Steam effect on NO x reduction over lean NO x trap Pt–BaO/Al2O3 model catalyst

The effect of steam on NO _x reduction over lean NO _x trap (LNT) Pt–Ba/Al₂O₃ and Pt/Al₂O₃ model catalysts was investigated with reaction protocols of rich steady-state followed by lean–rich cyclic operations using CO and C₃H₈ as reductants, respectively. Compared to dry atmosphere, steam promoted NO _x reduction; however, under rich conditions the primary reduction product was NH₃. The results of NO _x reduction and NH₃ selectivity versus temperature, combined with temperature programmed reduction of stored NO _x over Pt–BaO/Al₂O₃ suggest that steam causes NH₃ formation over Pt sites via reduction of NO _x by hydrogen that is generated via water gas shift for CO/steam, or via steam reforming for C₃H₈/steam. During the rich mode of lean–rich cyclic operation with lean–rich duration ratio of 60 /20 s, not only the feed NO, but also the stored NO _x contributed to NH₃ formation. The NH₃ formed under these conditions could be effectively trapped by a downstream bed of Co²⁺ exchanged Beta zeolite. When the cyclic operation was switched into lean mode at T < 450 °C, the trapped ammonia in turn participated in additional NO _x reduction, leading to improved NO _x storage efficiency.     

Revisiting the steady states of NO/O2/C3H6 on monolithic Pt/BaO/Al2O3 using bifurcation analysis

While NOx storage and reduction is periodically operated, steady‐state studies have been widely carried out to investigate the involved reaction mechanisms and effects of operating parameters. Due to the complex reaction chemistry and its coupling with transport phenomena, multiplicity may exist. A steady‐state monolith reactor model accounting for microkinetics and reaction heat effects was proposed in this study to avoid the evaluation of enthalpies of microreaction steps. Three simplified versions of the monolith model were developed based on various assumptions of the axial gradients. Steady‐state behaviors of NO/O₂/C₃H₆ system were investigated. A predictor‐corrector (PC) continuation method that does not require explicit evaluation of Jacobian Matrix was developed to solve the nonlinear system with a variable parameter of feed temperature. Model predictions were compared with experimental results. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 623–634, 2014     

Adsorbate-assisted NO decomposition in NO reduction by C3H6 over Pt/Al2O3 catalysts under lean-burn conditions

The rates and product selectivities of the C₃H₆-NO-O₂ and NO-H₂ reactions over a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and of the straight, NO decomposition reaction over the reduced catalyst have been compared at 240C. The rate of NO decomposition over the reduced catalyst is seven times greater than the rate of NO decomposition in the C₃H₆-NO-O₂ reaction. This is consistent with a mechanism in which NO decomposition occurs on Pt sites reduced by the hydrocarbon, provided only that at steady state in the lean NO _x reaction about 14% of the Pt sites are in the reduced form. However, the (extrapolated) rate of the NO-H₂ reaction at 240C is about 10⁴ times faster than the rate of the NO decomposition reaction thus raising the possibility that NO decomposition in the former reaction is assisted by H_ads. It is suggested that adsorbate-assisted NO decomposition in the C₃H₆-NO-O₂ reaction could be very important. This would mean that the proportion of reduced Pt sites required in the steady state would be extremely small. The NO decomposition and the NO-H₂ reactions produce no N₂O, unlike the C₃H₆-NO-O₂ reaction, suggesting that adsorbed NO is completely dissociated in the first two cases, but only partially dissociated in the latter case. It is possible that some of the associatively adsorbed NO present during the C₃H₆-NO-O₂ reaction may be adsorbed on oxidised Pt sites.     

FT-IR study of NO X storage mechanism over Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalysts. Effect of the Pt–BaO interaction

NO _x storage mechanism over a model NSR catalyst has been analysed by means of in-situ FTIR. The results indicated that a two-step mechanism involving nitrite formation, without requirement of NO evolution to NO₂, followed by oxidation to nitrate species, being both steps assisted by O₂, would describe the overall process at 350 °C. This mechanism could be also extended to a wider temperature range. The interaction between Pt and Ba sites was crucial in this mechanism, since spillover process of oxidising agents appeared to play a key role. NO₂ direct interaction with BaO surface may also occur, but this process was only dominant on Ba sites away from Pt interaction.     

NO x uptake mechanism on Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalysts

The NO _x adsorption mechanism on Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated by performing NO _x storage/reduction cycles, NO₂ adsorption and NO + O₂ adsorption on 2%Pt/(x)BaO/Al₂O₃ (x = 2, 8, and 20 wt%) catalysts. NO _x uptake profiles on 2%\Pt/20%BaO/Al₂O₃ at 523 K show complete uptake behavior for almost 5 min, and then the NO _x level starts gradually increasing with time and it reaches 75% of the inlet NO _x concentration after 30 min time-on-stream. Although this catalyst shows fairly high NO _x conversion at 523 K, only ~2.4 wt% out of 20 wt% BaO is converted to Ba(NO₃)₂. Adsorption studies by using NO₂ and NO + O₂ suggest two different NO _x adsorption mechanisms. The NO₂ uptake profile on 2%Pt/20%BaO/Al₂O₃ shows the absence of a complete NO _x uptake period at the beginning of adsorption and the overall NO _x uptake is controlled by the gas–solid equilibrium between NO₂ and BaO/Ba(NO₃)₂ phase. When we use NO + O₂, complete initial NO _x uptake occurs and the time it takes to convert ~4% of BaO to Ba(NO₃)₂ is independent of the NO concentration. These NO _x uptake characteristics suggest that the NO + O₂ reaction on the surface of Pt particles produces NO₂ that is subsequently transferred to the neighboring BaO phase by spill over. At the beginning of the NO _x uptake, this spill-over process is very fast and so it is able to provide complete NO _x storage. However, the NO _x uptake by this mechanism slows down as BaO in the vicinity of Pt particles are converted to Ba(NO₃)₂. The formation of Ba(NO₃)₂ around the Pt particles results in the development of a diffusion barrier for NO₂, and increases the probability of NO₂ desorption and consequently, the beginning of NO _x slip. As NO _x uptake by NO₂ spill-over mechanism slows down due to the diffusion barrier formation, the rate and extent of NO₂ uptake are determined by the diffusion rate of nitrate ions into the BaO bulk, which, in turn, is determined by the gas phase NO₂ concentration.     

Sulfur deactivation and regeneration of Pt/BaO/Al2O3 and Pt/SrO/Al2O3 NO x storage catalysts

Transient experiments were performed to study sulfur deactivation and regeneration of Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SrO/Al₂O₃ NO _x storage catalysts. It was found that the strontium-based catalysts are more easily regenerated than the barium-based catalysts and that a higher fraction of the NO _x storage sites are regenerated when H₂ is used in combination with CO₂ compared to H₂ only.     

Combined XPS and TPR study of sulfur removal from a Pt/BaO/Al2O3 NO x storage reduction catalyst

Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ catalysts (1 wt% Pt, 10 wt%BaO) were sulfated under conditions simulating a real NSR catalyst operation. Comparative TPR and XPS studies of sulfur removal from Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/BaO/Al₂O₃ catalysts indicate that the sulfur removal from Al₂O₃ surface precedes reductive decomposition of BaSO₄ (250–400 °C). Barium sulfate decomposition started with further increase in desulfation temperature at the point of surface atomic ratio Ba:S = 1 (~450^o). Simultaneously, an intensive formation of sulfide species on the catalyst surface was observed. Thermodynamic analysis of the desulfation process allows us to hypothesize that barium sulfide formation may hinder sulfur removal under reducing conditions.     

CuO/Al2O3催化剂上CO还原NO反应条件的研究

为减小工业废气中氮氧化物对环境的污染,以多价态金属助剂修饰的Cu/Al₂O₃为催化剂,采用以CO为还原剂的催化还原法进行消除氮氧化物的研究,考察工艺条件对催化剂反应性能的影响。结果表明,反应温度240 ℃即可实现NO的完全转化,较低空速有利于催化剂长周期稳定运行,助剂最佳质量分数为6%,降低或提高助剂含量均不利于NO的完全转化,体系中CO含量影响催化剂性能,CO含量过高会打破催化剂活性中间体的动态平衡,导致催化剂快速失活,应严格控制CO含量。     

高分散度催化剂Pt／Mg（Al）O与Pt／Al_2O_3化学吸附H_2、CO和CO_2的性能比较

比较了制法完全相同并有相近铂分散度（Ｈ／Ｐｔ≈１１）的催化剂Ｐｔ／Ｍｇ（Ａｌ）Ｏ与Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的性质。由Ｈ２和ＣＯ的化学吸附以及随之使用的红外光谱及微量热计测定了它们的Ｐｔ的性质，并由ＣＯ２的程序升温脱附（ＴＰＤ）技术测定了Ｍｇ（Ａｌ）Ｏ的碱性基点的性质。在沉积了Ｐｔ颗粒后Ｍｇ（Ａｌ）Ｏ的表面碱性降低。与Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３相比，Ｐｔ／Ｍｇ（Ａｌ）Ｏ在１９６０１９３０ｃｍ－１出现了一个新的ＣＯ红外吸附波带，它被认为是ＣＯ通过碳原子与Ｐｔ键合并通过氧原子与Ｍｇｎ＋阳离子键合的一种桥键。这些桥键的物质在高温脱附时最稳定。ＣＯ的歧化作用发生在Ｐｔ／Ｍｇ（Ａｌ）Ｏ，所生成的ＣＯ２迁移至载体的碱性基点形成碳酸盐。     

Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂失活分析及再生处理

介绍了苯加氢制环己烷过程中的Pt/Al2 O3 催化剂酸中心的产生、积碳、机械杂质的覆盖及水、硫、一氧化碳等对催化剂活性、选择性、寿命的影响 ,以及催化剂失活后的再生方法     

Reduction of Surface Nitrates via C3H6 Oxidation Over a Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst

Reduction of surface nitrates with C₃H₆ on a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and a reactor system designed for monolith-supported catalysts. C₃H₆ oxidation was inhibited by the presence of NO, and vice versa, and data indicate that adsorbed NO_X reacted with gas phase C₃H₆. DRIFTS results confirm reaction between C₃H₆ and surface nitrates with linear nitrites as the reaction products. Data show that Pt is required for this reaction, which suggests the nitrates in proximity to the Pt particles are affected/relevant.     

富氧条件下Rh/Co_3O_4催化剂对C_3H_6还原NO性能的影响

采用液相沉淀法制备Co3O4氧化物,并以其为载体制备负载型Rh催化剂。考察不同焙烧温度制备的载体和催化剂的结构、织构、氧化还原性能及其对C3H6催化还原NO性能的影响。结果发现,经600℃焙烧的载体制备的Rh/Co3O4催化剂中Rh与Co3O4的相互作用较强,促进对N—O键的削弱作用,提高对C3H6还原NO的还原能力。在相同实验条件下,当体系中C3H6为500×10-6、NO为500×10-6和O2体积分数为5%时,NO转化率50%,催化性能优于Rh/Al2O3催化剂。     

Transient and resonant behavior for no reduction by CO over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst during forced composition cycling

The reduction of NO by CO over a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been investigated using the technique of forced concentration cycling in an isothermal recycle reactor at 485 K. Time-average conversions exhibit resonant behavior with increasing frequency. Maximum time-average NO conversion of 78%, compared with the steady-state conversion of 3.8%, was attained during out-of-phase feed concentration cycling. The effect of the phase angle between the NO and CO feed cycles has been examined. Higher conversions are obtained by decreasing the NO phase lead below 180°. The convergence to cycle-invariance was slow for high frequency cycling.     

制备条件对Cu/Al2O3 选择性催化还原NO的影响研究

考察了制备方法、活性组分负载量和焙烧温度对Cu/Al₂O₃ 选择性催化还原NO的影响。结果表明，采用溶胶-凝胶+浸渍法制备的Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂活性最好；负载Cu质量分数为15%时，催化剂的活性温域最宽，最大活性温度最低，催化活性最好；最佳焙烧温度为750 ℃。     

The NO x reduction mechanism by H2 under near isothermal conditions over Pt–Ba/Al2O3 Lean NO x Trap systems

The study of the gas-phase NO reduction by H₂ and of the stability/reactivity of NO _x stored over Pt–Ba/Al₂O₃ Lean NO _x Trap systems allowed to propose the occurrence of a reduction process of the stored nitrates occurring via to a Pt-catalyzed surface reaction which does not involve, as a preliminary step, the thermal decomposition of the adsorbed NO _x species.     

Performance Improvement of NO x -Storage BaO/Al2O3 by Using Barium Peroxide as the Precursor of BaO

Comparison of barium peroxide, Ba(OH)₂ and Ba(NO₃)₂ as the precursor of BaO for the preparation of NO _x -storage BaO/Al₂O₃ material was carried out. The as prepared materials were calcined at 550 and 800 °C and characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Measurements of the NO _x storage performances of these BaO/Al₂O₃ materials by NO₂ adsorption and NO _x -TPD experiments showed that the use of barium peroxide as the precursor of BaO inhibited the formation of BaAl₂O₄ and led to remarkable improvements in the thermal stability as well as NO _x storage capacity of the final BaO/Al₂O₃ material calcined at 800 °C.     

C5/C6烷烃异构化Pt/Al2O3-Cl催化剂的性能

采用浸渍法制备了Pt/Al₂O₃,在300℃、CCl₄氯化1h,制备出Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl催化剂。采用FT-IR、XRD、TEM、CO-IR、Py-IR和TPD等方法表征了催化剂,并与中温型RISO催化剂的催化性能进行比较。结果表明,在氯化处理过程中氯取代了氧化铝的表面羟基,导致3000～3800cm^-1红外吸收峰强度大幅度减小,但催化剂的晶相不发生改变;氯化使Pt粒子的平均粒径增大,粒径分布变宽,金属分散度降低;氯化后金属Pt主要以+2价的PtCl₂的形式出现,其中一部分生成了易升华的PtCl₂·2AlCl₃,从而导致Pt含量降低;氯化后的催化剂上只有L酸,评价后既有L酸,又有B酸;氯化后的催化剂热稳定不高,随着温度升高,3种类型的氯化物相继脱出;Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl相对于中温型RISO催化剂表现出较好的异构化性能,正己烷转化率达88.17%,2,2-二甲基丁烷选择性达29.68%,裂化和氢解几乎没有发生。     

Catalytic reduction of N2O with CH4 and C3H6 over Ag–Rh/Al2O3 bimetallic catalyst in the presence of oxygen

A study of nitrous oxide (N₂O) reduction with methane (CH₄) and propene (C₃H₆) in the presence of oxygen (5%) over Ag/Al₂O₃, Rh/Al₂O₃ and Ag–Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts, with Ag and Rh loadings of 5 wt% and 0.05 wt% respectively, has been performed. From the results, it was observed that the Ag–Rh bimetallic catalyst was the most active for both nitrous oxide removal (more than 95%) and hydrocarbon oxidation. This high activity seems to be connected with a synergistic effect between Ag and Rh. The findings from X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed also, that there were no strong interactions (eg alloying) between Ag and Rh. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry