300#反应堆乏燃料组件的转运屏蔽与监测

300#反应堆通过技术改造,增设乏燃料组件转运系统.转运时通过屏蔽吊筒对乏燃料组件进行屏蔽.通过多种仪器现场测量乏燃料组件屏蔽前后的放射性照射量率数据,确认了转运系统的有效性.     

乏燃料干法贮存容器屏蔽性能研究

乏燃料干法贮存容器的屏蔽设计是关系到乏燃料干法贮存设施辐射安全的重要影响因素。以我国自主研发的乏燃料干法贮存容器为对象，重点围绕屏蔽性能目标的合理确定、屏蔽计算方法、计算假设的选择以及计算结果的分析等多方面展开研究。计算分析表明，自主研发的的乏燃料干法贮存容器的屏蔽性能良好，满足辐射安全要求。      

蒙特卡罗方法在乏燃料运输容器屏蔽中的应用

本文主要应用蒙特卡罗方法进行了屏蔽计算的研究.在开展蒙特卡罗方法的实际应用中,对大亚湾第一炉换料乏燃料运输容器进行了屏蔽计算.源项应用ORIGEN-Ⅱ程序的计算结果,应用MCNP程序对乏燃料运输容器(STC)进行屏蔽计算,并将计算结果与实测值进行了比较分析.考虑到今后可能会运输更高燃耗的乏燃料,本文对这类乏燃料的运输也进行了计算.     

乏燃料运输容器二维辐射屏蔽优化分析

智能辐射屏蔽优化设计软件平台是基于遗传算法程序和一维离散纵标程序ANISN而开发的一维多目标屏蔽优化程序。使用该程序对乏燃料运输容器进行辐射屏蔽优化设计,构建了乏燃料运输容器多目标优化辐射屏蔽设计的计算模型,对乏燃料运输容器重量和外部剂量率进行了优化计算,并使用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP/4C进行校核计算。优化后乏燃料运输容器重量为原来的81.1%,剂量率下降到原来的65.4%以下。该程序计算结果与MCNP/4C校核计算结果最大偏差小于5%。计算结果证明了优化设计方案的可行性并验证了该程序计算的正确性。     

10MW高温气冷实验堆乏燃料元件贮存中放射性裂变产物的安全分析

高温气冷堆乏燃料元件的放射性裂变产物绝大部分滞留在燃料元件中。10MW高温气冷实验堆在设计寿命内将卸出约9万个乏燃料元件,其放射性裂变产物的活度高达1.9×1017Bq,因此正确实施乏燃料元件的贮存,减少放射性裂变产物向环境中释放和进行有效的屏蔽是极其重要的。本文根据乏燃料元件中放射性裂变产物的计算结果和德国高温气冷堆乏燃料元件贮存的经验．对我国10MW高温气冷堆乏燃料元件贮存中放射性裂变产物进行了安全分析。     

10MW高温气冷堆乏燃料元件的贮存

10MW高温气冷堆（HTR-10）在设计寿命内共卸出约9万个乏燃料元件，其放射性裂变产物的活度高达1.0×10¹⁶Bq，必须妥善处置。HTR-10乏燃料元件卸在密封和屏蔽的乏燃料罐内，每罐可容纳2000个乏燃料元件。这些罐暂存在反应堆建筑物最底层的乏燃料暂存库内，在库内采取通风冷却。若干年后，通过转运小车运至反应堆大厅竖井下方，再用大厅吊车从竖井吊至地面，最后用卡车运至最终贮存库。     

秦山三期乏燃料运输屏蔽计算分析

针对秦山三期的一组乏燃料组件在存放1.5或2a后,使用RY-IA型乏燃料运输容器运输的正常情况和事故情况,采用MCNP4C程序和DOT3.5程序对运输容器的屏蔽性能进行了计算分析。计算容器表面和离容器表面1m处的辐射水平,并对两个程序的计算结果进行了校验,结果符合较好。计算分析表明:     

乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测技术

我国放射性物质运输安全监管的一项重要内容是对运输容器进行辐射屏蔽性能检测,确保其满足《放射性物质安全运输规程》的要求。在实际对乏燃料运输容器进行辐射屏蔽性能检测时反映出了一些尚需解决的问题和难点,如中子辐射水平测量的可靠性,表面中子辐射水平的准确测量等。本文主要针对乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测中涉及的中子辐射水平测量可靠性开展相关研究。通过分析比较不同类型测量仪器的测量结果,结合乏燃料运输容器外部辐射水平的模拟计算结果,提出优化乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测技术的建议,为技术的完善和乏燃料运输管理工作提供借鉴。     

SCALE5.1程序系统中蒙特卡罗方法模块与离散纵坐标模块在乏燃料运输容器屏蔽计算中的比较分析

以某型乏燃料运输容器为计算模型,分别利用SCALE5.1程序系统中的一维离散纵标法程序和三维蒙特卡罗方法程序对运输容器进行了屏蔽计算,计算结果表明,两种方法的总当量剂量率结果相对偏差在10%以内。最后对两个模块的应用特点及差异进行了比较分析,为其在乏燃料容器屏蔽计算中的应用提供参考。     

某型乏燃料运输容器中子辐射屏蔽性能检测

中子辐射水平测量的可靠性是辐射屏蔽性能检测的难点。本文采用便携式中子测量仪和多球谱仪对某型乏燃料运输货包外部中子辐射水平进行了测量,并基于SCALE程序计算得到的乏燃料中子源项,采用MCNP程序模拟计算得到货包外部中子辐射水平。对测量结果和计算结果进行比较,分析相关影响因素,提出了优化测量方案的建议。     

乏燃料密封容器开盖及其内容物回取技术研究

对于采用干湿法贮存的乏燃料而言,其后处理时面临的最大问题是如何安全高效地将乏燃料等内容物从封焊的密封容器中取出。针对这一问题,基于乏燃料密封容器及其内容物的结构特点,开展了乏燃料密封容器开盖及内容物回取技术研究,综合考虑切割热室使用环境、内容物回取后的收集和转移以及产生废物的收集处理等因素,制定了合理可行的开盖及回取工艺,研制了用于开盖和筒体分段切割的解体装置以及回取和吊装工具,并通过试验验证了工艺的可行性以及研制的工装具的可用性。      

Characteristics of a Geological Disposal System for the Increasing Burn-up of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Korea

The characteristics of a geological disposal system that can accommodate increasingly higher burn-up levels of spent fuel were assessed based on the Korea reference disposal system concept. First, a status investigation that included a projection of spent fuel quantity versus burn-up was carried out to demonstrate the trend toward higher burn-up levels. Next, the main features of the Korea reference disposal system were introduced. Finally, the disposal tunnel length, excavation volume, and raw materials (e.g., a cast insert, copper, bentonite and backfill) necessary for a disposal system were comprehensively analyzed to define the characteristics and overall effects on geological disposal at increasingly higher burn-up levels. Our study determined that it is reasonable to use a canister containing 4 spent fuel assemblies with burn-up levels up to 50GWD/MTU, while a canister containing 3 spent fuel assemblies can accommodate burn-up levels beyond 50GWD/MTU. A remarkable increase of 33% in disposal tunnel length and that of 30% in excavation volume were observed as the burn-up increased from 50 to 60GWD/MTU. However, this was offset by a reduction of 17% in raw materials used in canister fabrication. Therefore, it seems that spent fuel at increasingly higher burn-up levels is not a serious concern for deep geological disposal in Korea.     

Development of monitoring technique for the confirmation of spent fuel integrity during storage

A method is developed to monitor integrity of spent fuels stored in a canister that is sealed by weld. To achieve the monitoring, Kr-85 gas was newly adopted as a kind of probe. In the case of a fuel rod defect, Kr-85 gas of the fuel rod is leaked in the canister. By detection of gamma ray (514 keV) emitted from Kr-85 outside of the canister, defected rods can be detected without unsealing the canister. The monitoring technique was developed using small-scaled mock-up experiments and simulated calculation. The result showed that Kr-85 gas leakage of about 10¹¹ Bq is detectable under the noise gamma rays by using the detection system with collimator, which is about 10% of Kr-85 inventory in a fuel rod. Therefore, this monitoring technique is considered as an inspection method prior to transportation of spent fuel from an interim storage facility to a reprocessing plant.     

一种干式外圆机械切割装置的研制

在乏燃料后处理中,需要回取已封装在乏燃料贮存容器中的乏燃料。根据热室使用环境及乏燃料贮存容器的特点,从耐辐射设计、乏燃料贮存容器固定、切割进给、切割刀具及刀具更换、放射性废物最少化等方面进行设计响应,研制了一种在热室内开启乏燃料贮存容器的干式外圆机械切割装置。功能性试验验证了该装置满足设计和使用要求。      

Criticality calculations of spent fuel in deep geological repository

Criticality calculations have been performed for a typical spent fuel disposal canister model filled with PWR fuel elements. Geometric and material properties of the disposal canister and disposal holes were modeled based on the Swedish preliminary disposal concept. Direct disposal of 5% enriched 16 × 16 PWR fuel was considered. We performed the calculations of the neutron multiplication factor using various disposal configurations, depending on the initial enrichment, fuel burnup, canister geometry and disposal holes configuration. The results showed that under normal conditions, when the canister is filled with fresh spent nuclear fuel, the system is deeply sub-critical. If it is assumed that the canister is faulty, leaking and filled with ground water, the system may become critical in the case of fresh fuel.     

Spent fuel canister for geological repository: Inner material requirements and candidates evaluation

One of the key aspects in designing Spanish spent nuclear fuel canister for geological repository is selecting the inner material to be placed between the steel walls and the fuel assemblies. This material has to primarily avoid the possibility of a criticality event once the canister gets breached by corrosion and flooded by groundwater. A detailed set of requirements for a material to fulfil this role in that environment have been devised and presented in this paper. With these requirements in view, eight potentially interesting candidates were evaluated: cast iron or steel, borosilicate glass, spinel, depleted uranium, dehydrated zeolites, haematite, phosphates, and olivine. Among these, the first four materials or their families are found promising for this application.     

Active reduction of the end effect by local installation of neutron absorbers

In the burnup credit analyses of interim or long-term spent fuel (SF) storage facilities and transport casks, when the average burnup value is greater than approximately 30 GWd/t, the neutron multiplication factor becomes greater if we consider the axial burnup distribution of the spent fuel assembly rather than assuming an average burnup. This phenomenon is called the “end effect” and it is one of the main technical issues in burnup credit research. The end effect is characterized by an increase of the neutron flux around the end regions of the spent fuel assemblies in the criticality calculation. However, such increase of the neutron flux has not been observed in experiments using actual spent fuel assemblies.     

Cost efficiency analysis of disposal alternatives in Korea

This research presents the results of calculating the disposal cost efficiency for the four disposal alternatives for the CANDU spent fuel that are under development in Korea currently. The KRS-1 alternative, developed first, was set as the standard, and the efficiency of the KRS-1 alternative was assumed to be 100%.The cost calculation result shows that the A-KRS-22, which was developed most recently among the CANDU spent fuel disposal alternatives, manifested −61.7%, −45.7%, −47.0%, −78.9% and −61.7% when compared to the KRS-1 alternative concerning disposal tunnel excavation, disposal hole excavation, bentonite, disposal canister and backfilling.Moreover, the cost calculation method for the dominant cost driver that uses the unit disposal module concept for the calculation of cost efficiency was used. As for the reason that the standard for efficiency measurement was taken per each bundle, it is because the amount of bundle capacity concerning the spent fuel differs by disposal canister.     

Static analytical and experimental research of shock absorber to safeguard the nuclear fuel assemblies

The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has two RBMK-1500 graphite-moderated boiling water multi-channel reactors. The Ignalina NPP Unit 1 was shutdown at the end of 2004, while Unit 2 is foreseen to be shutdown at the end of 2009. At the Ignalina NPP Unit 1 remains approximately 1000 spent fuel assemblies with low burn-up depth. A special set of equipment was developed to reuse these assemblies in the reactor of Unit 2. One of most important items of this set is a container, which is used for the transportation of spent fuel assemblies between the reactors of Unit 1 and Unit 2. A special shock absorber was designed to avoid failure of fuel assemblies in case of hypothetical spent fuel assemblies drop accident during uploading/unloading of spent fuel assemblies to/from container. This shock absorber was examined by using scaled experiments.The objective of this article is the estimation whether the proposed design of shock absorber fulfils the function of the absorber and the optimization of its geometrical parameters using the results of the performed investigations. Static analytical and experimental investigations are presented in the article. The finite element code BRIGADE/Plus was used for the analytical analysis. The calculation model was verified by comparing the experimental investigation and simulation results for further employment of this finite element model in the development of an optimum design of shock absorber. Static simulation was used to perform primary optimization of design and dimension of the shock absorber.     

基于多孔介质和等效热导率模型的快堆乏燃料组件传热特性数值分析

乏燃料组件在运输或转运过程中,组件会裸露在传热较差的气体介质内,需关注其散热性能。为模拟乏燃料组件的传热特性,采用多孔介质模型模拟组件的流动阻力,并利用等效热导率模型模拟组件内部的传热。由于自然对流条件下乏燃料组件内部流动符合层流假设,在多孔介质阻力模型中忽略了惯性力项的作用。将等效热导率模型的模拟结果与SNL-LMFBR实验结果进行对比,证明了该模拟方法的有效性。计算结果表明,在水平放置工况下乏燃料组件温度轴向呈对称分布,在竖直放置工况下轴向呈非对称分布,乏燃料组件的高温区域向组件上方偏移。