ISG工艺合成γ-Al2O3多孔膜

采用ISG(Inorganic Sol-gel)工艺的浸渍涂覆技术制备γ-Al2O3多孔膜,探讨了薄膜的制备条件及影响因素,重点研究了浸渍提拉技术中提拉速度、浸渍时间、涂覆次数与成膜速度的关系,同时通过微波超声清洗考察了薄膜的附着力;用XRD图谱鉴定了薄膜的物质相并通过BET测试对薄膜的孔分布进行了分析表征,利用SEM对煅烧后的γ-Al2O3多孔晶化膜进行了微观结构观察.实验结果表明,溶胶呈现非牛顿流体特征;薄膜制备过程中提拉速度、浸渍时间、涂覆次数对膜厚的影响呈现明显的规律性;通过超声清洗前后的称重表明薄膜的附着力很好;XRD图谱表征了制备的Al2O3薄膜为γ相;SEM观察和BET测试都表明薄膜为具有60nm以下的微孔膜.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备无机复合膜催化材料

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）、硝酸铁和银酸铵为原料,用溶胶－凝胶法制备了Fe－Si－O和Mo－O溶胶,通过浸渍－提拉法,分别制得了Fe－Si－O薄膜（以载玻片为基板）和MO－Fe－Si－O薄膜（以多孔α－Al₂O₃为基质材料）．考察了制备工艺条件对Fe－Si－O成膜的影响,采用DTA、XRD和SEM等技术研究了热处理条件对Mo－Fe－Si－O薄膜结构的影响．结果表明：溶胶粘度、衬底材质、浸渍时间、提拉速度等是影响Fe－Si－O成膜的主要因素;溶胶－凝胶法制备的Mo－Fe－Si－O／α－Al₂O₃无机复合膜热处理温度达到650℃以上,即能形成比较明显的结晶相,薄膜经高温焙烧（700℃）－冷却反复5次,膜表面没有出现剥离和开裂现象．     

溶胶-凝胶法制备聚酰亚胺/Al2O3纳米复合材料的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了聚酰亚胺(PI)/Al2O3纳米复合薄膜,通过测定胶液在贮存过程中粘度的变化研究了纳米复合胶液的贮存稳定性,采用热失重分析、拉伸强度和体积电阻率等测试方法研究了纳米复合薄膜的性能.结果表明,当Al2O3含量不大于14%时,纳米Al2O3前驱体的存在对纳米复合胶液的贮存稳定性影响不大或基本上没有影响;与纯PI薄膜相比,Al2O3含量不大于5%时,纳米复合薄膜的表观分解温度、拉伸强度以及常态下的体积电阻率均有明显提高;纳米Al2O3的存在有利于改善薄膜的高温电性能.     

铜薄膜上喷雾热解法制备CuInS_2薄膜

采用在真空蒸镀的Cu薄膜上喷雾热解InCl3和SC(NH2)2前驱液的方法,制备出CuInS2(CIS)薄膜。通过X射线衍射、紫外-可见分光光度计、扫描电子微镜和霍尔效应测试仪等仪器对薄膜进行了表征。研究表明,该方法制备出的CIS薄膜,表面均匀且无裂纹缺陷,薄膜内不存在CuxS、In2O3、In2S3等杂相。CIS薄膜为黄铜矿结构,可见光范围内吸收系数达到105cm-1。厚度506nm的CIS薄膜的禁带宽度为1.54eV。电阻率和载流子浓度分别达到10-1Ω·cm和1019cm-3,为p型半导体薄膜。     

甩胶喷雾热分解法制备ITO薄膜及光电性能研究

按In:Sn(物质的量比)=9:1,InCl3·4H2O和SnCl4·5H2O为前驱物,采用自制甩胶喷雾热分解制备薄膜装置在普通玻璃衬底上沉积了ITO薄膜,结果表明,采用自制甩胶喷雾热分解制备薄膜新装置成功制备出ITO薄膜。该装置结构简单、操作方便。制备ITO薄膜优化条件为:甩胶转速800r/min、衬底温度250℃、退火温度450℃、载气为空气、流量为7L/min、液体雾化速度0.2ml/min、雾粒速度3.5m/s。薄膜的沉积时间为5min,薄膜厚度约1000nm,最低电阻率为0.75*10-4Ω·cm,薄膜在可见光范围(波长在400-700nm)内平均透光率为87.2%。衬底温度在200℃以上时呈现立方相结构。     

金属有机溶液法制备YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导薄膜的厚化特性

三氟乙酸–金属有机沉积法(TFA-MOD)是YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO)涂层导体制备最有前景的技术路线之一。采用添加高沸点有机溶剂二乙醇胺(DEA)对TFA-MOD法进行调制改进,抑制了缺陷形成,并通过增加前驱液金属阳离子浓度提高了单次涂敷薄膜的厚度。研究表明:低温热解膜厚度和前驱液粘度与前驱液中阳离子浓度的依赖关系均呈现幂指数关系;选择合适的前驱液浓度和涂覆参数,单次涂敷获得了较厚的薄膜,厚度达到1.3μm以上,且表面平整无开裂,微观结构总体均匀,但厚膜表面出现弥散的异质相颗粒。超导临界电流密度的测量结果显示:随着超导薄膜厚度的增加,临界电流密度呈下降趋势,而超导临界电流得到显著的提高,如前驱液浓度为2.5 mol/L样品的临界电流Ic是前驱液浓度为1.0 mol/L样品的4.7倍。     

负热膨胀ZrW2O8薄膜的制备和性能

用交替射频磁控溅射法在石英基片上沉积并退火制备了ZrW2O8薄膜,测量了薄膜与基片之间的结合力和薄膜厚度,研究了薄膜的负热膨胀特性.结果表明:用磁控溅射方法制备的薄膜为非晶态,表面平滑、呈颗粒状,在1200℃热处理3 min后得到立方相ZrW2O8薄膜,结晶薄膜的颗粒长大,薄膜与基片之间有良好的结合力.立方相ZrW2O8薄膜在15-200℃热膨胀系数为-24.81×10-6K-1,200-700℃热膨胀系数为-4.78×10-6K-1,平均热膨胀系数为-10.08×10-6K-1.     

掺杂型SnO2薄膜对乙醇的气敏特性

以SnCl4·5H2O、Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、CuCl2·2H2O、La(NO3)3·6H2O为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,采用sol-gel法,浸渍提拉技术制备了纯SnO2及其掺杂薄膜.利用XRD分析方法进行了物相结构分析,研究了掺杂比对各掺杂SnO2薄膜元件气敏特性的影响.发现掺杂比相同时,掺杂Ce3+的SnO2样...     

五辊无溶剂涂布涂层厚度数学模型与影响因子分析

目的研究如何实现高效的无溶剂涂布,获得稳定的预定厚度涂层。方法在建立两辊间隙间涂布液流动数学模型的基础上,从涂布液辊间间隙分流分配关系和总结构内涂布液流量平衡两方面,分析无溶剂五辊顺转涂布系统涂布厚度的影响因素。结果转移钢辊和涂布钢辊的速比,计量辊和转移钢辊之间的间隙以及橡胶转移辊的压力等是对涂层厚度有直接影响的因子,毛细准数是涂层竖条道缺陷的主要影响因子,而涂布液的非牛顿特性会加重竖条道缺陷。结论设计无溶剂五辊顺转涂布系统时,需要综合考虑辊的直径、施加给橡胶辊载荷大小的范围、橡胶辊的硬度、适用涂布液的粘度范围和速度极限等因素。     

掺杂SnS薄膜的制备及电学性能

硫化锡（SnS）具有很高的光吸收系数和合适的禁带宽度，又无毒性，因此在太阳电池等光电器件中具有潜在应用价值。本文用真空蒸发法制备掺杂的SnS薄膜，掺杂源有Sb、Sb：O3、Se、Te、In、In2O3、Se和In2O3的混合物。对各种掺杂SnS薄膜的厚度、电流-电压（Ⅰ—Ⅴ）特性等进行了表征，并计算了其电阻率和光电导与暗电导的比值（Gphoto／Gdark）。结果表明较有效的掺杂源是Sb，Sb掺杂的薄膜电阻率比纯薄膜的电阻率降低四个数量级，Gphoto／Gdark增加约一倍。同时，研究了Sb掺杂量对SnS薄膜电学性能的影响，表明Sb的最佳掺入量约为1．3wt％～1．5wt％。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...