秸秆类木质纤维素原料厌氧发酵产沼气研究

介绍了以秸秆为主要原料的好氧预处理过程及厌氧干发酵工艺的试验结果.在预处理过程中,加入好氧降解菌种使木质纤维素降解率提高到50%.当发酵温度为(35±2)℃,,TS含量为20%,秸秆与猪粪配比为7:3时,原料滞留期为40 d,平均容积产气率为0.8～1 m3/(m3·d),甲烷含量为65%以上.     

厌氧消化菌群的筛选及其对高浓度玉米秸秆的厌氧消化

为了提高玉米秸秆类原料厌氧消化的产气率和底物利用率,从环境中筛选出了厌氧降解玉米秸秆产酸和产甲烷的优势菌群,该菌群的最高容积甲烷产率为0.73 m3/(m3.d),气体中的甲烷含量达到85%左右,底物产甲烷量为410 L/kg;以15%高浓度玉米秸秆为原料,该菌群的最大产酸能力为10 g/L,最高容积产气率为3.10m3/(m3.d),平均容积产气率为1.7 m3/(m3.d),平均甲烷含量为55%。研究结果明显高于报导过的相应数据。为高浓度玉米秸秆的高效厌氧消化利用提供了良好的微生物菌群应用基础。     

水葫芦汁中温沼气发酵的实验研究

以鲜水葫芦汁为原料,在30℃恒温下,采用批量发酵工艺,进行发酵产沼气实验,测定发酵产沼气与时间的关系.实验结果表明,鲜水葫芦汁COD的降解率达到86%;鲜水葫芦汁发酵在第10天后达到稳定值,并持续产气25 d;对发酵过程中所产气体进行分析,发现甲烷含量最高能达到60%左右.因此,水葫芦是一种良好的发酵原料.     

Z-18催化分子筛抗焦活化剂在TSRFCC的工业应用

长庆石化公司140×104t/a两段提升管催化裂化装置由于催化原料重、残炭值高,致使装置加工量和轻质油收率下降,焦炭和干气产率上升,为此,在装置试用Z-18催化分子筛抗焦活化剂,试用时间为2010年4月9日～5月6日,加注总量为12t。试用后,原料残炭平均含量由5.79%降至5.57%,平均密度由0.916g/cm3降至0.910g/cm3;平衡催化剂筛分组成、物理特性、重金属含量以及活性基本保持不变,同时流化也正常;操作条件与试用前基本相同;催化加工量由4057t/d提高至4102t/d,干气烧焦及损失由15.24%降低至14.65%,总液收由78.17%提高至79.63%,油浆产率由6.64%降低至5.72%;轻柴油性质未发生明显变化;汽油烯烃含量稍有降低,芳烃含量略有增加,RON降低0.14,但MON增加0.33;液化气性质没有明显变化,但丙烯含量由34.08%降至33.28%。     

餐厨垃圾SBMR-ASBR两相厌氧消化产气性能研究

以学校食堂餐厨垃圾为原料,考察餐厨垃圾在SBMR-ASBR反应器中产酸和产甲烷性能。结果表明:高负荷下启动酸化相有利于系统快速形成稳定的乙醇型发酵,且可以避开丙酸型发酵,在10 g/(L.d)负荷(以VS计)下,稳定状态产酸率平均达到55 000 mg/L,VFA中乙醇和乙酸分别平均稳定在27 000 mg/L和23 000mg/L,两者共占总VFA的91%;甲烷相可以稳定运行的最高负荷为5 g/(L.d)(以VS计),此时,系统整体处理能力为3.3 g/(L.d),单位容积产气率达到2.3 L/(L.d),甲烷含量在65%～70%,TS,VS去除率分别达到77%,83%。在实际工程中可以高负荷启动酸化相,有利于系统形成稳定的乙醇型发酵和高负荷运行的甲烷相。     

微量元素对蔬菜废弃物厌氧消化的促进效果

以蔬菜废弃物为原料的厌氧消化系统,由于原料的易酸化特性,在高负荷条件下易失稳,而低负荷的运行会导致较低的池容产气率。本研究采用自行设计的70-L厌氧发酵罐,在中温35℃条件下进行蔬菜废弃物厌氧消化的连续冲击负荷试验,根据气体成分（CH₄）的变化规律,添加微量元素（Fe, Co, Ni）以调控消化过程,使其由失稳状态恢复至稳定状态,旨在提高高负荷厌氧发酵的稳定性。研究结果表明,蔬菜废弃物中温厌氧消化系统的有机负荷率增大至2.0 g VS/(L•d)时,CH₄含量由50%降至40%,从第103天开始连续添加5天微量元素（Fe, Co, Ni）后,CH₄含量迅速恢复至50% ~ 55%的稳定状态,池容产甲烷率由0.38 L/(L•d) 增大至0.6 L/(L•d)左右并保持稳定。停止添加微量元素后,继续增大有机负荷率,厌氧消化系统稳定运行83天。当运行至第195天时（3.0 g VS/(L•d)）,CH₄含量再次出现下降趋势,由58.9%降至53.4%,添加3天微量元素后,CH₄含量再次恢复到55%以上的稳定状态。微量元素的添加可有效提高蔬菜废弃物厌氧消化的稳定性,能够快速恢复失稳的系统。     

热化学预处理玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气特性研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,对经热化学处理后的秸秆进行发酵试验,设置堆腐预处理和碱预处理玉米秸秆发酵作为对比试验。所得试验结果为:热化学预处理玉米秸秆单位容积最大日产气量为1.122 L/d,发酵30 d的单位容积累计产气量为15.995 L,平均甲烷含量为45.85%;发酵完成后,热化学预处理玉米秸秆总固体与挥发性去除率分别为35.50%与39.32%,比未处理玉米秸秆分别提高14.15%与10.64%。在对比发酵试验中,热化学预处理的处理效果与堆腐预处理相似,但低于碱预处理。     

外源添加物对抗结壳沼气反应器产气特性影响

针对沼气反应器发酵原料利用率低、发酵周期长、产气率低等问题,实验研究尿素、复合磷酸盐及复合维生素等外源添加物对以马铃薯皮为发酵原料的新型抗结壳沼气反应器产气性能的影响。结果表明:一定浓度的外源添加物能缩短抗结壳沼气反应器的发酵启动时间,促进甲烷合成,显著提高反应器的日产气量。在最佳尿素添加量为1.0g/L时,总产气量提高52.9%,池容产气率为0.869m3/(m3.d),发酵后期甲烷浓度稳定在约65%;复合磷酸盐最佳添加量为1.200g/L时,此时总产气量提高28.9%,池容产气率为0.659m3/(m3.d),发酵后期甲烷浓度稳定在约68%;复合维生素最佳添加量为0.015g/L时,其总产气量提高48.4%,池容产气率为0.843m3/(m3.d),发酵后期甲烷浓度稳定在约70%。     

马铃薯渣与鸡粪混合原料厌氧发酵条件优化

以混合后的马铃薯渣和鸡粪为原料,研究了其总固形物含量(TS)、起始p H以及接种量3个因素对厌氧发酵甲烷产量的影响,并利用正交试验对影响沼气产量和甲烷含量的因素进行了优化。结果表明,在初始TS为3%的处理中,产气时间、产气量和甲烷含量分别为7 d,383.2 m L/g和45.3%,在所有处理中最高;在初始p H为7.0的处理中,产气时间、产气量和甲烷含量分别为7 d,342.5 m L/g和45.2%;在接种量为5%,8%,10%和12%的处理中,后两种处理在沼气产量和甲烷含量方面表现最好,产气量分别为368.4 m L/g和405.4 m L/g,12%处理的产气量最高。优化结果表明,3个因素对厌氧发酵影响的重要性为TS>p H>接种量,最适合的组合为初始TS 3%,p H 7.0和接种量10%。在此优化培养条件下,发酵体系的产气量为383.2 m L/g。     

膨化技术用于玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵的试验研究

研究了膨化技术对玉米秸秆成分和结构的影响,并对膨化后原料进行厌氧干发酵试验研究。研究表明,玉米秸秆经膨化处理后,其还原糖量明显增加,纤维素的结晶度降低了12.68%,秸秆内部结构也发生了明显变化。膨化后玉米秸秆发酵启动快,产气效率和甲烷含量都比未膨化秸秆有所提高,最高产气率为0.916 m3/(m3.d),甲烷含量最高可达80.2%。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.