计算机监控系统改造在观音阁水库电厂的应用

为全面提高观音阁水库电厂设备的安全运行和发电质量,观音阁水库电厂经过10多年的运行管理,与时俱进,不断完善计算机监控系统及其设备更新改造,目前设备运行良好,已显现出了计算机监控系统自动化改造的优越性。本文对计算机监控系统自动化改造在观音阁水库电厂的应用进行论述。     

三峡梯级自动化及梯调监控系统的设计与实现

为实现三峡梯级枢纽运行管理的自动化,按照三峡梯级枢纽自动化的总体设计,三峡枢纽的运行监控及管理自动化采用分层分布系统,根据枢纽设施的功能或专业的特点,按枢纽地理位置的分布及管理要求分别设置了计算机系统,包括三峡梯级水调自动化系统、三峡左岸电厂计算机监控系统（含三峡泄洪闸）、三峡右岸电厂计算机监控系统（含地下电厂）、三峡通航调度系统、三峡通讯监测系统、三峡火灾监测系统、三峡和葛洲坝MIS系统、葛洲坝大江电厂计算机监控系统、葛洲坝二江电厂计算机监控系统、三峡梯级图像监控系统等。简述了三峡自动化系统总体结构框架,并着重介绍了三峡梯调计算机监控系统在系统结构及配置、功能设计、对外通信等方面的设计及其特点,并简要阐述该系统所采用的ABB公司SPIDER系统及其特点。     

丹江口自备电厂计算机监控系统改造完成

汉江集团公司投资 2 0 0多万元的丹江口自备防汛电厂计算机监控系统改造工程已经竣工 ,标志着该厂自动化水平迈上一个新台阶。2 0 0 0年以来 ,该厂加大技改投入 ,对危及安全运行的设备隐患进行了处理、更换 ,并投资 2 0 0多万元 ,引进南京自动化研究所研制的机组计算机监控系统。该系统具有运行快捷、方便、操作灵活等特点 ,从根本上改变了自备防汛电厂原来自动化水平低的局面丹江口自备电厂计算机监控系统改造完成     

潘家口蓄能电厂监控系统改造

潘家口蓄能电厂是华北电网重要调峰调频厂，其监控系统的改造采用的是南瑞自控公司的SSJ－3000型计算机监控系统。本文对监控系统改造的过程、经验进行了总结，介绍新监控系统的结构、功能、硬件的基本情况和系统特点。监控系统改造的成功，提高了电厂生产系统的综合自动化水平，也为其他抽水蓄能电厂的监控系统改造和新建的蓄能电厂计算机监控系统的应用提供了可参考、借鉴的经验。     

小水电自动化监控系统的应用实例分析

通过自动化监控系统在某电厂的典型应用，对小水电计算机监控系统的模式、特点、配置、功能等进行了分析和探讨，并认为在小水电中实行自动化监控技术已是发展趋势，可以大大提高小水电生产的安全性、稳定性和自动化水平。     

三峡右岸电站计算机监控系统特点分析

三峡电厂正在进行创建国际一流水电厂工作,一流的电厂需要一流的管理,自动化水平的高低直接反映电厂设备管理水平的高低,电厂计算机监控系统的特点决定了电厂自动化程度的高低。为此总公司及三峡电厂各级领导十分重视,三峡右岸计算机监控系统从设计阶段的招标文件的编写开始,历经招标、合同谈判、合同签订、设计联络会、联合开发,直到最后的现场调试和投运,三峡电厂人员全过程参加,计算机监控系统项目的现场实施由三峡电厂人员负责,实践证明这种方式可以充分体现用户意志,加快开发和建设进程,培养掌握关键技术的人才。     

潘家口蓄能电厂计算机监控系统改造

潘家口蓄能电厂是全国首座全套引进国外机电设备的大型抽水蓄能电厂，全套设备监控系统由意大利ABB公司提供，1991年投入运行，2000年进行监控系统的国产化升级改造。本文对该厂监控系统改造前后技术性质、运行效果、人机界面、自动化水平等方面作了较深入的比较评析，从对比评析和投运后的运行情况表明，我国抽水蓄能电厂计算机监控系统的技术具有较高水平，实现抽水蓄能电厂计算机监控系统国产化的条件已经成熟。     

白石窑水电厂计算机监控系统的技术改造

2001年至2002年7月，白石窑水电厂结合机组基础自动化元件的改造，对上位机系统落后及机组LCU功能不完善等问题进行了完善和改造，有效地解决了电厂投产以来计算机监控系统不能正常运行的问题，大大提高了电厂的运行管理水平，增强了电厂的竞争力。本文介绍了改造后电厂计算机监控系统的功能，硬件配置，应用软件及系统性能指标等技术参数。     

葛洲坝大江电厂计算机监测系统发展回眸

通过对大江电厂计算机监控系统发展的回顾，对监控系统设计、运行、维护和人员培训进行总结，提高认识，以期对我厂今后计算机监控系统的设计、维护及综合自动化水平的进一步提高具有一定的参考和借鉴作用。     

水电厂计算机监控系统软件作业防误措施

随着计算机、网络、通信技术的发展,以及水电厂自动化设备的不断完善,发电厂形成了机构分层、功能分散、信息共享的计算机监控系统。计算机监控系统软件作业风险高、易造成机组功率波动等,对电网和电厂都产生不利影响。分析了监控系统软件作业的薄弱环节,并从管理的角度提出了防误措施,有利于电厂管控监控系统作业安全。     

生活污水对蚕豆的氧化损伤实验研究

研究了某污水处理厂不同取样点的污水对蚕豆根部和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:各取样点的污水引起蚕豆根部和叶片SOD活性增加和叶片中POD和CAT活性的增加;随着各取样点CODCr增加,根部的CAT和POD的活性均表现为先升后降。且除了B沉外,各取样点的污水均使得根部和叶片的MDA含量显著增高。由于加氯消毒,出水的毒性高于B沉池污水。     

Automatic load-frequency control of the united power system of Siberia

A centralized system for automatic load-frequency control (ALFC) has been developed by the Siberian Division of the Central Computing Center of the Power Industry and realized on the basis of a commercial OMRON controller that performs all control functions. The algorithmic and software support of ALFC performs several new functions, i.e., helps to produce control actions on regulating stations with allowance for the specified daily output, perform second-after-second (cumulative sum) accounting for the power produced by a power station due to participation in the control, initiate combined regulation of power flow and frequency (APFR), ensure maintenance of a 1-sec archive with a depth of over 30 days for any telemetry (TM) used in the ALFC, etc. The software has been developed with the help of special language based on the IEC 1131-3 standard.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2004, pp. 17 – 20.     

城市河道溢流堰对水体溶解氧及氮和磷的影响

研究了河道溢流堰对水体DO及氮、磷的影响,结果表明:经溢流堰后,水体DO平均增加1.75 mg/L。当水温超过15℃,堰下DO低于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上。当水温低于15℃,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN高于堰上,TN升高。当DO增加较少时,堰下TP高于堰上,DO增加较多时,堰下TP低于堰上,TP得到一定降低。     

黑龙江省西部地区玉米需水量与灌溉制度制定

黑龙江省西部地区频发的干旱情况影响该地区农业水循环与粮食安全,研究玉米水分供需关系对于理解该地区干旱机理有重要意义。根据FAO-56单作物系数法,计算玉米生育期参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、作物需水量(ETc)和灌溉需水量(Ir),依托CROPWAT模型制定灌溉制度,并通过计算作物水分盈亏指数(CW)分析玉米水分盈余情况。结果表明：1960—2015年黑龙江省西部玉米生育期ET0和ETc呈下降趋势,有效降水量(Pe)、Ir和CW呈上升趋势;平均ET0、ETc、Pe和Ir分别为639.64、438.13、224.40和273.87 mm;由于不同水文年干旱条件不同,Pe并不能在所有年份满足玉米水分需求,丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的平均净灌溉定额分别为152.43、236.33、276.53和353.47 mm。黑龙江省西部玉米生育期水分供需关系的研究和灌溉制度的制定有助于区域水资源调控和农业发展     

Ecological Water Requirement (EWR) Analysis of High Mountain and Steep Gorge (HMSG) River—Application to Upper Lancang–Mekong River

As “corridor” in the south–north and “barrier” in the west–east direction, Lancang River, the upstream of Lancang–Mekong River, has an obvious spatial–temporal characteristic and unique regional attributes. Recently, the hydropower development of the mainstream along Lancang River has disturbed the regional ecosystem to have unstable factors, and threatened the ecosystem health. This paper used the couple model of Grading Coefficient of ecological water requirement (GCEWR) and the ecological runoff (ER) to simulate the ecological water requirement (EWR) of Lancang River, in a broad sense, this method belongs to hydrology–ecology methodology. In the GCEWR–ER, We adopted ecological characteristic indexes (ECI) and hydrological characteristic variables (e.g. variance index) to calculate the GCEWR, and used three methods to calculate the basic variable (e.g. ER) of EWR: the first method directly used annual average runoff as ER; the second method was used frequency method and took year as basic time unit, and the third method took season (e.g. flood season, non-flood season) as the basic time unit to evaluate ER. Finally, in order to demonstrate applicability of this developed methodology, this paper adopted GCEWR–ER method to calculate the EWR of Lancang River in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region. By the systematic analysis of the results, we could get the minimum, satisfying and optimal EWR for the Lancang River, which were 142.53 × 10⁸, 286.46 × 10⁸ and 385.96 × 10⁸ m³. The three EWR respectively occupied 25.10%, 50.46% and 67.98% of the average measured run-off (567.75 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River, and respectively occupied 18.63%, 37.45% and 50.45% of the natural run-off (765 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River.     

Regionalization of natural flow regime: application to environmental flow optimization at ungauged sites

In this work we use the regionalization approach (RA) to derive the natural flow regime at an ungauged site. The derived natural flow regime, expressed by the regional cdf models of 32 indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) is used in the histogram matching approach (HMA) to seek the optimal environmental flows for a proposed multiobjective diversion weir in Taiwan. The results reveal that the outcomes associated with the planning constant scheme are significantly improved by the optimal time‐varying scheme. The histogram dissimilarities of 32 IHA associated with the planning scheme are consistently greater than those associated with the optimal scheme, especially for low‐flow IHA. Despite the inherent discrepancy between different approaches to generating flow data at the ungauged site, the optimal outcomes resulting from the RA‐based natural flow regime appear to be plausible and consistent with those reported in the previous work, thus validating the RA used in this work. We also explore the effect of weighting factors on the optimal outcomes. The results reveal that the weighting factor of the ecosystem needs objective dominates all optimal outcomes, while those of the agricultural demands and interbasin transfers objectives have minor effects on the optimal outcomes. The global optimal solution is obtained with a full or null weighting assigned to the ecosystem needs objective, while the least optimal solution is obtained as the interbasin transfers objective is given a null weighting and the agricultural demands objective is weighted more than the ecosystem needs objective. River managers and decision makers may select more balanced weir operation strategies based on the results presented in this work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)在净水厂中的监测

低浓度内分泌干扰物长期作用会对人体健康产生不可忽视的负面影响.较详细地研究了北方某给水厂现有净水处理工艺对低浓度NPEOs的控制特性,结果表明,该厂常规工艺单元(无预氯化)对NPEOs(聚合度n＝4～15)基本上没有去除作用,后续活性炭单元对NPEOs的去除作用也不是很明显,有待进一步研究.由于氯的强氧化作用的存在,加氯能明显降低水中的NPEOs浓度.     

智能数据采集系统(IDAS)简介

IDA系统是Sinco公司近年来投入市场的新产品。IDA是智能数据采集的缩写。 该系统的主要器件有:传感器、多路模块,接口重发器、终端箱、I/R模块、电源、个人计算机、传感电缆、总线、各种雷击保护器、总线电源控制器、过压保护器、人工读数适配器及便携式读数显示器等。 多路模块把传感信号转换成数字形式并通过IDA总线将其传输到现场的个人计算机中。PC机将转换从工程单位中获得的数据并将其存入软盘。如果需要,PC机也可以分析比较输入数据来预置报警界限和发出警报。数据能打印、显示并能多次不断的从前置PC机反回到后置PC机。 前置PC机用于数据记录而后置机则用于数据分析,数据由调制解调器或软磁盘传输。 后置PC机负责数据库的数据归档,数据分析、绘图和生成报表。 美国田纳西州工程管理局(TVA)在方泰娜坝的监测中采用了IDAS,该系统运行良好,亦可用于滑坡和尾矿坝的监测。     

Connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating first one under the conditions of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants with two gas-turbine units and one steam turbine

Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer) is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17.     

INCOMPRESSIBLE MULTI-RELAXATION-TIME LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODEL IN 3-D SPACE

Multi-Relaxation-Time Lattice Boltzmann Method(MRT LBM) is of better numerical stability and has attracted more and more research interests.The previous MRT LBM included artificial compressible effects.To overcome the disadvantage,an incompressible MRT LBM has been proposed in two dimensions recently.In this article,we present incompressible MRT LBMs in 3-D space,with example of nineteen-velocity.The equilibria in momentum space are derived from an earlier incompressible Lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook(LBGK) ...