基于变量节点串行策略的SCMA低复杂度译码研究

稀疏码多址接入(SCMA)技术作为5G无线通信网络的一个竞争性的非正交多址方案,具有广阔的应用前景.但目前基于SCMA的上行链路均采用泛洪方案的消息传递算法(MPA)进行译码,无论是检测的复杂度还是收敛速度都不甚理想.提出一种改变信息更新策略的串行消息传递算法——S-MPA (serial MPA),按照变量节点的次序进行消息处理和传递,每一个变量节点同时进行校验消息的接收和变量消息的发送.理论和仿真结果表明,该算法不仅能保持良好的性能,而且也有较低的解码复杂度.     

An energy-efficient,distributed wireless multicast protocol based on concurrent CTS and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis><Superscript>2</Superscript> connectivity

Media acquisition process in wireless multicast requires that the sender obtains confirmation replies from a set of receivers. If replies are uncoordinated, the process can be much more time consuming than that of wireless unicast due to packet collisions. We propose a wireless multicast scheme that utilizes a novel concurrent Clear-To-Send (CTS) transmission method and a distributed multicast tree construction method. The concurrent CTS based MAC (Media Access Control) layer design can significantly reduce packet collisions and signaling overhead at the local cell level. Built on top of this new MAC layer protocol, we further propose a distributed multicast tree construction algorithm which grows the tree by maximizing the local multicast gain. The uniqueness of our algorithm is that the tree is constructed implicitly during the media access stage and the algorithm requires little additional message overhead. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme offers considerable improvement in multicast turnaround time and efficiency. The proposed scheme is also robust against network topology changes caused by node movements.     

Optimal physical carrier sense in wireless networks

We investigate the problem of maximizing Medium Access Control (MAC) throughput in Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) wireless networks. By explicitly incorporating the carrier sense threshold and the transmit power into our analysis, we derive an analytical relation between MAC throughput and system parameters. In homogeneous networks, we derive the optimal carrier sense range at a given node density as a function of the ratio between the transmit power and the carrier sense threshold. The obtained optimal carrier sense range is smaller than that for covering the entire interference range, which is in sharp contrast to what has been considered to be optimal in previous studies. Only when the node density goes to infinity, the optimal carrier sense range converges to that for exactly covering the interference range, thereby eliminating all the hidden nodes. For nonhomogeneous networks, any distributed algorithm for tuning the carrier sense threshold, in which each node tries to maximize its own throughput without coordination, may significantly degrade MAC throughput. In order to properly design a distributed algorithm, each node not only considers its own throughput, but also needs to take account of its adverse impact on others. Our analysis is verified by simulation studies under various network scenarios.     

End-to-end fair rate optimization in wired-cum-wireless networks

In this paper, we address the end-to-end rate optimization problem in a wired-cum-wireless network, where CSMA/CA based wireless LANs extend a wired backbone and provide access to mobile users. The objective is to achieve proportional fairness amongst the end-to-end sessions in the network. Since the network contains wireless links whose attainable throughput is a (non-convex and non-separable) function of MAC protocol parameters, the problem requires joint optimization at both the transport and the link layers. A dual-based algorithm is proposed in this paper to solve this cross-layer rate optimization problem. It is implemented in the distributed manner, and works at the link layer to adjust scheduling rates for the wireless links in the basic service sets, and at the transport layer to adjust end-to-end session rates. We prove rigorously that the proposed algorithm converges to the globally optimal rates. Simulation results are provided to support our conclusions.     

A Practical Scheme for Wireless Network Operation

In many problems in wireline networks, it is known that achieving capacity on each link or subnetwork is optimal for the entire network operation. In this paper, we present examples of wireless networks in which decoding and achieving capacity on certain links or subnetworks gives us lower rates than other simple schemes, like forwarding. This implies that the separation of channel and network coding that holds for many classes of wireline networks does not, in general, hold for wireless networks. Next, we consider Gaussian and erasure wireless networks where nodes are permitted only two possible operations: nodes can either decode what they receive (and then re-encode and transmit the message) or simply forward it. We present a simple greedy algorithm that returns the optimal scheme from the exponential-sized set of possible schemes. This algorithm will go over each node at most once to determine its operation, and hence, is very efficient. We also present a decentralized algorithm whose performance can approach the optimum arbitrarily closely in an iterative fashion     

Adaptive Optimization-based Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Routing is a critical component in wireless mesh networks. The inherent shared-medium nature of the wireless mesh networks, however, poses fundamental challenges to the design of effective routing policies that are optimal with respect to the resource utilization. Node churns and traffic fluctuations exacerbate such a problem. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive routing algorithm for multiple subscribers in wireless mesh networks. We view a mesh network with multiple nodes as an entity that optimizes some global utility function constrained by the underlying MAC layer interference. By solving the optimization problem, the network is driven to an efficient operating point with a certain routing policies for each node. We then use this operating point information to adaptively find better paths, which is able to gear the network towards optimal routing. Further, we take the fluctuations of the network into consideration and thus render our algorithm more robust for a variety of network situations. Simulations demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of our algorithm.     

WiDom: A Dominance Protocol for Wireless Medium Access

Wireless networks play an increasingly important role in application areas such as factory-floor automation, process control, and automotive electronics. In this paper, we address the problem of sharing a wireless channel among a set of sporadic message streams where a message stream issues transmission requests with real-time deadlines. For this problem, we propose a collision-free wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol, which implements static-priority scheduling and supports a large number of priority levels. The MAC protocol allows multiple masters and is fully distributed; it is an adaptation to a wireless channel of the dominance protocol used in the CAN bus, a proven communication technology for various industrial applications. However, unlike that protocol, our protocol does not require a node having the ability to receive an incoming bit from the channel while transmitting to the channel. The evaluation of the protocol with real embedded computing platforms is presented to show that the proposed protocol is in fact collision-free and prioritized. We measure the response times of our implementation and find that the response-time analysis developed for the protocol indeed offers an upper bound on the response times     

Distributed Computation of Averages Over Wireless Sensor Networks Through Synchronization of Data-Encoded Pulse-Coupled Oscillators

This paper develops an efficient scheme for distributed computation of averages of the node data over wireless sensor networks. The scheme first formulates a data-encoded pulse-coupled oscillator (DE-PCO) model for sensor nodes, in which the node data is encoded into a PCO phase shift, and then it defines a deferred and accumulated coupling (DAC) strategy which describes the data coupling between different nodes. Following the DAC strategy, the coupled DE-PCO converges to a synchronizing equilibrium from which each node can decode the global average of the node data. Compared with the conventional communication network, the DE-PCO-based computation does not require special data routing and medium access control (MAC) protocols. Therefore, the proposed scheme is efficient and easy to implement.     

A two-phase utility maximization framework for wireless medium access control

In multi-hop wireless networks, the optimal medium access control (MAC) design is challenging, partially due to the time-varying nature of the PHY-layer communication channels and the network topology. In this paper, we take a utility maximization approach to study fair MAC design towards QoS provisioning. To this end, we first identify two key challenges of wireless access control, namely the topology dependency and the channel dependency, therein. Based on the observation that the topology change and channel variation occur on different time scales, we decompose the utility maximization to two phases: a "global" optimization phase addresses the topology dependency, and arbitrates fair channel access across the links by adapting the persistence probability to achieve long-term fairness, and a "local" optimization phase deals with the channel dependence, and determines the transmission duration based on local channel conditions while maintaining short-term fairness. Observing that the MAC throughput depends on the realizations of channel contention in random access networks, we use stochastic approximation to investigate in depth the MAC design with the adaptive persistence mechanism in the global phase. Using Lyapunov's Stability Theorems and LaSalle's Invariance Theorem, we establish the stability of the proposed algorithm for the global phase and analyze the fairness under (omegaoarr, kappa)-fair utility functions. Our findings reveal that under the large network assumption, there exists a single equilibrium point for the proposed (omegaoarr, kappa)-fair MAC algorithm provided that kappa > 1. We also present the solution to the local optimization phase under general fairness constraints.     

A novel routing algorithm in distributed IEEE 802.16 mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed routing algorithm for IEEE 802.16/WiMax based mesh networks. Our algorithm aims at providing routes for traffic flows with minimum end-to-end delays. Based on the underlying IEEE802.16 standard distributed scheduling mechanism, our routing algorithm is incorporated into the medium access control (MAC) layer. Each node determines the next-hop nodes for the passing flows according to the scheduling information and attempts to forward packets in the very earliest slots. In addition, a loop cancelation mechanism is proposed to avoid being trapped in path loops and thus guarantees the accessibility of our algorithm. The simulation results show that our proposal can considerably reduce the delay of traffic flows and also achieve load balance to a certain degree.     

Supporting service differentiation in wireless packet networksusing distributed control

This paper investigates differentiated services in wireless packet networks using a fully distributed approach that supports service differentiation, radio monitoring, and admission control. While our proposal is generally applicable to distributed wireless access schemes, we design, implement, and evaluate our framework within the context of existing wireless technology. Service differentiation is based on the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) originally designed to support best-effort data services. We analyze the delay experienced by a mobile host implementing the IEEE 802.11 DCF and derive a closed-form formula. We then extend the DCF to provide service differentiation for delay-sensitive and best-effort traffic based on the results from the analysis. Two distributed estimation algorithms are proposed. These algorithms are evaluated using simulation, analysis, and experimentation. A virtual MAC (VMAC) algorithm passively monitors the radio channel and estimates locally achievable service levels. The VMAC estimates key MAC level statistics related to service quality such as delay, delay variation, packet collision, and packet loss. We show the efficiency of the VMAC algorithm through simulation and consider significantly overlapping cells and highly bursty traffic mixes. In addition, we implement and evaluate the VMAC in an experimental differentiated services wireless testbed. A virtual source (VS) algorithm utilizes the VMAC to estimate application-level service quality. The VS allows application parameters to be tuned in response to dynamic channel conditions based on “virtual delay curves.” We demonstrate through simulation that when these distributed victual algorithms are applied to the admission control of the radio channel then a globally stable state can be maintained without the need for complex centralized radio resource management     

Pricing for enabling forwarding in self-configuring ad hoc networks

The assumption that all nodes cooperate to relay packets for each other may not be realistic for commercial wireless ad hoc networks. An autonomous (selfish) node in a wireless network has two disincentives for forwarding for others: energy expenditure (real cost) and possible delays for its own data (opportunity cost). We introduce a mechanism that "fosters cooperation through bribery" in the context of forwarding in ad hoc networks. Using a microeconomic framework based on game theory, we design and analyze a pricing algorithm that encourages forwarding among autonomous nodes by reimbursing forwarding. Taking a joint network-centric and user-centric approach, the revenue maximizing network and utility (measured in bits-per-Joule) maximizing nodes interact through prices for channel use, reimbursements for forwarding, transmitter power control, as well as forwarding and destination preferences. In a three-node (two-sources, one-access-point) network, the network converges to an architecture that induces forwarding only when the network geometries are such that forwarding is likely to increase individual benefits (network revenue and node utilities). For other geometries, the network converges to architectures that do not favor forwarding. We then generalize to a multinode network, where it is seen that the nodes' willingness to forward decrease for large ratios of the average internodal distance to the smallest distance between the access point and any source node. Pricing with reimbursement generally improves the network aggregate utility (or aggregate bits-per-Joule), as well as utilities and revenue compared with the corresponding pricing algorithm without reimbursement.     

Distributed Sequential Access MAC Protocol for Single-Hop Wireless Networks

Medium access control overhead is the primary reason for low throughput in wireless networks. Performing blind contentions, contentions without any information of other contenders, and exchanging control message are time-consuming control operations. In this study, we propose a new MAC protocol called distributed sequential access MAC (DSA-MAC) which provides the transmission order without any explicit control operations. It may induce very light control overhead; therefore, compared to existing wireless MAC protocols, DSA-MAC can remarkably enhance network throughput.     

Cost- and Collision-Minimizing Forwarding Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Analysis and Experimental Validation

The paper presents an original integrated MAC and routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. Our design objective is to elect the next hop for data forwarding by jointly minimizing the amount of signaling to complete a contention and maximizing the probability of electing the best candidate node. Towards this aim, we represent the suitability of a node to be the relay by means of locally calculated and generic cost metrics. Based on these costs, we analytically model the access selection problem through dynamic programming techniques, which we use to find the optimal access policy. Hence, we propose a contention-based MAC and forwarding technique, called cost and collision minimizing routing (CCMR). This scheme is then thoroughly validated and characterized through analysis, simulation and experimental results.     

Enhanced performance based on cross-layer design from physical to transport layers for multihop wireless networks

This paper puts forward a novel cognitive cross-layer design algorithms for multihop wireless networks optimization across physical,mediam access control(MAC),network and transport layers.As is well known,the conventional layered-protocol architecture can not provide optimal performance for wireless networks,and cross-layer design is becoming increasingly important for improving the performance of wireless networks.In this study,we formulate a specific network utility maximization(NUM)problem that we believe is appropriate for multihop wireless networks.By using the dual algorithm,the NUM problem has been optimal decomposed and solved with a novel distributed cross-layer design algorithm from physical to transport layers.Our solution enjoys the benefits of cross-layer optimization while maintaining the simplicity and modularity of the traditional layered architecture.The proposed cross-layer design can guarantee the end-to-end goals of data flows while fully utilizing network resources.Computer simulations have evaluated an enhanced performance of the proposed algorithm at both average source rate and network throughput.Meanwhile,the proposed algorithm has low implementation complexity for practical reality.     

Stochastic Traffic Engineering in Multihop Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networks

In this work, the stochastic traffic engineering problem in multihop cognitive wireless mesh networks is addressed. The challenges induced by the random behaviors of the primary users are investigated in a stochastic network utility maximization framework. For the convex stochastic traffic engineering problem, we propose a fully distributed algorithmic solution which provably converges to the global optimum with probability one. We next extend our framework to the cognitive wireless mesh networks with nonconvex utility functions, where a decentralized algorithmic solution, based on learning automata techniques, is proposed. We show that the decentralized solution converges to the global optimum solution asymptotically.     

Simplified sum-product algorithm for decoding LDPC codes with optimal performance

A simple, yet effective decoding algorithm is proposed for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which significantly simplifies the check node update computation of the optimal sum-product algorithm. It achieves essentially optimal performance by applying scaling in the decoder?s extrinsic information. If no such scaling is applied, then the proposed algorithm has small performance degradation, e.g. in the order of 0.1 to 0.2 dB, depending on the coded block size.     

Energy-Optimal Distributed Algorithms for Minimum Spanning Trees

Traditionally, the performance of distributed algorithms has been measured in terms of time and message complexity.Message complexity concerns the number of messages transmitted over all the edges during the course of the algorithm. However, in energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks (e.g., sensor networks), energy is a critical factor in measuring the efficiency of a distributed algorithm. Transmitting a message between two nodes has an associated cost (energy) and moreover this cost can depend on the two nodes (e.g., the distance between them among other things). Thus in addition to the time and message complexity, it is important to consider energy complexity that accounts for the total energy associated with the messages exchanged among the nodes in a distributed algorithm. This paper addresses the minimum spanning tree (MST) problem, a fundamental problem in distributed computing and communication networks. We study energy-efficient distributed algorithms for the Euclidean MST problem assuming random distribution of nodes. We show a non-trivial lower bound of ω(log n) on the energy complexity of any distributed MST algorithm. We then give an energy-optimal distributed algorithm that constructs an optimal MST with energy complexity O(log n) on average and O(log n log log n) with high probability. This is an improvement over the previous best known bound on the average energy complexity of ?(log2 n). Our energy-optimal algorithm exploits a novel property of the giant component of sparse random geometric graphs. All of the above results assume that nodes do not know their geometric coordinates. If the nodes know their own coordinates, then we give an algorithm with O(1) energy complexity (which is the best possible) that gives an O(1) approximation to the MST.     

基于模型驱动辅助MPA的SCMA多用户检测算法

稀疏码分多址接入(Sparse Code Multiple Access,SCMA)作为有应用前景的空口技术,在高吞吐量以及大规模连接中极具优势。针对SCMA通信系统中接收端消息传递算法(Message Passing Algorithm,MPA)计算复杂度较高的问题,提出了基于模型驱动辅助MPA法(Model driven Assisted MPA,MD MPA)的SCMA多用户检测算法。MD MPA在MPA算法迭代过程中节点更新后的信息矩阵和输出的概率矩阵之后添加权重参数,并通过神经网络训练更新参数。经训练所得权重参数可加快算法收敛速度,降低误码率,获得更佳的译码效果。仿真结果表明,MD MPA相较于MPA算法,误码率降低了20%,复杂度降低了33%。     

Sequential Coordination Function for Throughput and Fairness Enhancement of Wireless LANs

High throughput and fair resource sharing are two of the most important objectives in designing a medium access control (MAC) protocol. Currently, most MAC protocols including IEEE 802.11 DCF adopt a random access based approach in a distributed manner in order to coordinate the wireless channel accesses among competing stations. In this paper, we first identify that a random access?Cbased MAC protocol may suffer from MAC protocol overhead such as a random backoff for data transmission and a collision among simultaneously transmitting stations. Then, we propose a new MAC protocol, called sequential coordination function (SCF), which coordinates every station to send a data frame sequentially one after another in a distributed manner. By defining a service period and a joining period, the SCF eliminates unnecessary contentions during the service period, and by explicitly determining the sequence of frame transmission for each stations, it reduces collision occurrences and ensures fairness among stations in the service period. The performance of SCF is investigated through intensive simulations, which show that the SCF achieves higher throughput and fairness performances than other existing MAC protocols in a wide range of the traffic load and the number of stations.