池式钠火事故下燃烧产物气溶胶行为研究

在钠冷快堆的安全评估中,分析钠泄露导致的池式钠火事故下燃烧产物的气溶胶行为尤为重要。本文采用将池式钠火燃烧模型与气溶胶动力学模型耦合的方式,开发了池式钠火事故下燃烧产物气溶胶行为分析程序REBAC-SFR,基于该程序模拟了SAPFIRE-D1和ABCOVE池式钠火实验,并与实验数据进行了对比。结果表明,本文开发的程序具有良好的可靠性和正确性,可为钠工艺间内池式钠火事故下燃烧产物气溶胶行为分析研究提供理论工具。      

钠冷快堆混合钠火程序开发

钠管道泄漏继而发生钠的燃烧为钠冷快堆特有的事故。在喷雾钠火模型和池式钠火模型基础上,将钠喷雾燃烧和池式燃烧进行了耦合,并针对钠冷快堆钠工艺间的结构特点,最终开发了混合钠火计算程序COMSFIRE。使用该程序计算了FAUNA喷雾钠火试验和CADARACHE池式钠火试验,并与试验结果和部分程序计算结果进行了对比。同时设计了混合燃烧算例,并使用该程序与CONTAIN-LMR程序进行了对比。通过计算结果的对比和分析,初步验证了程序的正确性。     

雾状钠火钠滴燃烧比率的模拟及应用

将雾状钠火中钠滴的燃烧分成预燃阶段和燃烧阶段,利用雾状钠火程序计算得到钠滴燃烧比率和时间的关系曲线,分别用幂函数、指数函数和线性函数对曲线进行拟合,拟合效果较好。拟合函数中包含钠滴下落时间和钠滴最大燃烧比率等参数,这些参数可通过钠滴下落燃烧试验或雾状钠火程序计算得到。通过推导得到了雾状钠火燃烧和单个钠滴燃烧的关系,钠滴燃烧比率的拟合函数被用来模拟雾状钠火燃烧的过程,包括用于计算已燃烧的钠质量、空气中未燃烧的钠质量、进入钠池的钠质量和雾状钠火的燃烧速率。当雾状钠火燃烧过程中钠泄漏流量恒定不变时,空气中未燃烧的钠质量和钠泄漏流量呈正比,雾状钠火的燃烧速率和钠泄漏流量呈正比。雾状钠火的燃烧速率和钠火造成的事故工艺间内的温度与压力变化直接相关。雾状钠火的燃烧速率被用来求解钠气溶胶的生成速率、钠燃烧火焰层和空气之间的传热、钠燃烧火焰层和墙壁之间的传热。总之,使用简单的函数模拟钠滴的燃烧比率曲线,将雾状钠火燃烧当成事故工艺间的热源和钠气溶胶源作为输入,便可模拟雾状钠火的整个燃烧过程,计算得到工艺间温度、压力和钠气溶胶浓度的变化。钠滴的燃烧比率曲线、雾状钠火的燃烧速率曲线还可与试验数据进行对比验证后作为雾状钠火模拟的输入,这种模拟方法可用于钠火事故安全分析中雾状钠火的模拟。     

钠冷快增殖堆池式钠火事故分析计算

针对钠冷快堆严重事故下可能发生的池式钠火事故 ,描述了钠火现象 ,采用池式钠火程序SOFIREⅡ的“一腔室”模型 ,并在该模型基础上 ,更客观地模拟池式钠火过程 ,编制程序POOLFIRE。SOFIREⅡ认为池式钠火过程一开始就生成Na2 O和Na2 O2 的混合物 ,生成量也不确定。POOLFIRE认为早期生成Na2 O ,大约 30分钟后向Na2 O2 转变 ,最后计算得出池式钠火引起的安全壳内温度及压力响应 ,并与SOFIREⅡ结果进行了比较     

钠冷快堆中喷雾钠火的计算分析

根据钠冷快堆中喷雾钠火的特点建立了理论模型，编制了SSPRAY程序。该程序模拟钠喷雾燃料过程中钠滴的运动、钠和氧气的燃烧反应、热量传递和质量传递等瞬态过程。用该程序计算了气体和墙壁温度、气体压力、氧气摩尔份额、喷雾流燃烧速率和热量热递速率等主要参数。利用AI实验数据和美国SPRAY－3A的计算结果对程序进行了验证，结果符合较好。     

CONTAIN-LMR程序中池式钠火事故分析计算模型的验证

CONTAIN-LMR是针对以液态钠为冷却剂的反应堆而开发的安全壳事故一体化分析程序。我国目前的CONTAIN-LMR程序版本为2000年左右从法国引进,还未进行过面向工程设计的系统性地程序开发和验证。本文主要针对CONTAIN-LMR程序中模拟池式钠火事故的分析模型进行详细分析,并采用国际上的池式钠火实验进行验证,实验验证结果表明CONTAIN-LMR程序可以较准确地模拟池式钠火事故造成的钠工艺间内的温度、压力升高及放射性钠气溶胶行为。本文的研究结果初步表明CONTAIN-LMR程序可用于钠冷快堆的钠火事故分析。     

雾状钠火钠滴燃烧比率的模拟及应用

将雾状钠火中钠滴的燃烧分成预燃阶段和燃烧阶段,利用雾状钠火程序计算得到钠滴燃烧比率和时间的关系曲线,分别用幂函数、指数函数和线性函数对曲线进行拟合,拟合效果较好。拟合函数中包含钠滴下落时间和钠滴最大燃烧比率等参数,这些参数可通过钠滴下落燃烧试验或雾状钠火程序计算得到。通过推导得到了雾状钠火燃烧和单个钠滴燃烧的关系,钠滴燃烧比率的拟合函数被用来模拟雾状钠火燃烧的过程,包括用于计算已燃烧的钠质量、空气中未燃烧的钠质量、进入钠池的钠质量和雾状钠火的燃烧速率。当雾状钠火燃烧过程中钠泄漏流量恒定不变时,空气中未燃烧的钠质量和钠泄漏流量呈正比,雾状钠火的燃烧速率和钠泄漏流量呈正比。雾状钠火的燃烧速率和钠火造成的事故工艺间内的温度与压力变化直接相关。雾状钠火的燃烧速率被用来求解钠气溶胶的生成速率、钠燃烧火焰层和空气之间的传热、钠燃烧火焰层和墙壁之间的传热。总之,使用简单的函数模拟钠滴的燃烧比率曲线,将雾状钠火燃烧当成事故工艺间的热源和钠气溶胶源作为输入,便可模拟雾状钠火的整个燃烧过程,计算得到工艺间温度、压力和钠气溶胶浓度的变化。钠滴的燃烧比率曲线、雾状钠火的燃烧速率曲线还可与试验数据进行对比验证后作为雾状钠火模拟的输入,这种模拟方法可用于钠火事故安全分析中雾状钠火的模拟。     

钠喷射火灾实验研究

介绍了喷射钠火试验的设计思路和如何对钠流进行散流喷射,同时描述控制系统和数据采集系统的设计和建造,通过对比实验中和程序FEUMIX计算中的温度和压力曲线,得到如下结论:试验中钠流主要以柱状钠火燃烧,在钠喷射过程中燃烧区空气温度上升非常迅速,并观察到最初的钠喷射高温峰值,采用FEUMIX以10%雾化份额计算的空气温度与在...     

8 CEFR放射性钠火风险分析

对CEFR的研究发现，一回路外的钠净化管道或阀门破裂将导致放射性钠火事故发生，其中309／1设备间的泄漏后果最严重。采用概率安全评价技术对该事故进行放射性风险分析，依据钠泄漏及钠火发生后相关系统的响应特性，确立了44个事故序列，建立了事件树．故障树模型。对模型进行定量分析后获得了该事件的厂内、外放射性风险，并通过对计算结果的分析，找出风险支配性因素，相应提出降低风险的措施。在整个分析过程中应用了概率安全分析软件、池式钠火分析程序及高架点源气溶胶扩散程序，获得了事故序列发生频率、钠气溶胶排放量、各种情况下高架烟囱周围3公里范围内的剂量分布等定量分析指标。     

监测钠燃烧池温度的微机系统

本文叙述微机监测系统的硬件结构和软件设计。由于快堆采用钠作为冷却剂,而钠在高温下泄漏后会立即燃烧,所以,要对钠进行各种燃烧实验。钠池式燃烧过程是一个动态过程。稳定的反映出温度的动态变化,这对系统的稳定性说尤为重要。钠在燃烧时温度分布有一定的规律。为准确的得到温度分布数据,在现场布置了３６对热电耦。在该系统中采用ＰⅡ２６６微机。５位半Ａ／Ｄ变换器。在技术上,解决了热电耦冷端补偿问题和根据时间检索数据     

Response Surface Modeling of Aerosol Release Fraction in Sodium Pool Combustion

A response surface model has been proposed to evaluate an aerosol release fraction during sodium pool fire in a liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR). Air containing aerosols are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. Hence, the aerosol release fraction needs to be quantified based on the behavior of the aerosols and physics of mass and heat transfer. However, the aerosol release fraction is one of user-specified parameters of computer codes for the sodium fire safety analysis of the LMFR. In the present study, a response surface model of the aerosol release fraction has been developed based on numerical experiments of aerosol dynamics. For developing the model, aerosol dynamic equation has been solved coupled with thermal-hydraulics and chemical reaction. The authors obtained good agreement of the aerosol release fraction between the numerical experiments and the past experiments. Therefore, the aerosol behavior model has been validated with regard to the pool combustion phenomena and is reasonably applicable to the numerical experiment. Three influential variables on the release fraction are identified as pool temperature, gas temperature and oxygen molar fraction in the air. The proposed response surface model is a quadratic expression of the influential variables and can be easily employed in the sodium fire analysis code.     

Development of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor Sodium Combined Fire Code

Sodium fire caused by sodium pipe leakage is the specific accident for sodium-cooled fast reactor. Based on the sodium spray fire model and sodium pool fire model, sodium spray fire and sodium pool fire were coupled together. A sodium combined fire code COMSFIRE was finally developed based on the structure characteristic of sodium technology room in sodium-cooled fast reactor. FAUNA sodium spray fire experiment and CADARACHE sodium pool fire experiment were calculated with the developed COMSFIRE code, the results of which were compared with the experiments results and some other code results. A combined fire case was designed, and the results were compared with CONTAIN-LMR code. The correctness of the COMSFIRE code was primarily proved through the comparison and analysis.     

Sodium Fire Code SFIRE1C for Pool Fire Characteristics

Sodium pool fire code, SOFIRE II, written for the constant value of stoichiometric combustion ratio and heat of reaction is used to compute the buildup of pressure and temperature in a containment. In the SOFIRE II model, for the formation of a mixture of Na₂O and Na₂O₂ in the sodium pool, the input stoichiometric combustion ratio and heat of formation values need to be varied to corresponding values admissible for the mixture. In the present work, the SOFIRE II one-cell model is revised and the present version SFIRE1C (Sodium FIRE 1 Cell model) accounts for the formation of Na₂O in an early stage of the fire and shifts to the formation of Na₂O₂ at a later stage. Thus SFIRE1C computes in a more realistic manner the reaction products which are formed in the pool. The model for sodium oxide aerosol release is also modified in this version, by incorporating a more appropriate aerosol release rate equation. The calculated values using the SFIRE1C one-cell model are compared with sodium pool fire experimental results.     

Sodium pool combustion phenomena under natural convection airflow

Sodium pool fire is a design basis accident of sodium-cooled fast reactor. In this study, a numerical method for multi-dimensional modeling of sodium pool fire has been developed. It considers coupling of thermal-hydraulics, chemical reaction and aerosol dynamics equations. From the present multi-dimensional computation, phenomena of sodium pool fire are understood such as flow and temperature fields and aerosol mass distribution of various sizes. It has been found that the burning rate varies along the radial direction and the mass and heat transfer around the pool peripheral is maximum and most influential. The thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the near-surface region are very important to determine the sodium pool fire consequence such as the burning rate and aerosol emission. The area-averaged burning rate and aerosol release fraction calculated by the present numerical method are in agreement with experimental data.     

A numerical study of radiation heat transfer in sodium pool combustion and response surface modeling of luminous flame emissivity

A response surface model of the luminous flame emissivity of sodium pool fire has been proposed for use in safety analysis computer codes of a liquid metal fast reactor. The liquid sodium burns in air resulting in not only heat generation but also release of sodium oxide aerosols of sub-micron diameters. Aerosols levitating in air are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. The emissivity of the flame needs to be quantified, as it is one of user-specified parameters of the computer codes for the sodium fire analysis. The response surface model of the flame emissivity is developed based on numerical experiments on the physics of mass and heat transfer and behavior of the aerosol. Thermal-hydraulic equations have been solved coupled with aerosol dynamics and chemical reaction. Three influential variables on the emissivity are identified as pool temperature, gas temperature and oxygen molar fraction in the air. It has been found that the emissivity is calculated reasonably as a function of the three variables. The proposed response surface model can be easily employed in the sodium fire analysis codes because it is a simple quadratic expression. For the safety evaluation of the sodium fire, combined use is recommended of the proposed model and the lumped-mass zone model code.     

旋风组钠气溶胶去除系统性能验证

钠气溶胶是钠冷快堆发生钠火时产生的特征性产物,需通过除尘净化系统对钠气溶胶进行去除净化,以减少排放到环境的放射性剂量和钠气溶胶浓度。采用干式气固分离路线,设计了一套旋风组钠气溶胶去除系统,通过开展真实钠火环境下的钠气溶胶去除试验,考察了金属钠燃烧过程中钠气溶胶浓度变化、粒径分布、压降、去除效率等主要参数,最终认为该系统对钠气溶胶具有很高的去除效率。