A channel model for multipath interference on terrestrialline-of-sight digital radio

A comprehensive system model for characterizing the effects of multipath propagation on digital radio systems in the 4-6-GHz band is shown in this paper. The effects of terrain-induced multipath propagation in the presence of atmospheric anomalies are studied using data from experimental microwave links in the field and in the laboratory. This technique, which treats multipath propagation as digital signal distortions caused by interference from ground reflections, has not been shown previously. A forward multipath propagation model is used to identify the critical propagation parameters for a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal. A normalized two-ray channel model is developed to approximate the frequency response produced by interference from a ground reflection in a narrow band. The effectiveness of this channel model is evaluated using measured data from the test radio link in the laboratory and in the field     

一种超小型无人机超宽带通信信道模型研究

针对将超宽带无线信号应用于超小型无人机通信链路的低空传输环境,分析了信号传播可能遇到的各种地形、地物等因素对传输损耗的影响,选择修正的S-V多径信道模型,对选定的两个信号传播环境进行了仿真,并给出了信道的路径损耗、冲激响应、rm s时延扩展、平均超量时延、多径分量数目和功率延迟剖面,仿真结果表明该模型能够有效反映信道的特性参数,可为超宽带接收机的设计提供参考。     

基于时域射线法的IR UWB信号穿墙传播建模与分析

研究了一种基于时域射线追踪技术(Time Domain Ray Tracing)适用于大尺度室内环境传播建模的IR-UWB信号传播模型。该模型综合考虑室内传播存在的多径效应、阴影效应和穿墙效应等物理现象,引入墙体内部的时域传输系数和墙体至空气的时域透射系数,分析并解释了时域传播系数的物理意义。模型利用了IR-UWB信号时域极窄的特点,与传统的FDTD方法相比,能够显著提高大尺度环境下的计算效率。最后通过与实测结果的对比,验证了该模型的有效性,详细研究了模型的计算精度及误差成因。     

Dégradation de la qualité due aux trajets multiples dans un système a transmission numérique a quatre états de phase

A study is made on the effect of propagation on digital transmission based on two series of measurements made with four phase shift keying and differential demodulation equipment at bit rates of 38.8 and 216 Mbit/s. Degradation due to selectivities of attenuation caused by multipath propagation is inferred for both experiments : whereas the degradation is low at 38.8 Mbit/s, it becomes very large at 216 Mbit/s. The results are interpreted and commented upon. By taking a dual beam model, a calculation is made for degradation due to propagation under multipath conditions, as a function of the delay of the reflected beam.     

时变衰落信道下同态滤波技术的研究

针对短波信道多径传播的特点,采用卷积型滤波技术和复时谱分析方法,抗多径传播引起的信号衰落．研究结果表明,该方法能够更好的滤除干扰,改变传输信道质量．     

一种基于倒谱分析的抗多径衰落的算法

本文提出一种基于复倒谱分析和同态滤波技术来对抗多径传播引起的衰落的算法。该算法通过在倒谱域滤波实现了对多径分量的有效抑制。文中给出了算法的理论推导过程及实验设计方法,并进行了计算机仿真。结果表明,本算法能有效减小衰落信号与原信号间的均方误差,改善多径衰落信道的传输质量。     

Optimum Receiver Design for Broadband Doppler Compensation in Multipath/Doppler Channels With Rational Orthogonal Wavelet Signaling

In this paper, we address the issue of signal transmission and Doppler compensation in multipath/Doppler channels. Based on a wavelet-based broadband Doppler compensation structure, this paper presents the design and performance characterization of optimum receivers for this class of communication systems. The wavelet-based Doppler compensation structure takes account of the coexistence of multiple Doppler scales in a multipath/Doppler channel and captures the information carried by multiple scaled replicas of the transmitted signal rather than an estimation of an average Doppler as in conventional Doppler compensation schemes. The transmitted signal is recovered by the perfect reconstruction (PR) wavelet analysis filter bank (FB). We demonstrate that with rational orthogonal wavelet signaling, the proposed communication structure corresponds to a Lth-order diversity system, where L is the number of dominant transmission paths. Two receiver designs for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signal transmission are presented. Both receiver designs are optimal under the maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion for diversity combination and symbol detection. Good performance is achieved for both receivers in combating the Doppler effect and intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath while mitigating the channel noise. In particular, the second receiver design overcomes symbol timing sensitivities present in the first design at reasonable cost to performance.     

A versatile wave propagation model for the VHF/UHF rangeconsidering three-dimensional terrain

A polarimetric wave propagation model for field strength forecasting and coverage prediction in the VHF/UHF frequency range is presented. The model uses a digital terrain data bank and considers multipath propagation. Based on the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) and physical optics an approach is described for calculating the propagation effects in natural 3-D terrain, given by topological and morphographical data. The method for field strength forecasting is described and methods for the analysis of the predicted multipath signal are discussed. It is shown how the complex probability density function (PDF) for the receiver field strength and the field strength delay spectrum can be derived. Methods for further evaluation of the transmitting channel characteristics are discussed     

Design considerations for broadband indoor infrared wireless communication systems

Recently there has been a growing interest in using infrared light for broadband indoor wireless communications. There are two major limitations for establishing a wideband infrared communications link. The first and most important limit is the power requirements of such a link. The second important impairment is the intersymbol interference caused by multipath dispersion. In this paper we address the issue of designing an optimized transmission system to provide the best power efficiency for an infrared link. Important parameters that should be considered for this design and some examples of efficient link designs are discussed. The suggested designs can improve the power efficiency of an indoor infrared link up to 4 to 8 dBo while providing a smaller rms delay spread, more robustness to shadowing and a more uniform distribution of power. Characteristics of the indoor infrared channel depends upon the directions of the receiver. This dependency can be used in designing a direction diversity receiver to decrease the rms delay spread of the received signal and to reduce the effects of noise by using proper combining techniques. We discuss the effects of receiver direction and field-of-view on the channel parameters and suggest a configuration for a direction diversity receiver.     

Digital transmission of high bit rate signals using 16DAPSK-OFDMmodulation scheme

Radio transmission signals are distorted by multipath propagation and signal level fading in the channel. In the case of digital transmission systems, the distortion of signals causes a degradation of bit error performance. It is an especially severe problem with digital outside-broadcasting-link (OBL) which has to transmit, for example, digital HDTV signals at more than about 45 Mbps. The OFDM modulation scheme can mitigate the adverse effects of multipath fading. An experimental OFDM modem has been developed to enable stable transmission of digital HDTV sources in an OBL. The experimental modem distributes transmitting digital data to 688 carriers in a bandwidth of about 13.5 MHz using the 16DAPSK for each OFDM carrier. A combination of 8DPSK and 2DASK is adopted as the 16DAPSK and another combination of 8DPSK and coherent 2ASK instead of 2DASK is also considered. Indoor transmission experiments confirmed that the 16DAPSK-OFDM is feasible for transmitting high bit rate signals, even under severe propagation conditions     

Mesures en impulsions pour faisceaux hertziens en visibilité directe

This work is providing an experimental tool for investigating the transmission characteristics of the propagation path of line-of-sight radio relay links in the 6 GHz band, resorting to a direct observation of its impulse response. Two circuit models are respectively representing the propagation characteristics (multipath scintillation) and the action upon transmitted signals. The timevariant impulse response is the most fitting system function for both propagation anomalies identification and message impairment’s evaluation. A measuring equipment for direct observation of the impulse response in the signal bandwidth is described. The data processing procedures leading to relative accuracies which are indicated satisfactory in all practical cases. Some experimental results are shown.     

Line-of-sight indoor radio communication using circular polarizedwaves

This paper presents an anti-multipath fading scheme employing a circular polarized wave for line-of-sight (LOS) indoor radio communications. The circular polarized wave transmission/reception significantly mitigates the multipath fading caused by reflections from walls, ceiling, and floor since the energies of single-bounce reflected waves do not appear at the receiver, thereby resulting in significant amplitude fade and delay spread reduction. The received signal intensity variations and delay spread are investigated numerically using a 14-path propagation model and the usefulness is confirmed by comparing with a linear polarized wave transmission/reception under a same LOS condition     

Effects of multipath transmission on the measured propagation delay of an FM signal

Position location techniques based on propagation delay have been proposed previously. A narrow-band version of this technique involves the transmission of RF carrier, modulated by a single audio frequency. At a receiver, the audio phase is a measure of distance provided the propagation delay is less than one quarter cycle. The transmission medium introduces multipath distortion and the received signal consists of a set of signals, each an attenuated and delayed replica of the transmitted signal, having traversed a different path. When FM is employed, the phase of the demodulated composite is a nonlinear function of the parameters of the multipath structure of the channel. In this paper, this functional relationship is derived.     

Characterization of ultra-wide bandwidth wireless indoor channels: a communication-theoretic view

An ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) signal propagation experiment is performed in a typical modern laboratory/office building. The bandwidth of the signal used in this experiment is in excess of 1 GHz, which results in a differential path delay resolution of less than a nanosecond, without special processing. Based on the experimental results, a characterization of the propagation channel from a communications theoretic view point is described, and its implications for the design of a UWB radio receiver are presented. Robustness of the UWB signal to multipath fading is quantified through histograms and cumulative distributions. The all RAKE (ARAKE) receiver and maximum-energy-capture selective RAKE (SRAKE) receiver are introduced. The ARAKE receiver serves as the best case (bench mark) for RAKE receiver design and lower bounds the performance degradation caused by multipath. Multipath components of measured waveforms are detected using a maximum-likelihood detector. Energy capture as a function of the number of single-path signal correlators used in UWB SRAKE receiver provides a complexity versus performance tradeoff. Bit-error-probability performance of a UWB SRAKE receiver, based on measured channels, is given as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio and the number of correlators implemented in the receiver.     

基于FID的机动车尾气THC测量模块设计与对比实验

机动车排放的总碳氢化合物（total hydrocarbons, THC）是造成雾霾、光化学烟雾的重要原因,在城市大气污染的调查和影响人类健康的研究中,THC是必须的监测目标之一。着重开展了基于氢火焰离子化检测（hydrogen flame ionization detector, FID）的机动车尾气THC测量系统的设计和对比实验。主要介绍了FID测量THC的工作原理,根据FID的测量原理设计了机动车尾气THC测量模块。并根据离子化信号检测需求设计了微电流放大电路,满足大范围、高精度微电流信号检测的要求,获得了检测器对THC的响应峰信号。还对测量得到的THC色谱峰信号进行定性和定量的分析,通过标准曲线法计算了THC的浓度。最后结合美国的SENSORS-FID THC分析仪开展了对比实验,结果表明研发的THC测量模块检测的浓度偏高,测量偏差约为4.44%~8.43%,判断此系统误差主要为O2峰干扰。     

Spatial and Temporal CM Equalization for Broadband Wireless Indoor Networks at Millimeter Waves

Based on a new multipath channel model, a spatial-temporal combined CM equalization approach is derived at millimeter waves. Computer simulations are presented to testify the theoretical analysis. It is shown that this method can compensate the signal degradation caused by indoor multipath propagation. The convergence behavior of the spatial-temporal CMA is also analyzed.     

Dynamic characteristics of a narrowband land mobile communicationchannel

Land mobile communication signals are subject to propagation effects that result in variation of the received signal amplitude and phase. The most rapid signal variations are the result of multipath propagation and occur with sufficient severity to make reception difficult. At microwave frequencies, the narrowband (30-kHz) channel is considered nondispersive. It will experience flat amplitude fading and band-limited frequency distortion. An understanding of the dynamic nature of the communication channel is required to design land mobile systems that are tolerant of rapid multipath conditions. A model is presented to characterize the dynamic nature of multipath channels, and a new dynamic measure, fractional power change rate, is introduced. The distribution of the fractional power change rate, power change rate, and phase change rate are predicted by the model and validated by comparison to measured data. The research in this paper is part of an ongoing effort to develop multipath-tolerant demodulation techniques for higher order modulation types. The measures developed are of primary importance for specifying the dynamic requirements for such demodulators     

Study of the local multipoint distribution service radio channel

Millimeter wave communication systems in the 21.5 to 29.5 GHz band are being developed in the United States and Canada for use in a local multipoint distribution service (LMDS). This paper summarizes radiowave propagation impairments for the LMDS and reports measurement data for small cells. Results include area coverage estimates over a range of basic transmission losses for 0.5-, 1.0- and 2.0-km suburban cells with foliated trees. Multipath, signal attenuation, depolarization, and cell to cell coverage also are discussed. Data indicates a high probability of non-line-of-sight paths due to trees which can cause signal attenuation and signal variability when wind is present. Signal variability was studied using k factors and compared to the Rician cumulative distribution function. Depolarization caused by vegetation and other signal scatterers was found to be an order of magnitude greater than rain-induced depolarization. A simple tapped delay line model is presented to describe multipath for three channel states     

A comparison of multipath distortion characteristics among digital modulation techniques

In a digital mobile radio transmission, long-delayed multi-path propagation causes frequency selective fading, resulting in signal waveform distortion and hence bit error rate (BER) degradation. Comparison of multipath distortion among various digital modulation techniques (binary, quaternary, offset quaternary, and minimum phase shift keying (BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK and MSK)) is made using a two-ray propagation model, which is a fundamental model to evaluate multipath tolerant capability. The analysis clarified the multipath conditions causing severe distortions and also the mechanisms of eye pattern degradation, showing the superiority of BPSK in multipath tolerance.