我国节能减排与清洁发展机制研究

节能减排要求减少能源浪费和降低污染物排放,这是我国“十一五”期间一项基本国策。实现节能减排目标面临较大的资金和技术压力,因此,本文简要介绍了国内节能减排总体形势和清洁发展机制进展现状,多角度论述了清洁发展机制对节能减排的促进作用以及河北省工业领域节能减排重点与温室气体减排潜力,并提出了推进清洁发展机制、促进节能减排对策建议。     

推进清洁发展机制促进节能减排

介绍清洁发展机制进展现状,多角度论述了清洁发展机制对节能减排的促进作用以及河北省工业领域节能减排重点与温室气体减排潜力,并提出了推进清洁发展机制、促进节能减排对策建议。     

强制交易市场和自愿交易市场

<正>2005年2月16日,《京都议定书》正式生效,为了促进各国完成温室气体减排目标,议定书规定可采用绿色开发机制,促使发达国家和发展中国家共同减排温室气体。买家在"限量与贸易"体制下购买由管理者制定、分配(或拍卖)的减排配额,买主向可减低温室气体排放的项目购买减排额。清洁发展机制(CDM)双赢机制的出现,在发达国家和发展中国家间开启了一个巨大的碳交易市场。从碳市场建立的法律基础上看,碳交易市场可分为强制交易市场和自愿交易市场。如果一个国家或地区政府法律明     

清洁发展机制

清洁发展机制（CDM）是京都议定书下面唯一一个包括发展中国家的弹性机制。即发展中国家的新能源和可再生能源建设,经过验证认可的减排额度,可通过国际碳市场向发达国家换取资金和技术．这是一项鼓励发展中国家减排的制度安排。     

大势所趋

"一方面,近零能耗建筑在欧美发达国家已经成为建筑节能发展的最新趋势;另一方面,中国建筑节能工作通过近3 0年的发展,目前需要树立更高更远的目标,同时,国内节能减排的发展形势要求建筑节能做出更大贡献.近零能耗发展方向是做出更大贡献的必经之路.因此,我国建筑节能的发展目标是近零能耗,这是大势所趋."徐伟如是说.     

节能减排——广西政府在行动

之一:广西政府全面推进节能减排工作 2007年7月17～18日,广西区人民政府再次召开全区节能减排工作会议,研究贯彻实施国务院《节能减排综合性工作方案》工作方案和部署下一阶段全面推进节能减排的重点任务.自治区人民政府陆兵主席强调,要切实增强抓好节能减排工作的责任感和紧迫感,明确工作目标和重点,加强领导、落实责任,加大投入、完善机制,采取更加有力措施,确保实现国家下达广西的"十一"节能减排目标.     

CDM项目开发现状与发展趋势

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》确定的一个基于市场的灵活机制,发展中国家通过与发达国家进行温室气体减排贸易,可以引进国外资金和环境友好的先进技术,促进本国能源结构和环境的改善.     

对煤炭企业实现"十二五"节能减排目标的思考

煤炭企业由于行业的特殊性,实现"十二五"节能减排的目标任务十分艰巨,文中在徐州矿务集团"十一五"节能减排工作实践的基础上,通过对行业内外部形势的分析,并以徐州矿务集团为模板,提出了煤炭企业实现"十二五"节能减排目标必须首先编好规划,其次依靠政府优扶持政策,通过政府科学考核、企业清洁生产和全员参与等综合性措施才有可能实现...     

企业节能减排创新管理的研究与应用

通过对贵州盘江精煤股份有限公司"十一五"以来节能减排工作取得的成绩及存在的问题进行剖析,结合国家节能减排统计、监测、考核三大体系建设要求,创新管理模式,解决当前盘江股份存在的问题,确保完成国家"十二五"节能减排目标任务,形成了具有该公司特色的节能减排管理体制机制,持续有效开展企业节能减排工作,对推进煤炭行业节能减排工作具有一定的借鉴作用。     

中国能源产业的发展目标

被称作“人类拯救地球最后一次机会”的联合国气候变化大会的哥本哈根会议已经闭幕，虽然各方评价说法不一，但节能减排、走低碳经济之路却成为各国的共识。中国作为最大的发展中国家，力推节能减排，淘汰落后产能，开发清洁能源，将在发展低碳经济的道路上，创造令世界瞩目的中国速度。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。