速度,改善表面加工质量。采用粒度230/270的金刚石聚集体固结磨料研磨垫,辅以颗粒尺寸3~5 μm的绿碳化硅砂浆,氧化锆陶瓷研磨时材料去除率达2.5 μm/min以上,表面粗糙度值R_a为74.9 nm。      

铸型材质对SiCp/ZAlSi5CuMg微观组织均匀性影响规律的研究

铸型材质不同,其冷却速度不同,它影响液态金属凝固过程及形成的组织,进而影响材料的性能。用铸造法制备复合材料时,铸型材质还会对增强体颗粒的分布产生影响。采用液态搅拌法制备了SiCp/ZAlSi5CuMg复合材料,研究了不同铸型材质、相同材质不同壁厚对SiCp/Al复合材料微观组织均匀性的影响规律。试验结果表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,采用冷却能力较快的铸型,可以明显改善SiC颗粒在ZAlSi5CuMg基体中分布的均匀性。冷却速度较快,凝固过程中金属液粘度迅速增大,使SiC颗粒聚集及下降时的阻力增大,难以聚集或下降,进而使SiC颗粒在ZAlSi5CuMg基体中分布的均匀性得到改善。     

Kinetic behaviour of TiB2 particles in Al melt and their effect on grain refinement of aluminium alloys

Solidification experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles in Al melt and their effect on the grain refinement of commercially-pure Al. A model was proposed to describe the kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles during the whole process from the addition of TiB₂ to the melt to the freezing of the melt. The results indicate that TiB₂ particles are not stable in Al melt. They may dissolve and coarsen during the holding period and grow during the cooling period of the melt. The kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles in the melt has a great influence on their number density and the grain refinement. Solute Ti addition can suppress the dissolution, Ostwald ripening and growth behaviours of TiB₂ particles.     

Refinement mechanism of low voltage pulsed magnetic field on solidification structure of silicon steel

The grain refinement of a silicon steel solidified with a low voltage pulsed magnetic field (LVPMF) was investigated by experiments and modeling. The experiment results show that complete fine equiaxed grains are acquired by applying the LVPMF. The effects of process parameters, such as the melt cooling rate and superheating on the solidification structure, were also studied. Complete fine equiaxed grains can be obtained under a larger range of cooling rate or superheating when the LVPMF is applied. The magnetic force and the melt flow during solidification were modeled and simulated to reveal the grain refinement mechanism. The simulation results show that the LVPMF has a double role in electromagnetic convection and electromagnetic vibration on the alloy melt. We propose the refining mechanism: The melt vibration and convection can promote nucleus multiplication, which contributes to heterogeneous nucleation enhancement and leads to a high nucleation rate and grain refinement.     

Deformation behavior of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites based on EMA model

Effects of the matrix properties,particle size distribution and interfacial matrix failure on the elastoplastic deformationbehavior in Al matrix composites reinforced by SiC particles with an average size of 5μm and volume fraction of 12%werequantitatively calculated by using the expanded effective assumption(EMA)model.The particle size distribution naturally bringsabout the variation of matrix properties and the interfacial matrix failure due to the presence of SiC particles.The theoretical resultscoincide well with those of the experiment.The current research indicates that the load transfer between matrix and reinforcements,grain refinement in matrix,and enhanced dislocation density originated from the thermal mismatch between SiC particles and Almatrix increase the flow stress of the composites,but the interfacial matrix failure is opposite.It also proves that the load transfer,grain refinement and dislocation strengthening are the main strengthening mechanisms,and the interfacial matrix failure and ductilefracture of matrix are the dominating fracture modes in the composites.The mechanical properties of the composites strongly dependon the metal matrix.     

Fabrication of SiC_p/AA5083 composite via friction stir welding

Microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp /AA5083 composite fabricated by friction stir welding (FSW) were investigated.The influence of the number of FSW passes on the distribution of SiC particles and mechanical properties in the joint was studied.After one pass,the SiC particles were entangled in the upper side of the stir zone (SZ).However,the particle distribution became more uniform after two passes due to the repeated stirring of the joint.As the SiC particles facilitate the grain refinement in the SZ by the pinning effect,the particle including region has much smaller grain size than the SZ without SiC particles.The SiCp /AA5083 composite region exhibits a Vickers hardness of HV90,which is much higher than the value of HV80 in the SZ produced by FSW without SiC particles.     

铸造ZL101A／SiCp复合材料的研究

采用真空搅拌复合工艺制备了铸造ZL101A／SiC复合材料,研究了变质和细化处理对复合材料组织的影响。结果表明：变质和细化处理铸造 ZL101A／SiC复合材料制备工艺的重要处理措施,可明显改善复合材料的组织。利用透射电镜对AL／SiC界面特征及界面反应进行分析,同时对该复合材料的铸造性能（熔体合金流动性能、线收缩、体收缩和热裂倾向）以及力学和物理性能进行了测试。     

Fabrication of cast carbon steel with ultrafine TiC particles

The carbon steels dispersed with ultrafine TiC particles were fabricated by conventional casting method. The casting process is more economical than other available routes for metal matrix composite production, and the large sized components to be fabricated in short processing time. However, it is extremely difficult to obtain uniform dispersion of ultrafine ceramic particles in liquid metals due to the poor wettability and the specific gravity difference between the ceramic particle and metal matrix. In order to solve these problems, the mechanical milling (MM) and surface-active processes were introduced. As a result, Cu coated ultrafine TiC powders made by MM process using high energy ball milling machine were mixed with Sn powders as a surfactant to get better wettability by lowering the surface tension of carbon steel melt. The microstructural investigations by OM show that ultrafine TiC particles are distributed uniformly in carbon steel matrix. The grain sizes of the cast matrix with ultrafine TiC particles are much smaller than those without ultrafine TiC particles. This is probably due to the fact that TiC particles act as nucleation sites during solidification. The wear resistance of cast carbon steel composites added with MMed TiC/Cu-Sn powders is improved due to grain size refinement.     

Preparation, microstructures and deformation behavior of SiCP/6066Al composites produced by PM route

Preparation, microstructures and deformation behavior of 12 vol.% SiC_P/6066Al composites fabricated by a powder metallurgy (PM) route have been systemically reported in this paper. The experimental results indicated that SiC particles were distributed homogeneously in the aluminum matrix, and that the constituents of the matrix were Al, needle-shaped β′-Mg₂Si phases and a small amount of dispersoids (Fe, Mn, Cu)₃Si₂Al₁₅ (BCC structure with lattice parameter a ≈ 12.8 Å). A well-bonded SiC/Al interface consisting of a thin and clean layer of polycrystalline structure of metal matrix with segregation of Mg element has been observed. The SiC particle cracking and the ductile-tearing of SiC/Al interfaces caused the rupture of the composites. The experimental data coincided well with the theoretical results predicted by an extended effective model assumption (EMA). The current study indicates that load transfer between the matrix and reinforcements, grain refinement of metal matrix, and dislocation strengthening are the main strengthening mechanisms of SiC_P/Al composites. The ductile-tearing of SiC_P/Al interfaces and the SiC particle cracking are the dominating failure modes and the deformation behavior of SiC_P/Al composites strongly depends on the properties of matrix alloy.     

低压脉冲磁场对铸态IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响

研究低压脉冲磁场对IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响。结果表明：在低压脉冲磁场作用下可以获得完全细小的等轴晶组织。熔体冷却速度和过热度显著影响低压脉冲磁场的细化效果,降低冷却速度和过热度有利于提高脉冲磁场的细化效果。利用商业有限元软件模拟计算高温合金凝固过程中熔体中的电磁力和流场分布情况以揭示脉冲磁场的细化机制。认为脉冲磁场引起的熔体对流,以及同熔体冷却速度和过热度的合理配合是合金凝固组织细化的主要原因。     

冷却曲线识别与亚共晶Al-Si合金熔体状态测评

研究了B，Sr含量以及保温时间对Al-7Si合金熔体冷却曲线与凝固组织的影响。利用数字化测温技术、模式识别技术和数字图像分析技术分别进行了冷却曲线和凝固组织的测量与比较，基于大量试验结果积累的数据库，实现了Al-7Si合金熔体组织细化及变质效果的测评。研究结果显示，随着表征曲线相似程度的综合偏差值趋近于0，相应的晶粒尺寸及变质级别差值均向0收敛。冷却曲线的整体形状可以表征包括熔体细化及变质效果在内的Al-Si合金熔体状态。     

GRAIN REFINEMENT IN BULK UNDERCOOLED Ni-BASED ALLOY

Fluxing of 5 g bulk melt Ni77Si13B10 permits high undercoolings to be attained prior to nu-cleation onset.Investigations of grain refinement in the bulk undercooled alloy as a function ofundercooling,recalescence behavior and cooling rate have been reported.A significant inhomo-geneity of reduction in grain size of a bulk sample is observed,which is caused by the different so-lidification conditions:(1)recalescence process,and(2)the followed plateau in which the heatrelease and extraction rates are equal.It is concluded that the homogeneous refined microstructurecan be achieved if the initial undercooling prior to nucleation,or cooling rate after recalescence isfurther increased.     

单颗磨粒划擦SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的试验研究

为研究SiC纤维(SiC_f)增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料(SiC_f/SiC)的磨削损伤机理,搭建试验平台开展单颗磨粒划擦试验,测量划擦力并观察其表面损伤形式,研究磨粒形状、划痕深度和SiC_f取向对复合材料磨削机理的影响。试验结果表明:SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的划擦损伤形式主要有基体崩碎、纤维裂纹、断裂和拔出等。在SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料划擦过程中,尖锐状磨粒的划擦力更小,且整条划痕的表面损伤范围较扁平状磨粒的小。用扁平状磨粒划擦但纤维取向γ= 0°时,划痕形貌中纤维断裂、纤维拔出等损伤形式出现较少。      

Al4 C3细化AZ91合金晶粒的现象和机理

通过向熔体中直接添加Al4C3颗粒,研究了Al4C3对AZ91合金的晶粒细化现象和机理的影响.结果表明,Al4C3颗粒对AZ91合金的晶粒细化效果与孕育参数直接相关,孕育温度越高孕育时间越久,Al4C3的细化效果越明显.研究发现,实验添加的Al4C3颗粒并没有直接成为镁的晶核,而是被推开到了晶粒生长界面前沿,Al4C3的细化作用主要是因为Al4C3发生了微量的溶解,从而向熔体中提供了碳,碳的存在对熔体起到了碳质孕育法处理的作用.     

Revisiting the role of peritectics in grain refinement of Al alloys

The grain refining effect of four peritectic-forming solutes (Ti, V, Zr and Nb) as well as three eutectic-forming solutes (Cu, Mg and Si) on pure Al was investigated. Significant grain refinement is observed by the addition of peritectic-forming solutes, whereas the addition of eutectic-forming solutes only slightly decreases the grain size. The mechanisms underlying the grain refinement of these alloys were then studied by a new analytical methodology for assessing grain refinement that incorporates the effects of both alloy chemistry and nucleant potency. It is found that the low degree of grain refinement by the addition of eutectic-forming solutes is mainly attributed to the segregating power of solutes, i.e. the constitutional undercooling contribution. However, peritectic-forming solutes do not only cause grain refinement by their segregation power but, more importantly, they introduce copious potent nuclei into the melt and promote significant grain refinement via heterogeneous nucleation.     

Large-scale synthesis of Pb1−xLaxTiO3 ceramic powders by molten salt method

The ferroelectric perovskite type lanthanum doped lead titanate (PLT) ceramic powders were synthesized in one step with the starting materials of PbC₂O₄, La₂O₃ and TiO₂ in NaCl–KCl molten salts in the temperature range of 700–950 °C. It was found that molten salt method was a large scale and easy preparation way to produce PLT powders with high dispersity. Tetragonal phase Pb_1−xLa_xTiO₃ ceramic powders were identified by XRD in the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 and mono-dispersed particles with spheric shape and less than 100 nm size were observed by SEM. The grain sizes of Pb_1−xLa_xTiO₃ ceramic powders increased with the increase of La content and decreased with calcination temperature. The grain growth progress and the possible reaction mechanism in molten salts and its influencing factors were discussed in this work. The grain growth process was the main influencing factor of the grain size, which depended on the solubility in the flux.     

Er、Zr微合金化5083铝合金的超塑性

针对5E83合金(Er、Zr微合金化5083合金),采用超塑性拉伸试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM),探究了Er、Zr微合金元素、晶粒尺寸、变形温度、应变速率对合金超塑性的影响。通过再结晶退火、空冷和水冷的搅拌摩擦加工(FSP),分别获得了晶粒尺寸为7.4、5.2、3.4μm的完全再结晶组织,作为初始状态进行超塑性拉伸。结果表明,初始晶粒尺寸越细小,超塑性伸长率越高。当晶粒尺寸>5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化缓慢,细化初始晶粒可显著提高超塑性;而当晶粒尺寸<5μm时,超塑性变形过程晶粒粗化严重,进一步细化初始晶粒对超塑性的提高有限。不同变形温度、应变速率的超塑性拉伸结果显示在变形温度为450～540℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-4～1.67×10^-1 s^-1,超塑性伸长率随变形温度和应变速率的提高呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势;变形温度为520℃、应变速率为1.67×10^-3 s^-1条件下,水冷FSP态合金获得最大伸长率330%...     

Recrystallization developed in the largely undercooled Ni54.6Pd45.4 alloy

The structure evolution driven by recrystallization in the bulk undercooled Ni_54.6Pd_45.4 alloy was investigated by quenching the sample at different cooling stages. It is found that recrystallization of the solid beyond the critical undercooling for grain refinement starts at the end of rapid solidification, and develops during the slow solidification and the subsequent cooling process. At the initial stage of recrystallization, nuclei successively form in the sample, leading to a decrease in grain size. At the later stage, annexation of grains dominates the recrystallization, due to which the grain size increases. As undercooling prior to solidification increases, the deformation degree in the rapidly solidified dendrite net rises, and the recalescence temperature as well as the duration at high temperature decreases. Consequently, the grain size of the recrystallization structure decreases.