轴流式搅拌桨搅拌槽内混合时间的数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 6.0程序计算了单层CBY搅拌槽内流体混合过程的速度场和浓度场,讨论了加料点位置和监测点位置对混合时间的影响。结果表明,拌槽内物料的混合过程主要由槽内的流体流动所控制;混合时间与加料点位置有关,在桨叶附近区域加料时混合时间比在液体表面加料时的混合时间短,应尽量在搅拌反应器的桨叶尖端处加料;不同的监测点位置对混合时间有很大的影响,在靠近槽底部进行监测所得到的混合时间最短。     

翼形桨搅拌槽内混合过程的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件的多重参考系(MRF)及标准k-ε模型,将速度场与浓度场方程分开进行求解,对单层轴流式三叶CBY翼形桨搅拌槽内的混合过程进行了数值模拟,所得的混合时间的模拟结果与实验值相吻合。同时采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同的示踪剂加料点、监测点位置及操作条件对混合时间的影响规律;模拟结果表明,混合过程主要由搅拌槽内的流体流动所控制,混合时间与示踪剂加料点及监测点位置密切相关。上述的研究结果对于工业搅拌反应器的优化具有一定的参考意义。     

四叶片倾斜涡轮结晶器内流场和浓度场模拟

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法计算了四叶片倾斜涡轮结晶器内流体混合过程的流动场和浓度场,考察了搅拌桨在不同位置对搅拌混合流场及混合时间的影响,并结合电导率实验对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明:当搅拌桨离底高度为液体高度的1/3时,结晶器内流场分布比较均匀,混合时间较短,适合工业上底部进料的结晶器.     

分子筛浆化罐采用摆动式搅拌器混合过程的数值模拟

对提高分子筛浆化罐混合效率而自行设计的摆动式搅拌槽试验装置进行了数值模拟.得到了不同加料位置和监测点处的混合时间数据.然后运用混合效率数这一指标对摆动式搅拌的混合效率进行了评定.结果表明:摆动搅拌混合效率视加料位置而定,自由液面处加料时要比六直叶圆盘涡轮桨的混合效率高,而桨叶下方加料时混合效率却要低;与三窄叶翼形搅拌桨相比,两种加料位置时的混合效率都要低.     

一种计算搅拌槽混合时间的新方法

基于对混合时间定义的思考,提出了一种新的定义方法,在湍流流场数值计算的基础上通过求解示踪剂的浓度输运方程,研究了单层涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程。结果表明：搅拌转速和搅拌桨安装位置都影响混合时间的大小,而进料位置对混合时间的影响不大。对于不同的搅拌转速而言,随搅拌转速的增大,相同体积分数对应的混合时间逐渐减小。当搅拌桨安装在槽中间位置时所对应的混合时间最小。利用适宜的尺寸和安装位置的导流筒可有效降低混合时间。     

半圆管曲面涡轮搅拌槽内混合特性的数值模拟

在商业化软件ANSYS CFX 10.0平台上,采用多重参考系法来解决挡板与桨叶之间的相对转动问题,由标准k-ε模型对半圆管曲面涡轮搅拌槽内流动和混合过程进行了详细的数值模拟,本模拟所得的功率准数和设计值以及相关文献值吻合良好。结果表明：当搅拌桨离底距离由搅拌槽直径的1/2处变为1/3处时,搅拌槽内的流型均为典型的“双循环流型”,而当搅拌桨离底距离由搅拌槽直径的1/3处降低至1/6处时,槽内流型由典型的“双循环流型”转变为“单循环流型”;通过对不同时刻不同桨叶离底距离下的示踪剂浓度分布图分析表明槽内的混合过程与流动场密切相关;加料点位置对于最终的流场混合效果有着显著影响,对于混合时间数据的采集应注意不同加料位置时监测点的选取。CFD模拟结果表明本文所采用的模型可以很好的预测半圆管曲面涡轮搅拌槽内的混合特性,为进一步改进和优化半圆管曲面涡轮的设计提供了一定的参考。     

错位桨搅拌槽内污泥与固体颗粒混合过程的数值模拟

以直径1 m的搅拌槽为模型、含水率92%的污泥和粒径0.1 mm的固体颗粒为工作介质,采用Fluent软件对错位六叶螺旋桨搅拌下污泥与固体颗粒的混合过程进行数值模拟,通过与普通六叶螺旋桨对比,分析了2种桨型的浓度场分布、混合时间及单位体积混合能,并将计算的固体颗粒浓度分布与实验结果进行了比较. 结果表明,固体颗粒浓度分布计算结果和实验结果吻合较好,流动场分布对混合过程有一定影响,相同条件下错位桨搅拌的浓度场分布更快趋于稳定. 当转速N=4 r/s时,错位六叶螺旋桨的混合时间为27 s,比六叶螺旋桨的混合时间缩短9 s. 采用错位桨单位体积混合能仅为普通桨的79.6%,节能效果显著.     

偏心组合桨搅拌槽内层流混合过程的数值模拟

目前,处理高黏流体和对剪切敏感介质的层流搅拌槽的报道并不多见。本文建立了描述双层组合桨搅拌槽内高黏非牛顿流体层流流动、混合过程的数学模型,利用Laminar模型、多重参考系法（MRF）和示踪剂浓度法对其流场特性、示踪剂扩散过程进行数值模拟,分析搅拌槽内轴向速度曲线、示踪剂浓度响应曲线和混合时间。结果表明：中心搅拌中间面将介质阻隔在各自的半层内运动,偏心搅拌介质作全局运动,轴向混合能力突出;转轴中心搅拌依靠上下半层浓度差的增大向下扩散,转轴偏心搅拌通过不对称结构扩散示踪剂,叶轮相对转轴偏心搅拌则利用叶片的不对称分布;距离加料点较近和较远的监测点浓度响应曲线因振荡和调整,混合时间较长,处于中间面的监测点拥有最短的混合时间。     

PIV在化工搅拌釜内流动测量中的应用

着重探讨了新一代全场光学测速技术——粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)在搅拌混合实验中的应用,指出PIV及其衍生的测速技术在搅拌混合实验研究中具有广泛应用前景。PIV流场测量结果兼具很高的空间分辨率和时间解析度,可以得到搅拌釜中混合流体的瞬时2D或3D速度场以及浓度场等信息,进行非定常湍流特性研究,有助于建立搅拌釜内多相流动模型,揭示搅拌混合作用机理,优化搅拌桨型设计,促进搅拌混合技术的进一步发展。     

多层桨搅拌槽内的微观混合特性

在直径0.476 m的多层桨搅拌槽内,采用平行竞争反应工作体系,就不同的多层桨型组合、进料时间、搅拌转速及进料位置对产物分布的影响规律进行了系统的实验研究,并采用涡旋卷吸模型就加料位置等操作条件对产物分布的影响进行了模拟计算,模拟值与实验值吻合. 结果表明,对于多层桨搅拌体系,在液面处加料时产物分布主要由上层桨的桨型决定,底层桨的排出流区加料时主要由底层桨的桨型及功率决定. 卷吸模型能够较好地描述搅拌槽内的微观混合过程.     

Non-invasive mixing time estimation in unbaffled stirred tank: An ultrasonic approach

Estimation of mixing time is an essential aspect in characterization of stirred tanks. In this work, we report a novel, non-invasive technique to estimate mixing time in an unbaffled stirred tank using a contact type ultrasonic sensor. Variation in speed of sound in stirred tank is measured by ultrasound and is used to determine the mixing time of solutions. A sensing time of 16.6 ms (~60 Hz) is achieved which leads to an estimation of the mixing process dynamics under forced vortex conditions. The method is validated against colorimetric technique using a dye. The technique is thereafter used to determine mixing time under different operating (impeller speed) and geometrical (impeller design, vessel diameter, and off-bottom clearance) conditions. Though the results presented are specific to unbaffled stirred tank, the method reported is general and can be used in any kind of stirred tank.     

Effect of shaft eccentricity on the laminar mixing performance of a radial impeller

The effects of impeller eccentricity and Reynolds number on the mixing performance were studied for Rushton turbine stirred tank systems operated in the laminar regime (Re < 10). A digital image analysis of an acid–base decolourization reaction was used to characterize the mixing efficiency. Results show that both parameters have remarkable effects on the destruction of the toroidal segregated regions surrounding the Rushton turbine in laminar flow. Criteria are given to prevent the formation of these segregated regions in a tank. It is also shown that shaft eccentricity does not impact on the impeller power consumption.     

Modelling heat transfer for pitched-blade turbines operating in the laminar range of mixing

To model heat transfer on a vessel wall in the laminar range of mixing, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was proposed. The model consisted of a simultaneous solution of the Kirchhoff-Fourier energy equation and equations of motion. The model was used for pitched-blade turbines operating in the laminar range of mixing. Experimental studies confirmed that the two-dimensional model could be used for heat calculation in the tank.     

Power demand and mixing performance of coaxial mixers in a stirred tank with CMC solution

Experimental investigation was carried out in an el iptical based stirred tank with a diameter of 0.48 m to explore the power demand and mixing performance of coaxial mixers. Syrup and CMC solution (sodium carboxy methyl cellulose) were used as the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, respectively. Four different coaxial mixers were combined with either CBY or Pfaudler impeller as the inner one, and anchor or helical ribbon (HR) as the outer one. Results show that Pfaudler-HR is the optimized combination among four coaxial mixers in this work, which provides the shortest mixing time given the same power consumption. Compared with the syrup solution, the increase of power input can make the mixing time decreasing more obviously in the CMC solution. The quantitative correlations for both syrup and CMC solutions were established to calculate the power draw and the mixing time of four coaxial mixers.     

螺带型搅拌槽内异物性液体的混合性能

针对高固含量木质纤维素同步糖化与发酵生产燃料乙醇过程,研究了螺带型搅拌槽内层流流动条件下少量低粘低密度液体(a)加入大量高粘高密度主体液体(b)中的混合性能,考察了转速、两种液体体积比(Va/Vb)、粘度比(mb/ma)、密度差等影响因素. 结果表明,当Va/Vb>1%时,异物性物系混合时间远高于相同物性液体混合时间,可延长2~5倍;Va/Vb对混合时间影响最显著,Va/Vb=0.2%~3.7%范围内,无量纲混合时间Ntm随体积比增大先降低后升高存在一最小值;当Va/Vb≥2%,单位主体液体密度之差Dr/rb>0.2时,Ntm随着Va/Vb, Dr/rb增加线性增大;Ntm随着mb/ma增大而减小;加入相加在主体液体内所得混合时间比加在液体表面时短;Va/Vb>2%时,混合工况可分为Re数控制区(桨叶控制)及Ri数控制区(重力控制).     

Free radical polymerization with long chain branching: continuous polymerization of vinyl acetate in t-butanol

Vinyl acetate was polymerized in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at 60°C in t-butanol solution. Mean residence times ranged from 1.35 to 7.2 hr; steady state conversions ranged from 15 to 61%. Molecular weights $\text{M}$_n and $\text{M}$_w were measured and interpreted in terms of a kinetic model developed from batch studies and the state of local mixing in the reactor. Good macroscopic mixing was confirmed by tracer studies and measurements of conversion vs time during the start-up period and at steady state. The molecular weights obtained at high conversions agreed more closely with predictions based upon a locally segregated state than with those based on complete molecular mixing. However, calculations based on agitation and diffusion rates raised serious questions about the validity of the segregation model for this polymerization. Other factors, some chemical and some related to the agitation, may be important, but the problem of predicting molecular structure remains unresolved.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent batch mixing in a vessel agitated by a Rushton turbine

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of turbulent batch mixing of an inert tracer in a baffled vessel agitated by a six-bladed Rushton turbine has been carried out using the proprietary code FLUENT. The study is intended to evaluate the CFD predictions of key properties related to the mixing against measurements and to provide a detailed insight into the process. Three-dimensional, time-dependent flow and mixing calculations have been performed using the fully predictive sliding-mesh technique for the impeller/tank geometry employed by Distelhoff et al. [M.F.W. Distelhoff, A.J. Marquis, J.M. Nouri, J.H. Whitelaw, Scalar mixing measurements in batch operated stirred tanks, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 75 (1997) 641–652] for mixing studies using a laser induced fluorescence technique. Complementary validation of hydrodynamic predictions in a geometrically similar tank was carried out against the experimental data obtained by Hockey [R.M. Hockey, Turbulent Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows in a stirred reactor, Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London, 1990]. The predicted mean velocity components in the bulk regions of the tank above and below the impeller compare well with the experimental data. However, the turbulent kinetic energy is significantly underestimated in these areas. The predicted tracer concentration variations with time at different locations in the tank, in common with measurements, show initial fluctuations, which eventually approach the fully mixed concentration. However, the time required for the appearance of first peak in the concentration–time plot, peak value of the tracer concentration and the time required for the local tracer concentration to attain the final value depend on the position in the tank. The CFD predicted mixing times at different locations in the tank as well as the overall mixing time show reasonably good agreement with the measured data and with those calculated from published experimental correlations.