TA2钛环形管热推成形的三维有限元数值模拟

应用商业有限元软件ANSYS对TA2钛环形管热推弯曲成形过程进行了有限元数值模拟。并对成形过程中环形管内侧凹边、外侧凸边及侧面的应力、应变分布数据以及弯曲成形过程中壁厚的变化进行了分析。结果表明：管件峦变形过程中等效应力值总的变化随着弯曲角度的的增大而增大，而且弯曲管件的内侧凹边管壁的应力值比外侧凸边管壁要大，内壁受到压应力而外壁受到的拉应力；等效应力变数值内侧管壁的应变值比外侧管理壁要大，在弯曲过程中由于弯曲半径小，弯曲变形大，在弯制过程中，弯管内侧凹边受压缩使壁厚墙厚，而外侧凸边因受拉伸而壁厚减薄。数值模拟与实验所得结果一致。     

镁合金管材大曲率无芯弯曲损伤及壁厚变化研究

基于管材弯曲成形机理及Johnson-Cook损伤理论,利用Deform-3D有限元方法分析了AZ31B镁合金管材大曲率无芯弯曲初始弯曲温度、助推速度及助推形式对损伤及管材壁厚变化影响。结果表明:当助推模和压力模对管材施加的作用一定时,初始弯曲温度过低或过高均不利于镁合金管材弯曲成形,最佳初始弯曲温度为350℃,在最佳初始弯曲温度条件下,当助推模与压力模同步运动时,仅能改善一侧壁厚变化程度,无法同时改善弯管整体壁厚变化,内外侧壁厚不均匀度较大;当助推模与压力模不同步时,通过合理匹配助推模与压力模二者之间的轴向速度来改变镁合金管材在进给阶段轴向拉伸或压缩变形程度,使得内外侧壁厚均匀度达到较理想效果;当外助推模和压力模同步,内助推模和以上二者等速反向运动时,内外侧壁厚均匀度最佳,获得综合性能良好的镁合金管材弯曲成形质量。     

管材三维无芯弯曲过程有限元模拟

建立了管材三维弯曲成形有限元模型,对管材弯曲成形过程进行模拟,分析了管材弯曲过程中应力、应变分布情况,探讨了弯曲角速度对管材成形过程的影响。结果表明,管材弯曲过程中,弯角外侧管壁壁厚减薄,弯角内侧管壁壁厚增大。弯曲角速度越大,管材内外侧壁厚变化越大,越容易发生拉裂、起皱等畸变。     

单元类型对有限元计算弯管截面畸变及壁厚变化的影响

在1Cr18Ni9Ti管回转牵引弯曲试验的基础上,分别采用实体单元和壳单元进行了相应的有限元模拟。分析2种单元类型的模拟结果后发现,采用实体单元和壳单元都能较好地表现管材的弯曲成形形状及过程,但两者的模拟结果存在差异。实体单元能较为准确地反映弯管的应力应变状态,对弯管横截面畸变的模拟结果更接近于实验值,而在预测弯管壁厚变化及起皱程度时,壳单元更合适。     

缠绕式弯管工艺对管壁厚度影响的数值分析

采用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS对缠绕式弯管制造工艺进行数值模拟分析，计算出弯管在弯制成形后的外壁减薄率和内壁增厚率、弯管的应力应变分布等相关工艺参数，并比较了不同的相对弯曲半径对壁厚减薄的影响。     

薄壁弯管变形量的理论计算及弯曲工艺的改进

分析了航空发动机上空气分离器进油管支管弯曲变形时的应变状态,推导了直管弯曲时内外侧壁的计算公式,提出了弯曲工艺的改进措施,设计制造了一次性弯曲成形的弯管夹具。实践证明使用效果良好。     

内压对薄壁管充液压弯时的影响

失稳起皱和截面畸变是薄壁管弯曲成形过程中的主要缺陷,通过数值模拟和实验的方法,研究了液压支承下管材的弯曲变形行为,进行了从无内压到内压为18MPa的管材充液弯曲成形,分析了充液弯曲成形过程中的内压值对成形的影响,给出了成形后的不圆度和典型点壁厚减薄率的变化规律,结果显示,随着充液压力的增加,管材的截面不圆度逐渐减小,管材内侧壁厚增厚趋势减小,外侧壁厚减薄趋势增大。并根据模拟结果给出了成形后的典型点的应力状态。     

铝合金弯头冷推弯成形影响因素研究及工艺参数优化

采用有限元方法对LF2M铝合金1倍弯曲半径弯头(90°)进行了冷推弯成形模拟,研究了摩擦系数、内压及凹模间隙对成形弯头内外侧壁厚分布及截面椭圆度的影响。通过正交试验方法建立了有限元模拟的正交试验组,采用极差分析法确定了模拟结果中各因素影响程度的主次关系,并得到较优的工艺参数水平组合。结果表明,内压对外侧壁厚影响最大,凹模间隙对内侧壁厚影响最大,内压对截面椭圆度影响最大,较优工艺组合为摩擦系数0.06、内压15MPa、凹模间隙0.6mm。根据优化组合参数进行冷推弯试验成形,实验成形结果与模拟结果较为吻合。     

弯模间隙对5A06管弯曲横截面畸变及壁厚变化的影响

通过对5A06管材的弯曲实验和不同弯模间隙下的有限元模拟发现：弯管横截面长、短轴变化率和外侧壁厚减薄均随弯曲模间隙的增大而增大,弯管内侧壁厚增厚随弯曲模间隙的增大而减小。采用弯模实际装配间隙进行建模,可获取与实际弯曲更为接近的仿真效果并提高计算精度。     

管材弯曲中外侧壁厚变化的数值模拟

回转牵引式弯曲成形是一种高质量、高效率的管材弯曲成形方式,能够有效地防止起皱、管壁的过分减薄和截面的椭圆化等成形缺陷.以圆形钢管为研究对象,采用有限元软件DEFORM-3D对弯曲成形过程进行数值模拟,找出管壁最大减薄处所在的位置,并获得滚珠与管壁的间隙、滚珠角速度及压力模速度对弯管外侧壁厚变化的影响规律.结果表明,随着滚珠与管壁间隙的增大,管壁受滚珠的影响变小,即壁厚变化较小;随着滚珠角速度的增大,壁厚变化先减小后增大,当滚珠角速度与弯曲模角速度大小相同时,壁厚变化最小;随着压力模速度的增大,壁厚变化渐渐变小,当压力模速度为64.28 mm·s-1时,壁厚变化最小.采用数值模拟后的优化参数在弯管机上进行试制,生产出合格件,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.     

中频感应局部加热弯管工艺的研究

本文根据塑性理论和结构静力条件，对中频感应局部加热弯管过程的变形及受力状态进行了系统的理论分析，建立了新的理论模型，采用无量纲方法，计算得到了在不同相对弯曲半径条件下弯管过程中塑性变形区的无量纲轴向推力和弯矩、弯管外侧壁厚减薄率和内侧壁厚增厚率等结果，与实验结果符合良好，证明该理论模型可用于中频感应局部加热弯管工艺及设备参数的设计及优化，并为小弯曲半径弯管理论的建立和工艺的实现提供依据。     

某输气管线弯管开裂原因分析

某弯管发生刺漏现象,为明确该弯管开裂原因及失效机理,本文采用宏观分析、理化性能、微观分析、腐蚀模拟试验等手段对其进行分析研究。结果表明：该弯管开裂失效机理为硫化氢应力腐蚀,失效的主要原因为,该弯管热煨弯工艺不合理,导致弯曲段产生大量的马氏体组织,马氏体组织硬度较高,对硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂较为敏感;该弯管输送的天然气中含有游离水和硫化氢,硫化氢溶于游离水,对金属基体产生应力腐蚀作用,导致弯管发生开裂。     

On a new concept of rotary draw bend-die adaptable for bending tubes with multiple outer diameters under non-mandrel condition

A traditional rotary draw bending die on the numerically controlled (NC) tube benders or other benders can bend tubes with only one kind of outer diameter. It is difficult for such a situation to meet the requirement of modern manufacturing with characters of much varieties and small batch. The present study proposed a new concept of rotary draw bending die called MDB-Die (Multiple-diameter Bending Die), on which tubes with different outer diameters within a definite range can be bent using the same die by only adjusting the pads inside the die set. Numerical and experimental approaches were employed to investigate the forming process of tubes with different outer diameters when bent on the MDB-Die, especially on the characters of force and elastic-plastic deformation of tube wall, and the effects of groove shapes and bending parameters on the cross-section distortion and wall thinning in the process. Analytical expressions in simple tube bending based on plastic theories given by Tang (2000) for calculating the magnitude of stresses, together with the wall thickness change, deviation of the neutral axis, and section flattening, were also used for comparison. The result proved that tubes with different outer diameters (from 18 to 25 mm in the study) can be bent successfully on MDB-Die without degrading the bending quality, i.e., the aspect ratios of section distortion of less than 5% and wall thinning of less than 7.8%.     

Artificial intelligence and ultrasonic tests in detection of defects

Summary

This paper describes a residual stress relief method for butt welded joints in pipework made using ice plugs. Named by the authors the Twin Ice Plug (TIP) method, it is basically as follows. Two ice plugs are formed inside the pipework and isolate a section including a welded joint. The internal pressure of the isolated section increases as the ice plugs grow, imparting tensile strain to the pipe wall of the section. When the pressure reaches the target level, it is released, and the residual stress decreases. The paper describes details of this process, measurement of the internal pressure outside the pipework, control of the internal pressure, and the effect of residual stress relief.

The internal pressure of the isolated section is estimated by the strain measured by strain‐gauges affixed to the outside surface of the section. Section pressure control is exercised by control of refrigerant (liquid nitrogen) supply and pipe wall heating. The maximum internal pressure attained by this method is 40 MPa for 4BSch40 (OD. = 114.3 mm, t = 6.0 mm) stainless steel pipe and 22.5 MPa for 6BSch40 (OD = 165.2 mm, t = 7.1 mm) pipe. The residual stress of GTA welds in stainless steel pipe is measured, its maximum value being more than] 300 MPa. The effects of the proposed method are confirmed by measurement of the residual stress of TIP‐treated 4BSch40 and 6BSch40 joints. The residual stress of the inside surface decreases and changes to compression, and that of the outside surface also decreases to less than 100 MPa.     

Bendability of aluminiumand steel-clad chromium plates

The present paper describes how the cladding of chromium plate with dissimilar metals improves the plastic bendability of the chromium. Three-point bending tests at various temperatures were performed for three types of chromium specimens: a monolithic chromium plate, aluminium- and steel-clad chromium plate. The aluminium-clad chromium plate was bent at 343 K up to a bent angle of 90 degrees without failure, even when the chromium layer was located outside of the plate (tension side), while the monolithic chromium plate could be bent exclusively at temperatures above 403 K. When the chromium layer was located inside of the steel-clad chromium plate (compression side), the plate was successfully bent at 307 K. The FE stress analysis of bending proved that the cladding of chromium plates with proper metals of different kinds is effective to reduce the tensile stress in chromium induced during bending and also the residual stress existing after bending operation.     

组合摩擦对厚壁管件压弯成形的影响

在阐述了厚壁结构管件填充介质压弯成形工艺的基础上,建立了管件压弯成形过程有限元模型,研究了内外摩擦因数对管材弯曲成形过程中应力应变、成形载荷以及管壁厚度变化的影响。数值模拟结果显示:摩擦是影响管件成形的重要工艺参数。在管件的压弯成形过程中,摩擦力影响变形区的应力分布和金属流动,当选择适当的摩擦因数组合时,管件受到的应力与成形力均较小,壁厚均匀性较好。     

5m直径大角度型材框拉弯成形工艺

针对某一运载火箭大角度型材框,对力控制模式下的拉弯成形进行了模拟及试验研究,模拟分析了拉弯力对成形件应力、应变分布及回弹量的影响规律。模拟结果显示,随着拉弯力增加,型材截面内外侧切向应力差减小,回弹和扭翘变形也减小,但不利的一面是变形量增大,零件壁厚减薄率增加,截面尺寸变化加大,综合考虑,选取合适的拉弯力为97.4 k N。试验分析了拉弯力、第1次拉弯包角及补拉量对零件成形精度的影响规律。试验结果表明,拉弯力和补拉量越大,零件的角度、平度及弧度间隙越小,尺寸精度越高。通过试验,得出了优化的拉弯工艺参数,即拉弯力为105 k N,第1次拉弯包角为65°,补拉量为60 mm。在此参数下拉弯,零件淬火后变形程度较小,扭翘现象较小,回弹量较小,成形出尺寸合格的零件。     

奥氏体不锈钢小径管弯管段内壁裂纹的超声检测

锅炉奥氏体不锈钢的小径管弯管段易发生应力腐蚀开裂进而引发泄漏,超声检测时存在晶粒粗大、接触面小且曲率大等技术难点.以某火电厂屏式过热器管弯管内壁检测为例,通过检测探头的设计和选用、参考试块的设计和制作、灵敏度及评判方法的确定等确定了奥氏体不锈钢小径管弯管段具体的检测工艺.将实际检测结果和金相检验结果进行对比,结果表明该...     

塑性变形理论在小半径弯管中的应用

针对管材小半径弯曲的成形过程，运用塑性成形基本理论，对管材弯曲中的应力分布、壁厚改变、中性层偏移、弯矩、截面收缩率等主要工艺参数进行了分析，推导出了相关解析计算公式，并探讨了相对弯曲半径变化对各工艺参数的影响，为管材弯曲工艺计算提供了简便方法。     

材料模型对弯管壁厚变化有限元仿真的影响

为研究材料模型对管材弯曲变形的影响,将管材拉伸试验所得真实应力应变曲线分别拟合成线性硬化和指数硬化材料模型,并用于有限元仿真。经对比分析认为,以真实应力应变曲线为加载曲线,对航空1Cr18Ni9Ti弯管壁厚变化的有限元计算与试验结果吻合程度最好;采用线性强化材料模型的仿真精度,高于指数硬化模型仿真精度。弯管壁厚变化主要集中在弯曲中段,弯、直管段交界处的变形缓和效应,使弯管两端壁厚变化逐渐减小,并且使未发生弯曲变形的直管部分也产生一定量的壁厚变化。