对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丙酸乙酯

研究了对甲苯磺酸铜催化丙酸与乙醇的酯化反应,考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,其较优条件为:丙酸0.1mol,醇酸摩尔比1.5∶1,催化剂用量1.8%(mol%)(基于丙酸的摩尔百分数),回流温度下反应2.0h,在此条件下酯化率可达93.6%。反应结束后对甲苯磺酸铜经过简单的相分离就可重复使用,无需再生,兼有均相和多相催化剂的优点。     

邻甲苯磺酸铜催化合成苯甲酸丁酯的研究

研究了邻甲苯磺酸铜催化苯甲酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,考察了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响;找到了较佳的反应条件：苯甲酸用量为O．167mol,醇酸摩尔比为1．2：1,催化剂用量为1．0％（以苯甲酸的摩尔分数计）,反应时间为2．5h,环己烷用量为5mL,在此条件下酯化率可达97．4％。邻甲苯磺酸铜重复使用5次后．其催化活性无明显下降。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

研究了以对羟基苯甲酸、乙醇为原料、对甲苯磺酸铜为催化剂、合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯，并讨论了催化酯化的影响因素。实验结果表明，对甲苯磺酸铜是合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂，优化的反应条件为：对羟基苯甲酸用量为0．10mol，醇酸摩尔比为4：1，甲苯磺酸铜用量为2．2g，回流温度下反应4．0h，在此实验下酯化率可达94．3％。产品经傅立叶红外光谱仪及熔点仪表征，证实与目标产物完全一致。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丁酸异戊酯

研究了由对甲苯磺酸与氧化铜反应制得的对甲苯磺酸铜作为催化剂,合成丁酸异戊酯,其最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比1．4：1．0,反应时间1．5h,催化剂用量0．2％（以丁酸的物质的量计）,反应温度120～140℃,酯化率达到99％以上。对甲苯磺酸铜制备容易,使用后处理简单,可以重复使用。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

以对甲苯磺酸铜作为合成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的催化剂，考察醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量和反应时间对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明，其较优条件为邻苯二甲酸酐0.05 mol，醇酸物质的量比=2.0∶1,催化剂用量为原料邻苯二甲酸酐物质的量的1.5%，回流温度下反应2.5 h，在此条件下酯化率可达98.5%。反应后对甲苯磺酸铜经过简单的相分离就可重复使用，无需再生，兼有均相和多相催化剂的优点。     

单体酸组成分析及在生物柴油方面的应用

单体酸甲酯化后用气相色谱．质谱联用仪测定单体酸的主要组成,共鉴定出硬脂酸（32．72％）、十八烯酸（25．53％）、肉豆蔻酸（12．16％）、棕榈酸（8．51％）等15种物质。用单体酸为原料制备生物柴油的方法为：单体酸与甲醇在对甲苯磺酸催化作用下,进行酯化反应来获得脂肪酸甲酯。考察了甲醇与单体酸的摩尔比、催化剂浓度、反应时间以及反应温度对酯化率的影响。结果表明,最佳酯化反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比3：1,对甲苯磺酸用量6％,反应时间3h,反应温度60℃。在此条件下,单体酸酯化率达98％,实验所得生物柴油的主要性能指标符合ASTN质量标准,并接近O#柴油性质。     

一水合硫酸氢钠催化合成硬脂酸己酯的研究

用一水合硫酸氢钠催化硬脂酸与正己醇的酯化反应合成了硬脂酸己酯。考察了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对酯化反应的影响。在典型反应条件下(正己醇与硬脂酸摩尔比=1．5：1，0．6g催化剂/0．2mol硬酯酸，反应时间2．5h)，转化率为99.64％，酯化率为99．55％，产品收率为99．66％。     

壳聚糖硫酸盐催化丙酸丁酯的绿色合成研究

研究了丙酸与丁醇在壳聚糖硫酸盐催化剂作用下的酯化反应,考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比等因素对丙酸丁酯酯化率的影响。实验结果表明反应的最佳条件为:丙酸用量为0.1mol,醇酸摩尔比为1.4,壳聚糖硫酸盐用量为1.2g,反应时间为1.5h,酯化率达97.2%,催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。无污染产生,具有绿色合成的特点。产品经折光率、红外光谱进行了表征。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丁酸戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了丁酸戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量0.2g/0.1mol丁酸，醇酸摩尔比2：1，带水剂10mL,反应时间1.0h，丁酸的酯化率可达99．19％。该催化剂催化效果好，使用量少，酯化率高，环境污染小，价廉易得，极有应用价值。     

N-甲基毗略烷酮硫酸氢盐催化合成己二酸二异辛酯

以新型离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐（[Hnmp]HS04）为催化剂，己二酸和异辛醇为原料，环己烷为带水剂，对己二酸二异辛酯的酯化反应进行了研究，重点考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂加入量、反应时间等因素对己二酸二异辛酯酯化率的影响。实验结果表明，N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐对合成己二酸二异辛酯有着良好的催化活性，当己二酸用量为0．1mol时，醇酸摩尔此为2．6：1，催化剂用量为己二酸物质的量的1．2％，带水剂环己烷为10mL，回流温度下反应时间120min，在此条件下，反应的酯化率可达99％以上，且催化剂重复使用6次仍保持较高活性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.