Heats of Formation of Lithium Perchlorate,Ammonium Perchlorate,and Sodium Perchlorate

Calorimetric measurements of the heats of solution of LiClO₄(c), NH₄ClO₄(e), and NaClO₄(c) have been made. The results have been combined with the heats of formation of KClO₄(c), KCl(c), LiCl(c), NH₄Cl(c), and NaCl(c), to obtain the following heats of formation: LiClO4(c),ΔHf°(25°C)=−380.27±1.21kj/mole=−90.89±0.29kcal/mole,NH4ClO4(c),=−295.98±1.35kj/mole=−70.74±0.32kcal/mole,NaClO4(c),=−382.75±0.93kj/mole=−91.48±0.22kcal/mole.A brief summary of other recent data has been included.     

Engineering forensics at Youngstown State University

Buildings collapse, vehicles crash, cranes and bridges collapse. Why? Who is responsible? Forensic engineers must analyze failures to determine causes, origins, and legal responsibilities of accidents, fires, and explosions. This is the subject of a new course offered in spring 2005 at Youngstown State University (YSU) entitled Engineering Forensics Using the Scanning Electron Microscope. The course included a lab in which undergraduate students conducted failure analysis investigations involving the use of the scanning electron microscope and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The creation of this course was a collaborative effort between the Forensic Science and the Materials Engineering Programs at YSU. This paper describes how this course was forged from a combination of the principles of forensic science with engineering failure analysis techniques.     

Heat of Decomposition of Potassium Perchlorate

The heat of decomposition of potassium perchlorate into potassium chloride and oxygen has been determined in a bomb calorimeter. The process may be represented by the equation: KClO4(c)=KCl(c)+2O2(g),ΔH°(25°C)=−4.02±0.34kj/mole,=−0.96±0.08kcal/mole.Combination of this datum with the heat of formation of KCl(c) gives −103.22 ±0.15 kcal/mole for the standard heat of formation of KClO₄(c) at 25 °C.     

Marine forensics for naval architects and marine engineers

The Marine Forensics Panel of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) grew out of analyses of the shipwrecks of the German battleshipBismarck and the passenger shipsTitanic andLusitania. It is now co-sponsored by five other professional societies on both sides of the Atlantic. A number of ship losses have been investigated, and lessons have been learned relevant both to marine technology and history. William H. Garzke, Jr. was the staff naval architect for Gibbs & Cox, Inc. in its Washington division until he retired in September 1998. He is now an independent consultant. Garzke is also chairman of the Marine Forensics Panel and the Education Committee of SNAME from 1995–2001. He visited the wreck site of the RMSTitanic in 1996 and 1998 and provided technical assistance to Robert Ballard in the exploration of theBismarck. Contact e-mail: WGarzke@aol.com. He also provided assistance to Robert Ballard in the discovery of theBismarck, and is the vice chairman of the Marine Forensics Panel, representing the American Society of Naval Engineers. David K. Brown (RCNC) retried as the Deputy Chief Naval Architect of the Ministry of Defence in 1988. Since then he has devoted his time to the study of the history of warship technology and has published several books and many articles on the subject. He is currently a vice president of RINA and vice chairman of the Marine Forensics Panel, representing RINA. He serves as the vice chairman of the Marine Forensics Panel, representing the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology. He is a member of the Marine Forensics Panel and was a member of the 1998Titanic expedition and a consultant to the Maryland Science Center for its Titanic Science Exhibit. He is the treasurer and vice chairman of the Marine Forensics Panel, representing the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.     

Perchlorate removal by quaternary amine modified reed

We report a kinetic and equilibrium study of perchlorate adsorption onto giant reed modified by quaternary amine (QA) functional groups in batch reactors. The effect of pH, contact time, and initial perchlorate concentration on removal was investigated. The adsorption capacity for perchlorate was 169 mg/g on the modified reed (MR) particles ranging in size from 100 to 250 μm. The isotherm results were best described by the combined Langmuir-Freundlich equation. Optimum removal occurred in the pH range 3.5-7.0 and was reduced at pH>8.5. The maximum adsorption rate occurred within the first minute of contact and equilibrium was achieved within 7 min. A three-stage adsorption occurred. In stage 1, adsorption was rapid and was controlled by boundary layer diffusion. In stage 2, adsorption was gradual and was controlled by both boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion. In stage 3, adsorption reached a plateau. The kinetic results fit well with a pseudo second-order equation. The adsorption mechanism was explored using Zeta potential analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Zeta potential measurements showed that reed modification enhanced perchlorate removal by increasing the surface potential. Electrostatic attraction between perchlorate anion and positively charged quaternary amine groups on the MR was the primary mechanism responsible for perchlorate removal.     

膨化高氯酸铵的制备及其性能研究

使用膨化剂在减压条件下制备出膨化高氯酸铵（AP）。利用扫描电镜、粒度分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积仪、差示扫描量热仪、热失重分析仪及感度仪分别对膨化AP进行形貌分析和性能测试。结果表明:膨化AP颗粒表面具有沟壑,内部具有孔洞结构,粒径D₅₀=22.559 μm;与未膨化的原料AP相比,膨化AP低温分解温度提高16.0 ℃,高温分解温度提高6.7 ℃,分解热提高322.3 J/g;比表面积增大92.2%,吸湿性增大;极限撞击能为10 J,撞击感度提高。制备AP/HTPB(端羟基聚丁二烯)和膨化AP/HTPB复合推进剂并测定其燃速,膨化AP/HTPB复合推进剂燃速提高4.1%。     

高氯酸胍的合成、表征及性能

以碳酸胍和HClO4为原料制备了高氯酸胍。利用XRD、元素分析仪、红外光谱分析、SEM、TG和DSC对产物进行了结构、形貌、热分解性和热安定性研究,并测定了感度和主要爆炸性能。碳酸胍和HClO4投料摩尔比为1:2或1:4时,产物的红外光谱和XRD图像峰型几乎完全相同,结合元素分析结果说明为同一物质,均为CH6O4N3Cl。加入铝粉后,高氯酸胍流散性显著增加。观察纯品和加入5%铝粉(质量分数)的高氯酸胍的形貌发现:相对纯品,加入铝粉后颗粒表面变得光滑。高氯酸胍的感度明显低于SY和PETN,是一种比较钝感的炸药。不同密度下,纯品和加入铝粉的高氯酸胍的爆速为5 500 m/s左右,加入5%铝粉对爆速的影响较小。     

高氯酸锂改性丁腈橡胶抗静电性能研究

采用熔融共混法,制备丁腈橡胶/高氯酸锂(NBR/LiClO_4)抗静电复合材料,研究LiClO_4的用量对复合材料硫化性能、力学性能及电性能的影响。结果表明:LiClO_4对NBR的硫化起到了促进作用,提高了其交联密度;NBR的力学强度随着LiClO_4用量的增加而提高;LiClO_4的加入降低了NBR的体积电阻率和表面电阻率,使其由绝缘材料转变为抗静电材料。当LiClO_4的用量为40份时,NBR复合材料的体积电阻率、表面电阻率分别达1.1×108·cm和2.0×109。     

高氯酸铵降感技术研究进展

在高燃速推进剂研制过程中,添加超细高氯酸氨(AP)可大幅提高燃速,但也带来机械感度升高的问题。分别从球形化AP及表面改性、包覆AP、AP复合物等几个方面综述了AP降感技术的研究进展。同时,对降感AP在推进剂中的应用情况进行了总结和分析。并指出,未来AP降感的重点研究方向为改善球形化超细AP的表面结构、对超细AP进行混合包覆及探索新型功能材料。以期为高燃速推进剂的安全研制提供参考。     

Perchlorate degradation using an indigenous microbial consortium predominantly Burkholderia sp

Mesoporous titanium dioxide beads with high surface areas (over 90 m(2)/g) and tunable pore sizes (from 12.8 to 16.5 nm) were synthesized via a solvothermal process heating by microwave irradiation, with ammonia being used as both a source of nitrogen and a control agent for the mesoporous structure. Structural characterization indicated that the mesoporous TiO(2) beads were composed of nanocrystals and pores and the beads possess a optical band gap energy of 3.11 eV. The doping nitrogen was in the form of NH(x) or NO(x) species and was adsorbed on surface of the beads, which caused changes to the surface electronic structure. The results show that the samples which possess higher-order structure, large surface area and well-defined crystallinity have the best performance in photocatalytic activities exhibited as evaluated in the degradation of methylene blue.     

超细高氯酸铵粉体制备研究

文章研究了用扁平式气流粉碎机对高氯酸铵（AP）进行超细化粉碎，探索出了最佳粉碎工艺条件，制备了平均粒度为2μm的超细高氯酸铵（AP）粉体；分析了高氯酸铵（AP）超细粉碎过程中静电产生的原因，提出了消除静电积累方法，保证了粉碎过程安全。     

亚微米高氯酸铵的制备及性能研究

采用LG-1型立式搅拌研磨机,以仲丁醇作为分散介质,通过控制研磨时间、转速、物料浓度等因素,制备了亚微米高氯酸铵(AP),并采用真空冷冻干燥技术对研磨浆料进行干燥得到产品。通过马尔文激光粒度仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别对制备的AP样品的粒度分布、颗粒大小和晶型进行表征,同时对制备的亚微米AP样品的摩擦感度、撞击感度以及热分解特性进行了表征。结果表明,所制备的AP样品平均粒径为460 nm;与普通工业级微米AP相比,亚微米AP样品的摩擦感度和撞击感度分别升高了20.0%和18.7%,高温分解峰峰温提前了60.1℃(升温速率10℃/min),表观活化能降低了27.3 k J/mol。同时,催化剂对亚微米AP的催化效果优于普通工业级微米AP。     

电位滴定法测定高氯酸钾成品的主含量

本文利用电位滴定法测定高氯酸钾的含量,具有操作简单,无污染等优点。电位滴定法的终点计算采用二阶微分法。本法在样品测定中具有较高的准确度和良好的重现性。     

分光光度法测定高氯酸钠中氯酸钾的含量

建立一种以分光光度法测定高氯酸钠中氯酸钾含量的快速而准确的方法,并通过t检验证明该方法与重量法之间并无显著性差异。     

The Effect of Shungite Additives on Electric Discharge in Ammonium Perchlorate

Technical Physics Letters - An experimental study of the influence exerted by powdered shungite additives with particle size of 30–35 μm on the threshold characteristics of the breakdown...     

Perchlorate adsorption and desorption on activated carbon and anion exchange resin

The mechanisms of perchlorate adsorption on activated carbon (AC) and anion exchange resin (SR-7 resin) were investigated using Raman, FTIR, and zeta potential analyses. Batch adsorption and desorption results demonstrated that the adsorption of perchlorate by AC and SR-7 resin was reversible. The reversibility of perchlorate adsorption by the resin was also proved by column regeneration test. Solution pH significantly affected perchlorate adsorption and the zeta potential of AC, while it did not influence perchlorate adsorption and the zeta potential of resin. Zeta potential measurements showed that perchlorate was adsorbed on the negatively charged AC surface. Raman spectra indicated the adsorption resulted in an obvious position shift of the perchlorate peak, suggesting that perchlorate was associated with functional groups on AC at neutral pH through interactions stronger than electrostatic interaction. The adsorbed perchlorate on the resin exhibited a Raman peak at similar position as the aqueous perchlorate, indicating that perchlorate was adsorbed on the resin through electrostatic attraction between the anion and positively charged surface sites.     

由高氯酸铵制备乙二胺二高氯酸盐的研究

该文提供了一种由高氯酸铵部分代替高氯酸制各乙二胺二高氯酸盐的方法。用过量的乙二胺与高氯酸铵反应,过量部分的乙二胺用高氯酸中和。乙二胺二高氯酸盐的得率接近100％。