聚苯板生产生命周期环境影响评价研究

当前国内外绿色建筑评价已越来越多地考虑建筑材料的生命周期环境影响。聚苯板作为被广泛使用的建筑保温材料,对其开展生命周期环境影响评价很有必要。运用生命周期评价方法,对我国典型聚苯板生产生命周期过程中产生的资源、能源消耗和污染气体排放进行深入调研与分析,并基于此计算获得我国功能单位(以单位质量kg计)聚苯板生产生命周期不可再生资源消耗影响指标为52.72 kgCoal-R当量/kg板,能源消耗影响为3.951 kgce当量/kg板,温室效应影响为5.636 kgCO2当量/kg板,酸化效应影响为1.425×10-2kgSO2当量/kg板,富营养化影响为1.374×10-3kgPO43-当量/kg板。     

贝壳粉壁材的生命周期评价研究

随着人们环保意识的增强,对家居环境健康的重视,绿色环保装饰装修建材的需求也在不断扩大。采用生命周期评价方法(LCA)定量化评价贝壳粉壁材,从原料开采、产品生产至出厂生命周期中的资源、能源消耗以及污染物排放的环境影响,辨识环境影响较大的阶段,并提出改进建议。结果表明,制备1 t贝壳粉壁材产品对全球变暖潜力的影响为57.10 kg CO_2当量/t,对不可再生资源的影响为4.22×10~(-5)kg Sb当量/t,一次能源消耗为7.49×10~2MJ/t,对可吸入无机物的影响为0.102 kg PM_(2.5)当量/t,对富营养化的影响为2.83×10~(-2)kg PO_4~(3-)当量/t,对酸化效应的影响为0.36 kg SO_2当量/t,淡水消耗量为8.46×10~2kg/t。     

发泡聚苯乙烯保温板全寿命周期评价

既有建筑绿色化改造中使用较多的保温材料是EPS板,对外墙保温改造使用EPS板产生的环境效益给出量化结果具有重要意义。采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,结合实际调研,从EPS生产、销售运输、既有建筑使用EPS、回收运输、回收生产、回收得到PS颗粒等6个方面,用Ebalance软件对EPS板全寿命周期能源消耗及环境排放进行计算。结果表明,在全寿命周期中,1 kg EPS板可减少酸化潜值0.331 kg SO2当量、减少不可再生资源消耗55.0 kg Coal-R当量、减少能源消耗27.7 kgce当量、减少富营养化潜值0.0218 kg PO43-当量、减少全球变暖潜值61.6 kg CO2当量,既有建筑应进行外墙保温改造。     

沥青混凝土生命周期环境影响评价研究

沥青混凝土在生产、铺筑和废弃过程中会消耗大量的自然资源和能源,因此有必要对其开展生命周期环境影响评价.采用生命周期评价方法,对沥青混凝土生命周期过程中的资源、能源消耗及污染物排放进行了评价.结果表明,沥青混凝土生命周期中能耗最大的是拌和过程,环境负荷影响类型重要性的大小依次为:不可再生资源＞温室效应＞酸化效应＞光化学烟雾＞人体健康损害;不同生产阶段的环境影响大小依次为:原材料生产过程＞运输过程＞拌和过程＞废弃过程＞摊铺压实过程.     

论对传统建筑材料进行生态化改造的必要性和可行性

传统建筑材料对不可再生资源的依存度非常高,在生产过程中要消耗大量的能源,环境污染严重,已成为制约我国经济、社会可持续发展的重要因素。因此,对传统建筑材料进行生态化改造势在必行。与此同时,由于国家政策引导和先进生产工艺技术的不断发展,提高传统建筑材料的环境友好性,发展生态建筑材料是完全可行的。     

无铅焊料的环境协调性评价

本文通过分析建筑材料行业目前对焊接方法的广泛应用,指出对焊料进行环境协调性评价的重要性,提出采用生命周期评价的方法对目前使用较为广泛的无铅焊料和传统锡铅焊料进行生命周期评价,并确定了研究的系统框架。     

无铅焊料的环境协调性评价

本文通过分析建筑材料行业目前对焊接方法的广泛应用,指出对焊料进行环境协调性评价的重要性,提出采用生命周期评价的方法对目前使用较为广泛的无铅焊料和传统锡铅焊料进行生命周期评价,并确定了研究的系统框架.     

论对传统建筑材料进行生态化改造的必要性和可行性

传统建筑材料的发展出现三大瓶颈：不可再生资源的大量消耗、巨大的能耗、对生态环境的严重污染。生态建筑材料具有先进性、环境协调性和舒适性的特点，是当代建材的发展方向。本文从人类社会发展、生态环境保护和经济社会可持续发展的角度论述了对传统建筑材料进行生态化改造的必要性。从认识层面、政策层面和技术层面论述了对传统建筑材料进行生态化改造的可行性。     

中国建材总院重要科技成果展示——建筑工程用建筑材料全生命周期评价技术

<正>"建筑工程用建筑材料全生命周期评价技术"是中国建筑材料科学研究总院承担的"十二五"国家科技支撑计划"典型地区建筑工程用建筑材料全生命周期评价技术研究与应用"课题的重要成果。基于国家绿色建筑发展及绿色建材推广的要求,由中国建材总院联合北京工业大学、清华大学共同完成。成果简介成果一:不同区域的建材产品全生命周期LCA清单数据库系统和碳排放数据库系统课题采用生命周期分析方法,结合区域化特点,完     

我国典型断桥铝合金窗生命周期评价研究

建筑外窗在外围护结构中占的面积一般只有总面积的30％左右，但能耗损失却占建筑围护结构体的50％以上，是围护结构保温性能最薄弱的部位。运用生命周期评价方法，对我国典型断桥铝合金窗生命周期过程中产生的资源、能源消耗和污染物排放进行分析，计算出功能单位窗（以m2计）生命周期的环境影响。结果表明断桥铝合金窗的不可再生资源消耗影响指标为1．16×10tKqantimonyeq．／m2，能源消耗影响为111．4kgceeq．／m2，温室效应影响为253．7kgCO，eq．／m2，酸化效应影响为1．47kgSO，eq．／m2，富营养化影响为1．435×10·kgP043当量／m2，可吸入无机物为4．251×10～kgPM2．5eq．／m2。     

我国卫生陶瓷典型企业生命周期评价研究

我国建筑卫生陶瓷产量位居世界第一。然而与国外陶瓷强国相比,我国建筑卫生陶瓷行业的资源及能耗利用率相对较低、环境污染较为严重。此前,我国对于卫生陶瓷行业的环境影响还未有过详细的定量研究。本文采用生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）方法分析我国典型卫生陶瓷企业从原材料开采,产品运输到产品生产的环境负荷。研究结果显示,卫生陶瓷产品生产环节的环境影响最为显著,而不可再生资源消耗和温室效应是最严重的两个环境影响类型。     

Relevance of simplifications in LCA of building components

This paper provides a detailed analysis of life cycle assessment (LCA) results of different building components (e.g. wooden wall, concrete roof) on different levels of simplification (from a comprehensive LCA including all materials and processes to the fully reduced component including only the main materials remaining in the component). The main objective is the determination of the relevance of materials and processes often neglected in simplified LCA of building components which aim at providing results of similar quality as comprehensive assessments with less effort. The studied simplifications are categorised in transportations of the building materials from the factory gate to the building site, some ancillary materials which are not obvious in the component, the building process itself and the associated cutting waste. The results show that transports and ancillary materials are of relevance while the building process and the cutting waste can be neglected. The heavier the used materials and the longer the transport distances the bigger is the influence of transports on the LCA results. The influence of the ancillary materials is highest for wooden constructions as a lot of screws nails and other connectors are essential.     

建筑部品及设备生命周期能耗数据研究进展

建筑生命周期一般划分为建筑部品生产、建造施工、建筑运行、维护更新和拆毁处置五个阶段。文中总结了国内建筑部品中的建筑材料(水泥、钢材、平板玻璃、建筑陶瓷、混凝土、墙材)和建筑设备(房间空调器、冷水机组、风机盘管、水泵)生命周期内的资源能源消耗研究进展。此外,还介绍了国内关于LCA数据库、生命周期能耗模型的建立情况以及国内清单数据的主要来源。     

生命周期评价理论及在建筑领域中的应用综述

生命周期评价通过对建筑产品从原材料挖掘到报废拆除整个生命期的分析,为全面衡量建筑的可持续能力提供了工具。在介绍生命周期评价概念和理论框架的基础上,对生命周期评价三种主要模型（过程生命周期评价模型、投入-产出生命周期评价模型、混合生命周期评价模型）的内容与特点进行了总结。针对目前国内外研究现状,回顾了生命周期评价在建筑材料与部品和整体建筑产品的应用,对生命周期评价在建筑领域中的发展给予展望。研究深入了当前对于生命期评价理论的认识与了解,指明了全生命周期评价模型在建筑可持续能力评估方面的优点与不足,推动了全生命周期评价理论在我国的丰富与发展     

Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA

This review brings together research on life cycle assessment (LCA) applied within the building sector. More than ever, the construction industry is concerned with improving the social, economic and environmental indicators of sustainability. By applying LCA it is possible to optimise these aspects, from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste building materials. Firstly, this review details LCA concepts and focuses on the LCA methodology and tools employed in the built environment. Secondly, this paper outlines and discusses the differences between the LCA of building materials and components combinations versus the LCA of the full building life cycle. Finally, this work can be used by stakeholders as an important reference on LCA including up to date literature on approaches and methodologies to preserve the environment and therefore achieve sustainable development in both developed and developing countries.The present review has tried to compile and reflect the key milestones accomplished in LCA over the last 7 years, from 2000 to 2007 within the building sector. In summary, it can be stated that the application of LCA is fundamental to sustainability and improvement in building and construction. For industrial activities, SMEs must understand the application of LCA, not only to meet consumer demands for environmentally friendly products, but also to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the green construction markets. For this reason, this review looks at LCA because of its broad international acceptance as a means to improve environmental processes and services, and also for creating goals to prevent adverse environmental impacts, consequently enhancing quality of life and allowing people to live in a healthy environment.     

全寿命周期评价下建筑材料资源的可持续设计策略

对建筑业而言,寿命周期评价不仅是一种评估工具,更是一种设计思想和设计方法。该文简要介绍了寿命周期理论,对建筑系统寿命周期内的物质体系和功能体系进行综合评价和分析,指出保持建筑材料可持续利用和提高建筑资源综合利用率是可持续建筑设计的必然选择,并总结探讨了建筑材料可持续利用的相关设计策略。     

Life cycle assessment in buildings: State-of-the-art and simplified LCA methodology as a complement for building certification

The paper presents the state-of-the-art regarding the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the building sector, providing a list of existing tools, drivers and barriers, potential users and purposes of LCA studies in this sector. It also proposes a simplified LCA methodology and applies this to a case study focused on Spain. The thermal simulation tools considered in the Spanish building energy certification standards are analysed and complemented with a simplified LCA methodology for evaluating the impact of certain improvements to the building design. The simplified approach proposed allows global comparisons between the embodied energy and emissions of the building materials and the energy consumption and associated emissions at the use stage.The results reveal that embodied energy can represent more than 30% of the primary energy requirement during the life span of a single house of 222 m² with a garage for one car. The contribution of the building materials decreases if the house does not include a parking area, since this increases the heated surface percentage. Usually the top cause of energy consumption in residential building is heating, but the second is the building materials, which can represent more than 60% of the heating consumption.     

我国绿色建材产品的评价指标体系和评价方法

本文提出了一个全新的绿色建材产品的评价方法和框架思路,按照全生命周期分析(LCA)方法的理念,融合LCA评价和单因子评价方法分别针对水泥、混凝土、新型墙体材料、建筑玻璃、建筑陶瓷、部分装饰装修材料作出初步的绿色度评价,建立绿色建材产品评价体系,对建筑材料在原料采集过程、生产过程、使用过程和废弃过程各阶段对环境影响显著的因素进行评价,从而实现对建材产品绿色度的评价。     

基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。     

Life cycle of buildings,demolition and recycling potential: A case study in Turin,Italy

One of the most challenging issues presently facing policymakers and public administrators in Italy concerns what to do with waste materials from building dismantling activities and to understand whether, and to what extent, the ever-increasing quantity of demolition waste can replace virgin materials. The paper presents the results from a research programme that was focused on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a residential building, located in Turin, which was demolished in 2004 by controlled blasting. A detailed LCA model was set-up, based on field measured data from an urban area under demolition and re-design, paying attention to the end-of-life phase and supplying actual data on demolition and rubble recycling. The results have demonstrated that, while building waste recycling is economically feasible and profitable, it is also sustainable from the energetic and environmental point of view. Compared to the environmental burdens associated with the materials embodied in the building shell, the recycling potential is 29% and 18% in terms of life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions, respectively. The recycling potential of the main building materials was made available in order to address future demolition projects and supply basic knowledge in the design for dismantling field.