清洁发展机制（CDM）项目的开发和实施

1清洁发展机制(CDM)概述1997年12月,160个国家在日本京都签署通过了联合国气候变化框架公约《京都议定书》(UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol)。《京都议定书》的基本内涵可以用一个时间和排放坐标加以说明:即在2008-2012的5年间,41个工业发达国家必须将排放总量在1990年的排放基础上削减5.2%。《京都议定书》中确定了联合履行(JI)、清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism简称CDM)和国际排放权交易(IET)三种帮助发达国家实现温室气体减排目标的灵活机制,三种机制的核心在于发达国家可以通过这三种机制在本国以外的地区取得减排的抵消额,从而以较低的成本实现减排目标。三种机制中与发展中国家直接相关的是清洁发展机制(CDM)。《京都议定书》的重要内容还有:在第一承诺期期间,发展中国家不承担减排义务。     

强制交易市场和自愿交易市场

<正>2005年2月16日,《京都议定书》正式生效,为了促进各国完成温室气体减排目标,议定书规定可采用绿色开发机制,促使发达国家和发展中国家共同减排温室气体。买家在"限量与贸易"体制下购买由管理者制定、分配(或拍卖)的减排配额,买主向可减低温室气体排放的项目购买减排额。清洁发展机制(CDM)双赢机制的出现,在发达国家和发展中国家间开启了一个巨大的碳交易市场。从碳市场建立的法律基础上看,碳交易市场可分为强制交易市场和自愿交易市场。如果一个国家或地区政府法律明     

清洁发展机制

清洁发展机制（CDM）是京都议定书下面唯一一个包括发展中国家的弹性机制。即发展中国家的新能源和可再生能源建设,经过验证认可的减排额度,可通过国际碳市场向发达国家换取资金和技术．这是一项鼓励发展中国家减排的制度安排。     

我国节能减排与清洁发展机制研究

节能减排要求减少能源浪费和降低污染物排放,这是我国“十一五”期间一项基本国策。实现节能减排目标面临较大的资金和技术压力,因此,本文简要介绍了国内节能减排总体形势和清洁发展机制进展现状,多角度论述了清洁发展机制对节能减排的促进作用以及河北省工业领域节能减排重点与温室气体减排潜力,并提出了推进清洁发展机制、促进节能减排对策建议。     

CDM项目开发现状与发展趋势

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》确定的一个基于市场的灵活机制,发展中国家通过与发达国家进行温室气体减排贸易,可以引进国外资金和环境友好的先进技术,促进本国能源结构和环境的改善.     

清洁发展机制项目运行管理暂行办法

一、总则第一条根据我国批准的《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)和核准的《京都议定书》(以下简称《议定书》)的规定以及缔约方会议的有关决定,为加强中国政府对清洁发展机制项目活动的有效管理,维护中国的权益,保证清洁发展机制项目的有序进行,特制定本办法。第二条根据《议定书》的规定,清洁发展机制是发达国家缔约方为实现其部分温室气体减排义务与发展中国家缔约方进行项目合作的机制,其目的是协助发展中国家缔约方实现可持续发展和促进《公约》最终目标的实现,并协助发达国家缔约方实现其量化限制和减少温室气体排放的承…     

农村户用沼气池CDM项目方法学探讨

前言清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的三种灵活机制之一,其主要内容是指发达国家通过提供资金和/或技术的方式,与发展中国家合作,在发展中国家实施温室气体减排项目,并获得项目所产生的减排量,用于履行其在《京都议定书》下的温室气体减排义务。     

芬兰将从中国沼气项目购买CO_2减排量

芬兰与中国一环保企业签订了二氧化碳减排量的购买协议。根据协议,芬兰将从该企业在湖南省的一个清洁发展机制项目中购买总量为135万t的二氧化碳减排量。根据《（联合国气候变化框架公约）京都议定书》确立的清洁发展机制,发达国家可以通过资金和技术援助,帮助发展中国家实施减少温室气体排放的项目,减排量在经过核准后可以冲抵发达国家的减排指标。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)与我国生物质能的规模化发展

清洁发展机制允许发达国家通过与发展中国家进行项目级的合作，获得由项目产生的“经核证的温室气体减排量”，同时实现发达国家向发展中国家资金和技术转移。简要介绍了CDM的基本概念和我国清洁发展机制的进展，并通过介绍国外生物质能CDM项目和我国生物质气化发电项目CDM案例分析，探讨了CDM对推动我国生物质能的规模化发展可能发挥的促进作用。     

推进清洁发展机制促进节能减排

介绍清洁发展机制进展现状,多角度论述了清洁发展机制对节能减排的促进作用以及河北省工业领域节能减排重点与温室气体减排潜力,并提出了推进清洁发展机制、促进节能减排对策建议。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.