鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西部盒8段地层水地球化学特征及成因

通过对苏里格气田西部盒8段地层水性质及地球化学特征研究,推断地层水的成因,寻找天然气富集区,揭示气田油、气、水分布规律。苏里格气田西部39口井的地层水具有如下地球化学特征:①地层水阴、阳离子含量(r)高低差异悬殊,阴离子以Cl^-占绝对优势,HCO₃^-和SO^2-₄含量很低,阳离子以Ca²⁺占优势,K⁺+Na⁺含量也较高,Mg²⁺含量低;②地层水呈弱酸性,具中-高矿化度;③水型以氯化钙Ⅴ型水为主,局部有氯化钙Ⅳ型和Ⅲ型水;④地层水化学特征参数具有钠氯系数(r_Na⁺/r_Cl^-)低、脱硫系数(2×100×r_SO4^2-/r_Cl^-)高、变质系数[1/2(r_Cl^--r_Na⁺)/r_Mg²⁺]高和镁钙系数(r_Mg²⁺/r_Ca²⁺)低的特征。研究结果表明:苏里格气田西部盒8段地层水具有油气伴生水特点,属于天然气充注时留下的残余地层水,形成于封闭、还原的水文地球化学环境。地层水分布受砂体和成藏条件控制,可能有3种成因类型:孤立砂体封闭地层水、弱动力生烃气水驱替不完全的残留水及大砂体低部位滞水。     

贵州威宁草海中阴离子含量的测定

采用离子色谱法对草海水体中F^-、Cl^-、NO^-₂、Br^-、NO^-₃、H₂PO^-₄、SO₄^2-等7种无机阴离子进行了分析测定。实验结果表明：标准曲线相关系数均大于0.997,相对标准偏差为1.568%～3.750%,试样加标回收率为93.5%～111.7%。各河段水样中F^-质量浓度值小于1 mg/L,符合国家Ⅱ级标准(GB 3838—2002),其余Cl^-、NO^-₃、NO^-₂、Br^-、H₂PO^-₄均符合国家Ⅱ级标准，SO₄^2-最大质量浓度为90.42 mg/L,小于中国...     

填料塔中有机胺溶液脱除CO2性能研究

在鲍尔环填料塔中，以有机胺溶液为吸收剂，脱除模拟烟气中的CO₂。考察了有机胺溶液质量分数、溶液pH、烟气流量、溶液喷淋量、入口CO₂体积分数、液气比、吸收温度及填料层高度等关键参数对CO₂脱除率的影响。结果表明，CO₂脱除率随有机胺溶液质量分数、溶液pH、溶液喷淋量、液气比及填料层高度的增加而增大，随烟气流量和入口CO₂体积分数的增大而减小，随吸收温度的升高先增大后减小。在有机胺溶液质量分数为20%，溶液pH为11.0，烟气流量为2.5 m³/h，溶液喷淋量为9 L/h，入口CO₂体积分数为8%，液气比为3.6～4.8 L/m³，吸收温度为30℃，填料高度为1.70 m的条件下，CO₂脱除率超过90%。本研究成果可为有机胺溶液脱除CO₂的工业应用提供数据支撑。     

填料塔中混合胺钛基纳米流体对高浓度CO2的捕集试验研究

模拟了石油化工废气排放过程中高浓度CO₂(50%，体积分数)尾气处理场景。对伯胺和叔胺溶液进行复配，建立了兼具快速反应性能和高吸收容量的混合胺钛基纳米流体。自主设计并搭建10 t/a规模填料塔CO₂吸收-解吸循环试验系统，考察了纳米流体吸收剂在填料塔中的CO₂吸收-解吸综合强化机制。研究发现，相较混合胺而言，纳米流体吸收剂最大可提升40%的吸收-解吸循环容量。提高贫液中的CO₂负载会削弱纳米颗粒对吸收剂捕集CO₂性能的促进作用。当CO₂负载达到0.4 mol/mol(1 mol胺负载0.4 mol CO₂)时，纳米流体吸收剂的体积总传质系数和混合胺吸收剂基本一致。体系中纳米颗粒之间的相互作用增强，使液相内部形成微对流，可提升捕集体系的CO₂吸收性能。但当纳米颗粒质量分数超过0.12%时，液相中的微对流和固体穿梭效应会因粒子团聚而削弱。因此，需要在循环过程中采取有效措施对团聚的纳米颗粒进行分散。如何通过耦合外部扰动...     

哌嗪类有机胺溶液捕集CO2性能研究

目的 开发合适的有机胺脱碳溶液。方法 分别以PZ、1MPZ、HEP和AEP为吸收剂,考查了哌嗪类有机胺溶液的CO₂吸收/解吸性能。结果 PZ溶液和AEP溶液的CO₂吸收性能明显优于1MPZ溶液和HEP溶液,但二者的解吸率相对较低,不利于有机胺溶液的循环使用。1MPZ溶液解吸率虽大于85.00%,但其易挥发性导致CO₂循环吸收容量大幅降低,从而使其工业应用受限。而HEP溶液的解吸率约90.00%,且经4次循环吸收/解吸实验后,其CO₂吸收容量和解吸率变化幅度低于1%。结论 HEP溶液性能稳定,更适用于工业CO₂捕集过程,具有良好的应用前景。     

东濮凹陷CO2气源岩及地球化学特征

东濮凹陷在下古生界奥陶系风化壳与下第三系Es¹₃地层发现了高含CO₂气层(显示)。通过气源对比分析证实,该凹陷文留构造文33块、文269块Es¹₃中的有机气体是来源于下第三系碎屑岩地层生成的油型气,其CO₂则是石炭系-二叠系的煤在二次生烃中伴生的CO₂与下古生界奥陶系灰岩高温分解生成的无机CO₂混合而成。对东濮凹陷这2类CO₂气源岩进行高温模拟实验发现,石炭系-二叠系的煤生气能力是奥陶系灰岩的9倍,煤生成的气体70％~80%为甲烷,少量为CO₂;而灰岩所生气中95%以上为CO₂气;单位质量的煤与灰岩生成的气体中CO2体积相当,煤是东濮凹陷最重要的气源岩。     

中国东北地区幔源-岩浆CO2赋存的地质记录

在松辽盆地南部及海拉尔盆地CO₂气藏和片钠铝石研究的基础上,根据中国东北地区CO₂气藏中CO₂的碳同位素、氦同位素,各盆地片钠铝石的碳、氧同位素的数据,以及CO₂气藏（苗）与断裂和火山岩的关系,对中国东北地区CO₂的成因及其与片钠铝石的关系进行了研究。分析认为中国东北地区的CO₂绝大多数为幔源-岩浆成因,且形成片钠铝石的CO₂与幔源-岩浆CO₂同源;片钠铝石是CO₂的“示踪矿物”,记录了地质历史时期CO₂的聚集;地层水和原油中溶有大量的无机成因CO₂,经CO₂改造的地层水具有高矿化度及Na⁺ 、K⁺ 、HCO₃^-、CO₃^2-浓度高的特点。依据片钠铝石与CO₂的关系,地层水中离子浓度的变化,以及原油中溶解大量CO₂的事实,总结了中国东北地区幔源-岩浆CO₂赋存的地质记录。     

混合醇胺溶液耦合电石炉净化灰吸收-矿化CO2性能

针对醇胺吸收法中富CO₂吸收液的解吸封存问题，详细探究了乙醇胺(MEA)与N,N-二甲基乙醇胺(DMEA)混合溶液耦合电石炉净化灰吸收-矿化CO₂的潜力，并同等添加比例(n(CO₂):n(Ca)=1.0:1.0)下CaO、Ca(OH)₂的CO₂矿化性能进行了对比。实验结果表明，配比为1.5 mol/L MEA+1.5 mol/L DMEA的混合醇胺溶液的CO₂吸收负荷和解吸率最大，分别为1.807 mol/L和82.78%；经过4次吸收-解吸循环后其CO₂吸收性能有所下降，但4次循环后CO₂吸收负荷仍有0.950 mol/L，利用电石炉净化灰可有效解吸封存MEA/DMEA混合醇胺溶液吸收的CO₂。电石炉净化灰的解吸性能接近CaO但优于Ca(OH)₂，所得矿化产物包括文石、球霰石和方解石型碳酸钙。这主要由于活性含钙物质可以向富CO₂溶液中释放Ca     

H-ZSM-5/ZrO2/SO42-固体酸复合催化剂的表征及烷基化反应性能

将H-ZSM-5分子筛与Zr基氧化物进行复合,经过硫酸处理后,合成H-ZSM-5/wZrO₂/SO^2-₄(w分别为40%、50%、60%)固体酸复合催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及NH₃程序升温吸附-脱附(NH₃-TPD)等分析手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床反应装置上考察了不同催化剂催化异丁烯-异丁烷烷基化反应性能。结果表明：经过硫酸处理后,催化剂中单斜晶相m-ZrO₂转化为对烷基化反应有利的四方晶相t-ZrO₂;H-ZSM-5/50%ZrO₂/ SO^2-₄固体酸复合催化剂具有最高的总酸量和中强酸酸量,中强酸是催化异丁烯 异丁烷烷基化反应的控制因素;同时也证实了H-ZSM-5和ZrO₂ 2种组分在复合催化剂中具有协同作用。在压力为1.4 MPa、温度为80 ℃、原料进料体积流速为2.0 mL/h、载气体积流速为1200 mL/h、反应时间为120 min的条件下,H-ZSM-5/50% ZrO₂/SO^2-₄复合催化剂作用下产物C8选择性最高为83.0%,异丁烯最高转化率为94.1%,反应稳定后异丁烯转化率保持在55.2%,收率保持在45.8%,说明H-ZSM-5/50% ZrO₂/SO^2-₄固体酸复合催化剂具有良好的催化反应性能。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷早二叠世风城组沉积时期古湖盆卤水演化及碳酸盐矿物形成机理

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷风城组沉积时期古湖泊为典型的碳酸盐型湖泊,发育丰富的碳酸盐矿物。碳酸盐矿物是风城组主要的盐类矿物,可以按照金属阳离子划分为Mg、Ca碳酸盐(方解石、白云石)、Na碳酸盐(碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠)、过渡型碳酸盐(碳钠钙石、碳钠镁石、氯碳钠镁石)。3类碳酸盐矿物平面分布具有“牛眼”特征,表明蒸发浓缩是直接的成盐诱导因素。方解石、白云石主要分布在古湖盆的浅水平台区、湖盆的周缘浅水区。碳钠钙石、碳钠镁石、氯碳钠镁石主要分布在与碱矿互层的暗色沉凝灰岩层段。碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠主要分布在湖盆的凹陷中心。充足的HCO₃^-阴离子控制了玛湖凹陷古湖盆盐类矿物的沉淀,碳酸盐析盐序列表现为Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺首先与HCO₃^-结合,消耗殆尽后碱金属阳离子Na⁺与富余的HCO₃^-结合形成碱矿。早二叠世强烈的火山活动以及火山物质的矿物组成对碳酸盐矿物的形成起了决定性的作用。岛弧型火山活动脱气提供大量的CO₂,增加了大气的CO₂分压,进一步提高了沉积水体HCO₃^-浓度。HCO₃^-的含量是控制碳酸盐矿物沉淀的决定性因素。另外,火山喷发的CO₂气体增加了降雨的酸度,并加速了对基岩的风化以及对火山碎屑物质的水解。准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪-早二叠世形成的火山岩富含Na长石分子及Ca长石分子,K长石分子含量低。风城组火山碎屑物质也以富含Na、Ca为主。基岩的风化以及凝灰质的水解提供了大量Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、金属阳离子,与HCO₃^-结合形成了风城组大量的碳酸盐沉积。     

Nanocatalysts: Effect of Active-phase and Promoter on Catalytic Properties and Performance in the Hydrodesulfurization Reaction

The influence of various amounts of phosphorus addition on performance of NiMoP/Al₂O₃ and CoMoP/Al₂O₃ nanocatalysts was examined in hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. The nanocatalysts were synthesized via sonochemical technique. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FESEM, BET, and FTIR analysis. The catalytic activity in hydrodesulfurization reaction was investigated in a batch stirred slurry reactor at 160°C and atmospheric pressure. The characterizations confirmed highly dispersion of active phase and formation of amorphous AlPO₄ species on the support surface. The results obtained from thiophene hydrodesulfurization showed the nanocatalysts contained 1 wt% of phosphorus had the highest activity. The CoMoP/Al₂O₃ and NiMoP/Al₂O₃ nanocatalysts with optimum phosphorus loading nearly gave 100% conversion of thiophene, so that the sulfur compound concentration in final solution was less than 50 ppm.     

Effects of the compound system of alkali and alkyl glycosides on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract

The effects of Na₂CO₃, nonionic surfactant octyldecyl glucoside (APG0810), and inorganic salt addition on the water separation ratio and apparent viscosity of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were investigated. The influences of this compound system on the stability of the emulsion and its synergistic mechanism were also analyzed. Results revealed that in the first compound situation, when APG was selected as the main surfactant and had a concentration of 0.1%, the mass concentration of Na₂CO₃ was 0.4%, the emulsion exhibited the strongest stability, and the water separation ratio at 30?°C for 120?min was 20.3%. In the second compound situation, when Na₂CO₃ was used as the main surfactant and had a concentration of 0.1%, the mass concentration of APG was 0.4%, the emulsion displayed the strongest stability, and the water separation ratio at 30?°C for 120?min was 57.8%. The stability of the O/W emulsion increased with increased NaCl addition, and a higher salt concentration corresponded to a lower water separation ratio. After CaCl₂ addition, the apparent viscosity of the emulsion increased sharply, and the O/W emulsion underwent phase inversion to become an water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Within the set mass concentration range, increased salt concentration caused the apparent viscosity of the W/O emulsion measured at 50?°C and 30?rpm to decrease gradually but still exceeded 1500?mPa·s.     

Application of Light Hydrocarbon (C7+) and Biomarker Analyses in Characterizing Oil from Wells in the North and North Central Sinai,Egypt

Abstract

Seven representative oil show samples from wells in the north and north central Sinai have been characterized by means of a variety of organic geochemical techniques (C₇ hydrocarbon and biomarker analyses), to illustrate origin, differences, and similarity among oils. These oils were obtained from Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs. The C₇ oil correlation star diagram (OCSD) suggests closely related oils, derived mainly from similar source rocks, while the C₇ oil transformation star diagram (OTSD) and C₇ light hydrocarbon analyses indicate a minor degree of transformation of some oils, as Misri-1, Halal-1, and Nakhl-1 oils were subjected to evaporative fractionation. Moreover, the studied oils show no sign of water washing and biodegradation. Molecular characteristics suggest pre-Tertiary shales and carbonate source rocks, deposited under a saline oxic environment, rich in terrigeneous organic sources with significant bacterial and algal input. Since the studied oils are of mixed marine and terrestrial origin, C₇ signature of these oils is not representative of their origin and should be supported by other geochemical evidence (e.g., biomarkers) to predict their origin.     

A New Approach for Accurate Prediction of the Phase Behavior of the Complex Mixtures of Acid Gases,Hydrocarbons, Water,and Methanol in the Petroleum Industry

In this work a new approach for accurate prediction of the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the complex mixtures of water, methanol, acid gases (H₂S, CO₂), and hydrocarbons considering the hydrogen bonding association, hydrolytic dissociation, and acid gas solvation effects is presented. The overall average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured compositions regarding 330 sour gas mixtures is about 3.22%. The proposed CPA/electrolyte model is quite reliable over wide ranges of temperatures and sour gas concentrations and can be employed for accurate design of sour natural treatment and flow assurance systems in oil and gas industries.     

New Insights into the Origin of OSCs in Petroleum: A Chemical and Thermodynamic Analysis

Abstract

Thermal simulation experiments on the reaction between n-C₈H₁₈ and CaSO₄ were carried out under high temperatures and high pressures. Properties of the reaction products are characterized by advanced analytical methods. Based on the results of simulation experiments, possible reaction pathways and thermodynamic characteristics were tentatively investigated. It was found that n-C₈H₁₈ can react with CaSO₄ to produce CaCO₃, H₂S, CO₂, H₂O, CS₂, and a series of organic sulfur compounds (OSCs). The conversion of elemental sulfur in the molecular structure of CaSO₄ to small molecule inorganic sulfides and thiophene sulfur increases with the increase of temperature. There is a strong thermodynamic drive for the reaction of n-C₈H₁₈ with CaSO₄ and high temperature is favorable to the reaction. This study may provide new insights into the origin of OSCs in petroleum.     

Product distribution and catalytic performance of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the methanol-to-aromatics (MTA) reaction

A study of the effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity and selectivity of H-ZSM-5 catalyst in the reaction of methanol to aromatics (MTA) has been carried out in this work. Aluminosilicate zeolite (ZSM-5) zeolites with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios were successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of the prepared ZSM-5 zeolite particles could be easily controlled by changing the ratio of tetraethylorthosilicate to aluminum nitrate nonahydrate. The effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the MTA reaction was studied. The H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios shows remarkable selectivity toward aromatics and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in the MTA reaction.     

Economical Evaluation of CO2-EOR Projects in the Middle East

Abstract

Recently, there is a growing interest the in oil industry to utilize carbon dioxide (CO₂) to enhance oil production from mature reservoirs. Conversely, there is a rising global attention to reduce CO₂ emissions from burning fossil fuels due to environmental concerns. Synchronization between these two objectives is promising through CO₂ Capture and Storage (CCS) projects where CO₂ is captured from large emission sources and then storedin safe geological structures. Economical evaluation of CO₂-EOR projects is a crucial measure in order to ensure a project's viability.

In this study, an efficient model was developed to predict the economics of CO₂-EOR projects. The developed model consists of five modules that are linked together to allow for fast prediction of CO₂-EOR economics.

The model was used to predict the economics of a case study where CO₂-EOR application is considered for a Middle Eastern reservoir. Moreover, the case study was subjected to sensitivity analyses to evaluate the effects of several parameters on the various economical components of CO₂-EOR projects.     

Fe 3+x-TiO2/Shell光催化剂的制备及其对石油的光催化降解

 以自制的贝壳基规整吸附体为载体,采用浸渍煅烧法制备了Fe ³⁺_x-TiO₂/Shell光催化剂。采用XRD、SEM-EDS和UV-Vis等技术对制备的Fe ³⁺_x-TiO₂/Shell光催化剂进行表征。以石油为降解对象,考察了Fe³⁺掺杂量、Fe ³⁺_x-TiO₂/Shell的负载次数及光照时间对Fe ³⁺_x-TiO₂/Shell光催化活性的影响。结果表明,Fe³⁺掺杂量为0.7%(m(Fe³⁺ )/m(TiO₂)×100%)、Fe ³⁺_0.7-TiO₂负载次数为4次时,制备的Fe ³⁺_0.7-TiO₂/Shell光催化剂的光催化活性最高,300 W碘钨灯照射16 h,石油的光催化降解率达76%。     

The Effect of Ambient Temperature and Boron Content on the Burning Rate of the B/Pb3O4 Delay Compositions

The burning rates of B/Pb₃O₄ delay compositions were investigated. Boron content was varied from 1 to 16% and the ambient temperature from ?50°C up to 70°C. The measured burn rates increased as both parameters were increased and ranged from 1.28 to 3.12 cm/s. The data were correlated using an empirical model.