6kV高压真空断路器操动机构优化方式总结

详细介绍了公司在6kV高压供电系统中真空断路器操动机构在动作过程中出现不能在较短时间内进行分、合闸动作,从而使分、合闸电磁铁长时间带电烧毁,影响现场工艺设备的正常运行,特别是在工艺设备出现故障需要立即停车时,如果在分闸过程中出现电磁铁烧毁,将造成断路器无法正常停下来,从而造成事故扩大化。如何进行断路器操动机构优化改造,以此来控制分、合闸电磁铁烧毁问题,从而能够保证供电系统和生产系统的稳定运行。     

由隔离开关烧毁事故引发的分析与思考

1事故前的系统运行方式我公司5K空分配电室6 kV系统采用2路进线、Ⅰ段母线的接线方式,其供电示意如图1。图1中,G1、G3、QF1为总变9#柜(5K空分Ⅰ号馈线柜)上、下隔离开关和断路器,G5为5K空分配电室6 kVⅠ段进线隔离开关;G2、G4、     

增设磨机保护回路的安全措施

目前，我公司现有6台6kV、380kW的电动机（均为1995年前设备），采用KRGZ-6型高压真空开关柜，频敏变阻器启动（如图1所示），曾多次发生带负荷合刀闸的现象。主要有：（1）已经停机，但真空断路器K机构卡塞，信号牌游动，销子脱落等，不能正确指示K的分合闸位置。（2）检修时，空试开关柜，断路器等各元件正常动作，但按下停机按钮，只断开了短接频敏变阻器BP的交流接触器KM0，而K仍然合闸。（3）上一级开关跳闸，变电所停电，中控人员拉开了隔离开关QS，不知K仍在合闸位置等多种拒分闸现象。合闸开机时，造成了烧毁隔离开关，烧伤断路器及人员、噎机，供电局所属该线路跳闸等严重后果，给公司造成极大的损失。     

伊顿开关柜断路器拒动故障分析

通过一起6kV断路器无法分闸的典型故障,发现断路器本身机械结构存在缺陷,并针对此缺陷分析原因及应对措施,做到举一反三避免同类型故障重复发生。     

江陵换流站GIS断路器操作机构故障处理

江陵换流站500kV交流场采用GIS设备,在运行过程中,GIS断路器操作机构多次出现液压油渗漏、机械传动故障、分闸线圈故障等故障。对江陵换流站GIS断路器操作机构出现的故障进行了描述,并对处理方法进行了详细介绍。     

浅谈断路器失灵保护的重要性

为了防止电力系统故障并伴随断路器失灵造成的严重后果,必须装设断路器失灵保护。防止断路器失灵保护拒动或误动,所以要求断路器失灵保护必须具有高度的安全性和动作可靠性。     

变电站自动化系统的不停电换型改造

介绍了乌石化公司化纤厂总降压站35kV/6kV自动化系统的不停电换型改造,把传统的35kV/6kV少油断路器高压开关柜和中央控制保护屏在系统不停电的情况下,改造成带"四遥"功能的VD4真空断路器高压开关柜和后台监控的自动化系统。通过改造,消除事故隐患,减少设备维护,极大地提高了化纤厂电力系统供电的可靠性。     

爆破工程中电爆网络拒爆事故分析及对策探究

目前绝大多数工程项目中都会用到爆破作业,爆破技术虽然已经成熟了很长时间,但爆破作业中时常会发生各类安全事故,其中拒爆事故问题非常棘手,处理拒爆事故的人员也面临着人身安全威胁。通过对爆破作业中的电爆网络进行数据分析,总结出事故发生的概率,并提出降低拒爆事故的应对措施。     

事故状态下误合断路器引发的思考

针对高压电机过电保护器爆裂短路后,仍可进行断路器合闸操作的事故进行了原因分析,在不影响断路器各项功能的前提下,通过在断路器的合闸控制回路中增加事故闭锁环节,即可保证供电系统的安全运行。     

低压进线断路器保护定值整定方法的研究与应用

主要论述了配电变压器低压侧0.4 kV进线断路器的保护定值整定方法和应用。基于三段式保护设定方法，论证了取消速断保护的必要性，详解给出了选择性速断保护和过载保护的整定计算原则。通过实例计算和实际应用验证了0.4 kV进线断路器的保护定值整定方法的正确性。     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

低NOx燃气燃烧技术研究进展

气体燃料具有易于点火、燃烧迅速、燃烧完全等特点,且氮、硫、灰分低,因此燃烧后产生的污染物相对较少,属于较清洁的燃料,且国家燃气补贴政策的实施,使气体燃料燃烧近年来有很好的发展前景。但随着国家对大气污染物的控制更加严格,控制气体燃料燃烧过程中NOx的生成至关重要。笔者介绍了不同种类NOx的产生机理及影响因素,并基于NOx的产生机理提出控制措施,分析目前应用较广泛的燃气燃烧技术的低氮原理及应用现状,最后提出燃气燃烧器应用的展望。燃气燃烧过程中主要以热力型NOx及快速型NOx为主,温度和过量空气系数是影响NOx生成的主要影响因素。燃烧温度高于1 500℃时,热力型NOx呈指数型增长,温度是影响NOx生成的最重要因素。根据NOx产生机理,低NOx燃烧技术的实质是降低最高燃烧温度,控制燃烧区燃料浓度以及氧浓度,缩短烟气在高温区的停留时间,破坏NOx生成的最佳条件,最终抑制NOx的生成。低NOx燃烧技术一定程度降低了NOx的生成,但又会破坏整个燃烧进程,对燃烧和放热过程造成不利影响,降低了燃烧效率和传热效率,因此如何解决这些矛盾是亟需解决的问题。在实际应用中,应根据需求选择合适的燃烧技术,同时可将不同燃烧技术相结合起到稳燃、低氮的效果。应用较广泛的燃气燃烧技术主要是阶段型燃烧技术、烟气再循环燃烧技术、无焰燃烧技术等,其中催化燃烧技术发展前景较好,目前已应用于多个领域,其催化剂的热稳定性和寿命问题是限制其工业上广泛应用的核心问题。     

Yield and chemical composition of sesame,Sesamum indicum L., as affected by variety and location grown

Summary Observation nurseries including 24 varieties of sesame were grown at 23 locations in 16 states. Data for yield, oil and protein content of the seed, and for iodine value of the oil were obtained from certain locations. Sesame seems reasonably well adapted on the better soils of most of the southern one-half of the United States. Average seed yield for varieties at 14 locations was 506 pounds per acre. Average yield of seed, oil, and protein per acre for seven varieties grown at eight locations was 662, 344, and 163 pounds per acre, respectively. The chemical composition of the seed was found to be well within the acceptable range but was markedly influenced both by the varieties and by the locations where they were grown. The average oil and protein contents on a moisture-free basis were 53.53% and 26.25%, respectively. The average iodine value of the oil was 110.0. Average protein content on the moisture- and oil-free basis was 57.28%. The genetic and environmental influences that affect protein content of the seed also inversely affected the oil content. It was suggested that in sesame protein synthesis is favored over oil synthesis as the nitrogen supply to the seed increases. Contribution of the Division of Tobacco, Medicinal, and Special Crops, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, and the Southern Regional Research Laboratory, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agronomist, Division of Tobacco, Medicinal, and Special Crops in cooperation with the Department of Agronomy, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station; and chemist, Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La., respectively. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of workers in the various state agricultural experiment stations and government agencies who grew the tests and made data and seed samples available.     

虫胶清理技术国内外研究进展及在直升机上的应用

虫胶在人类生活中无处不在,易附着在直升机、汽车等表面,难以清除,并带来腐蚀等问题,为此研究者开展了相关研究工作,并得到了诸多行之有效的虫胶清理方法,例如有机溶剂法、水基清洗法、激光脉冲法、机械法、生物酶解法以及主动防护与快速清洁相结合等多种方式.针对这些方法的适用范围、清理效果、优缺点等研究现状进行了分析和总结.直升机...     

熔融结晶技术分离纯化有机化合物的研究进展

熔融结晶技术是利用被分离物质各组分间凝固点的差异,通过控制热量的输入和移出,使被分离组分从熔融液中结晶析出,经洗涤、发汗等操作,实现目标组分分离纯化的一种结晶技术。熔融结晶分离纯化技术由于具有不需要使用溶剂、能耗低、设备体积小、能得到高纯产品等优点,在有机化合物的分离纯化领域得到了广泛应用。本文简述了熔融结晶的方式,介绍了熔融结晶器的类型,综述了熔融结晶技术分离纯化有机同分异构体、有机化工原料、日用品、食品和药品的研究进展,分析了熔融结晶技术分离纯化有机化合物过程中存在的问题,展望了熔融结晶技术分离纯化有机化合物的发展方向。文中指出：随着熔融结晶技术的发展,以提高产品质量,减小能耗和降低成本为目的的耦合熔融结晶技术已成为熔融结晶技术发展的方向。以包含熔融结晶设备、工艺、晶体成核和生长动力学、发汗机理以及传热传质模型的系统工程将会成为熔融结晶分离纯化有机化合物的研究热点。     

水泥基复合材料集料与浆体界面研究综述(二):界面微观结构的形成、劣化机理及其影响因素

首先概括介绍了目前国际上存在的几种界面过渡区微观结构的模型,然后分新拌混凝土阶段和水化早期、材料硬化过程中以及材料使用过程中3个阶段描述了界面微观结构的形成以及劣化机理。在第1阶段,界面过渡区形成的可能机理为：边壁效应,絮凝成团作用,微区泌水效应,离子的迁移、沉积与成核生长,水化产物的单边生长效应以及脱水收缩效应。在第2阶段,界面过渡区可能的形成与劣化机理为：自身收缩、化学收缩和自干燥收缩、干缩,集料与浆体膨胀系数的差别,浆体的进一步水化以及水化产物的重结晶。在第3阶段,界面过渡区的形成与劣化机理为：荷载的作用,环境介质的侵蚀,冻融的破坏,碱集料反应以及胶凝材料的进一步水化。同时给出了几种常规的以及可能成为界面过渡区微观结构的表征方法。最后,从原材料的物理、化学组成,配合比以及材料制备工艺角度分析了影响界面过渡区微观结构的因素。     

Fast gas combustion in systems with hydraulic resistance

Various aspects of the sonic velocity regime, one of the steady-state regimes of filtration combustion of gases, is analyzed. The conditions and region of existence of the regime, the velocity and structural characteristics of the combustion wave, the gas ignition and combustion mechanisms, conditions for the stabilization of the wave velocity, and regime transitions are considered. A characteristic feature of the regime is the presence of a pressure wave in the zone of turbulent flame due to the choking of channels and narrowings. The main factors determining the nature and properties of the sonic velocity regime are the hydraulic resistance, piezo diffusion, the energetics of the mixture, the compressibility and turbulence of the gas, and the reactivity of the mixture at high pressures and temperatures. The sonic velocity regime is a unique and intriguing combustion regime which is promising for applications.     

蛋白质体系分子动力学模拟的前沿进展-从介科学角度重新审视

蛋白质是生命的物质基础,是生命活动的主要承担者,对蛋白质时空多尺度结构及其控制机制的深入理解是探索生命起源、病理认知及新药开发的基础. 受实验表征手段及时空分辨率的限制,计算机模拟已成为研究蛋白质体系结构及功能的重要手段之一. 由于蛋白质体系模拟所涉及的时间和空间跨度均相当大,因此,准确且快速地描述其时空多尺度结构,从而分析体系的控制机制及相关生理过程,成为分子动力学模拟面临的巨大挑战. 本工作对近半个世纪以来的分子模拟方法,特别是分子动力学方法和相关的增强采样技术在蛋白质体系研究中的应用进行了总结,综述了近年来分子动力学的理论模型和算法的发展,并介绍了这些方法在结构化蛋白质的天然结构与构象变化、固有无序蛋白质的动态结构及其结合底物的动力学过程及分子机理、分子伴侣及病毒等蛋白质复合物体系中的研究成果;汇总了高性能计算的飞速发展所带动的分子动力学模拟软件的变革,拓展了蛋白质模拟的时空尺度,重点阐述了大规模高性能分子动力学模拟在蛋白质研究中的应用;最后,基于介科学理论的飞速发展及其在多种复杂体系的成功运用,对未来蛋白质体系的模拟方法和理论研究的趋势进行了思考和展望.     

Applications of Nanozymology in the Detection and Identification of Viral,Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many industrial uses of enzymes outside their natural environments have been developed. Similar to enzymes, many industrial applications of nanozymes have been developed and used. Unlike the enzymes, however, nanozymes are cost-effectively prepared, purified, stored, and reproducibly and repeatedly used for long periods of time. The detection and identification of pathogens is among some of the reported applications of nanozymes. Three of the methodologic milestones in the evolution of pathogen detection and identification include the incubation and growth, immunoassays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies. Although advances in the history of pathogen detection and identification have given rise to novel methods and devices, these are still short of the response speed, accuracy and cost required for point-of-care use. Debuting recently, nanozymology offers significant improvements in the six methodological indicators that are proposed as being key in this review, including simplicity, sensitivity, speed of response, cost, reliability, and durability of the immunoassays and PCR strategies. This review will focus on the applications of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens in samples obtained from foods, natural, and clinical sources. It will highlight the impact of nanozymes in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent and PCR strategies by discussing the mechanistic improvements and the role of the design and architecture of the nanozyme nanoconjugates. Because of their contribution to world health burden, the three most important pathogens that will be considered include viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although not quite seen as pathogens, the review will also consider the detection of cancer cells and helminth parasites. The review leaves very little doubt that nanozymology has introduced remarkable advances in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and PCR strategies for detecting these five classes of pathogens. However, a gap still exists in the application of nanozymes to detect and identify fungal pathogens directly, although indirect strategies in which nanozymes are used have been reported. From a mechanistic point of view, the nanozyme technology transfer to laboratory research methods in PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, and the point-of-care devices such as electronic biosensors and lateral flow detection strips, that is currently taking place, is most likely to give rise to no small revolution in each of the six methodological indicators for pathogen detection and identification. While the evidence of widespread research reports, clinical trials and point-of-care device patents support this view, the gaps that still exist point to a need for more basic research studies to be conducted on the applications of nanozymology in pathogen detection and identification. The multidisciplinary nature of the research on the application of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens requires chemists and physicists for the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanozymes; microbiologists for the design, testing and analysis of the methodologies, and clinicians or clinical researchers for the evaluation of the methodologies and devices in the clinic. Many reports have also implicated required skills in mathematical modelling, and electronic engineering. While the review will conclude with a synopsis of the impact of nanozymology on the detection and identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and helminths, it will also point out opportunities that exist in basic research as well as opportunities for innovation aimed at novel laboratory methodologies and devices. In this regard there is no doubt that there are numerous unexplored research areas in the application of nanozymes for the detection of pathogens. For example, most research on the applications of nanozymes for the detection and identification of fungi is so far limited only to the detection of mycotoxins and other chemical compounds associated with fungal infection. Therefore, there is scope for exploration of the application of nanozymes in the direct detection of fungi in foods, especially in the agricultural production thereof. Many fungal species found in seeds severely compromise their use by inactivating the germination thereof. Fungi also produce mycotoxins that can severely compromise the health of humans if consumed.     

柠檬酸和谷氨酸N，N-二乙酸优化处理污泥重金属

采用柠檬酸（CA）和谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸（GLDA）处理污泥重金属,研究了试剂浓度、pH和反应时间对重金属去除效果的影响,并以重金属去除率为表征,通过正交试验获得CA和GLDA处理重金属的最佳条件。结果表明,增加试剂用量、降低体系pH均有利于重金属的去除,但延长反应时间对重金属的去除效果影响不明显。CA和GLDA处理污泥重金属的最佳条件分别为：CA 0.3 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间2 h和GLDA 0.05 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间3 h。最佳反应条件下,对于CA和GLDA,重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的去除率可分别达80.25%、77.75%、64.66%和75.16%,及78.57%、78.48%、64.84%和76.71%。CA和GLDA对重金属的去除效果大小顺序均为：Cd>Cu> Ni>Pb,但GLDA的处理效果优于CA。污泥经CA和GLDA处理后,污泥固相酸溶态重金属含量下降幅度最大,平均达81%,残渣态重金属含量下降52.1%,而污泥液相中重金属含量则增加了17.54倍,说明重金属从污泥固相向液相转移。SEM镜检发现,污泥由处理前表面分散的絮状结构,变成更为明显的团块结构和片层结构,污泥的吸附能力下降,且体积缩小。研究结果表明,CA和GLDA处理污泥能有效降低污泥重金属含量并提高污泥固相重金属的化学稳定性,有利于污泥脱水及脱水后的进一步处理及其资源化。