Evaluation of amines for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx from diesel engine exhaust

With a view to developing onboard generation of selective reductants for NO_x removal from diesel engine exhaust we compared the performance of a primary, secondary and tertiary amine to NH₃ using a typical mini core NH₃-SCR catalyst. Primary amines with short hydrocarbon chains, e.g. CH₃NH₂ (maximum NO_x conversion, 50%) approached the NO_x conversion obtained using NH₃ (maximum NO_x conversion, 70%). Increasing the amine to NO_x ratio greater than 1 results in NO_x conversions closer to those of NH₃ (maximum NO_x conversion increased to 60%). Secondary and tertiary amines had smaller NO_x conversions as a function of temperature and the drop in NO and NO_x conversion decreased with increasing amine hydrogen substitution. Also, the maximum NO_x conversion for each reductant tends to move to a lower temperature as the degree of substitution increases.Unlike NH₃, the amines can react in the gas phase at temperatures within the range of diesel engine exhaust. Due to this gas phase reactivity the NO_x conversions measured using the mini core SCR catalyst also contain a gas phase conversion component. Gas phase conversions were investigated by replacing the mini core SCR catalyst with an equivalent length of quartz beads. Subtraction of the two results highlighted the differences between the mini core catalytic and gas phase conversions measured in this manner over the temperature range investigated. These differential NO_x conversions for the three amines had maxima at about 375 °C.     

NH3 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) over activated sewage sludge char

The de-NO _x performance of sewage sludge chars activated physically using water vapor or chemically using KOH was evaluated. Characteristics of chars activated under different activation temperatures, water vapor concentrations, and KOH/char ratios were analyzed by N₂ adsorption-desorption and FT-IR. Chemically activated chars were more efficient in removing NO _x due to their higher surface area, oxygen functional group and NH₃ adsorption than physically activated chars. The de-NO _x performance of the activated chars is influenced more by chemical properties such as oxygen functional groups and NH₃ adsorption sites than by physical properties like specific surface area and pore volume.     

富氧条件下氢气选择催化还原汽车尾气氮氧化物的研究进展

汽车尾气中的氮氧化物（NO _x ）是大气主要污染物之一,严重危害了环境和人类健康。选择催化还原（SCR）消除技术是一种在富氧条件下能够高选择性消除NO _x 的技术。氢气选择催化还原氮氧化物（H₂-SCR）由于其低温高活性的优势备受关注。目前H₂-SCR研究中以Pt和Pd作活性组分催化剂使用较多,其中Pt基催化剂的研究最为广泛,本文介绍了催化剂载体类型、载体性质（如酸碱性、比表面积、孔道结构）、助剂和预处理方式等对催化活性的影响及影响机制,综述了反应条件参数（如反应气中O₂和NO₂浓度,杂质气体H₂O和SO₂）对催化剂催化活性的影响,认为反应气组分的影响在于各组分在催化剂上的竞争吸附以及对催化剂活性位的影响,最后展望了面向实际应用H₂-SCR技术未来的研究方向。     

柴油机排放NOx催化还原技术研究进展

概述了柴油机NOx催化还原技术的研究进展，分析了各种NOx催化还原技术的特点,并阐述了该课题的意义和今后的研究方向。     

选择性催化还原NOx的反应机理研究

选择性催化还原法（SCR）脱除NOx具有较高的效率,是目前工业中应用最广泛的工艺。催化还原NOx的反应过程相当复杂。概括了H₂、CO、烃类、NH₃和尿素等作为还原剂选择性催化还原氮氧化物的各种反应机理,详细论述了催化还原过程中形成的中间体,如亚硝基甲烷、烯醇式物质[CH₂=O)、NO₂［NH₄+］₂、NO_y、C_xH_yO_zN、C_xH_yO_z、NO⁺、NCO或C_tH_xO_yN_z等,并讨论了催化剂和载体表面上的氧空缺和活性中心对SCR的影响,展望了这一领域的研究方向。     

堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载CuO选择催化还原NO的研究

以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷(CC)为载体、CuO和不同助剂为活性组分，用浸渍法制备CuO/CC、CuO-NiO/CC和CuO-NiO-CeO₂/CC催化剂, 采用TPR、XRD和XPS等测试方法对催化剂进行表征。TPR结果表明，催化剂主要以Cu²⁺形式存在。采用程序升温和恒温法在固定床反应器常压条件下研究了以尿素作还原剂还原模拟汽车尾气中的NO。结果显示，CuO-NiO-CeO₂/CC催化剂在(150～350) ℃具有较高的活性，250 ℃时具有较高的转化率。     

Pd-Cu-Ti-PILC上丙烯选择催化还原NO的活性研究

采用浸渍法制备Cu-Ti-PILC和Pd/Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂,结合X射线衍射谱(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)、NO程序升温脱附(NO-TPD)、丙烯选择催化还原NO(C3H6-SCR)研究Pd组分对Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂结构和催化还原NO能力的影响。XRD结果表明,Pd物种破坏了蒙脱土的层间排列但未改变Ti-PILC的层间距;TPR结果表明,Pd改变Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂表面上铜物种的还原性能;NO-TPD结果表明,Pd组分提高催化剂化学吸附NO;C3H6-SCR结果显示Pd物种能够提高Cu-Ti-PILC催化效果。     

Pd-Cu-Ti-PILC上丙烯选择催化还原NO的活性研究

采用浸渍法制备Cu-Ti-PILC和Pd/Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂,结合X射线衍射谱(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)、NO程序升温脱附(NO-TPD)、丙烯选择催化还原NO(C3H6-SCR)研究Pd组分对Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂结构和催化还原NO能力的影响。XRD结果表明,Pd物种破坏了蒙脱土的层间排列但未改变Ti-PILC的层间距;TPR结果表明,Pd改变Cu-Ti-PILC催化剂表面上铜物种的还原性能;NO-TPD结果表明,Pd组分提高催化剂化学吸附NO;C3H6-SCR结果显示Pd物种能够提高Cu-Ti-PILC催化效果。     

Cobalt catalysts in selective catalytic reduction of NO by methane

Impregnated cobalt-containing catalysts are studied in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by methane. The active component of all the impregnated cobalt-containing catalysts is Co₃O₄. The role of O₂ seems to maintain the surface stoichiometry of Co₃O₄. The main reason of decrease of catalytic activity of samples based on MgO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ in selective catalytic reduction of NO is due to oxide-oxide interaction promoted by water. Catalysts based on montmorillonite (HMM) are stable in the presence of water. All the carriers can be placed by the capability for oxide–oxide interaction in the following order: SiO₂ ≫ MgO > Al₂O₃ ≫ HMM. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

NO x reduction in the exhaust of mobile heavy-duty diesel engines by urea-SCR

Topics in Catalysis - A DeNO x demonstration system for a diesel engine used in construction machineries and mobile cranes was setup. In preliminary experiments various extruded and coated SCR...     

Ce-P-O催化剂用于氨选择催化还原消除氮氧化物

制备了可用于氨选择催化还原消除氮氧化物的Ce-P-O催化剂,通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、N₂吸附、H₂程序升温还原和氨程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂的性能。结果表明,催化剂在空速20 000 h^-1表现出较高的氮氧化物消除活性,NO转化率>90%,在水蒸汽和SO₂存在条件下,催化剂具有较好的催化活性和稳定性。     

新型碳质催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料制备了一种新型碳质催化剂。通过试验考察了催化剂在NH₃选择催化还原NO中的应用效果。结果表明,催化性能较好，最佳的制备和催化反应条件为：锌铁物质的量比1∶0.5，热解温度750 ℃，反应温度400 ℃，O₂浓度15%。在此条件下，NOx的最大转化率达98.3%。通过考察证明催化剂自身具有一定的还原性能。对催化剂进行了FTIR、TG、SEM和BET分析，结果表明，催化剂具有很丰富的孔结构、活性粒子和表面官能团，比表面积较大，最大可达307 m²·g^-1，分析结果显示具有良好的催化条件。     

Cu(x)/TiO2催化剂NH3-SCR低温脱硝性能

以硝酸铜和二氧化钛为原料,采用浸渍法制备Cu(x)/TiO_2(x为以TiO_2载体质量为基准的铜负载量,下同)催化剂。运用XRD、XPS、NO-TPD、H_2-TPR等对催化剂进行了表征,在微型固定床反应器中评价了Cu(x)/TiO_2催化剂在以NH_3为还原剂的选择性催化还原NO反应(NH_3-SCR)中的脱硝活性。结果表明,铜物种以Cu_2O和Cu O的形式共存于TiO_2载体上;铜负载量影响催化剂的脱硝性能;Cu(6)/TiO_2催化剂(6代表铜的负载量为6%)表现出较好的氧化还原性和对反应物NO的吸附-脱附能力,低温脱硝活性较好,NO转化率达到85%和95%时对应反应温度T85和T95分别为195和218℃,NO转化率大于95%的活性窗口温度为218～270℃,宽度为52℃。     

无模板法合成的Phi分子筛在NO选择性催化还原中的应用

氮氧化物(NO_x)是大气中的一种主要污染物。采用具有菱沸石结构(CHA)的铜基分子筛作为催化剂,通过选择性催化还原(SCR)技术可有效去除NO_x。采用一种经济环保的制备方法,在不使用模板剂的条件下水热合成一种具有结构缺陷的低硅铝比CHA型分子筛(Phi,Si/Al=4.7)。结果表明,经Cu离子交换制备的Cu/Phi具有最丰富的表面酸性与孤立态Cu²⁺,表现出较好的低温活性、较宽的工作温度窗口以及良好的水热稳定性。Na或Mg的存在降低了Cu/Phi的表面酸性及孤立态Cu²⁺的含量,水热老化后的Na,Cu/Phi和Mg,Cu/Phi均呈现出不同程度的骨架坍塌,相应导致了催化剂失活。     

Phi zeolite synthesized by template-free method for selective catalytic reduction of NO

Nitrogen oxide (NO_x) is one of the major air pollutants. Using a copper-based zeolite with a chabazite structure (CHA) as a catalyst, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology can effectively remove NO_x. This work introduces a low silica CHA type zeolite with structural defects (zeolite Phi, with Si/Al of 4.7). The zeolite Phi is synthesized through a hydrothermal method without adding any template, which is low-cost and environment-friendly. The Cu-exchanged Phi is abundant of surface acidity and isolated Cu²⁺, showing a superior low-temperature activity, a wide work temperature window and a good hydrothermal stability. The presence of Na or Mg decreases the surface acidity and isolated Cu²⁺. The hydrothermally aged Na,Cu/Phi and Mg,Cu/Phi present different levels of framework collapse, which correspondingly induces catalyst deactivation.     

氨法选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法,以TiO₂为载体,负载P₂ O₅、V₂O₅和MoO₃或WO₃制备选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂,研究了不同磷含量以及水蒸汽对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中磷含量增加,P₂O₅-V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂的SCR活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,含质量分数0.5%P₂ O₅催化剂的活性较好。反应体系中水蒸汽的存在对催化剂的低温活性有明显的抑制作用。     

丙烯选择还原一氧化氮反应铜基交联黏土催化剂的研究

采用聚合羟基阳离子合成交联蒙脱土(PILC),经SO2-4改性,制备了应用于C3H6选择还原NO的铜基交联黏土催化剂。考察了交联剂种类、Cu担载量及水蒸气存在对催化剂性能的影响,并采用DTA、XRD对PILC进行表征。研究发现,Al-PILC较Zr-PILC具有较好的热稳定性;350℃时Cu/Al-PILC(Cu质量分数为3%)上NO转化率达52.0%;由于金属氧化物交联柱表面的疏水特性,Cu/Al-PILC较Cu/ZSM-5具有较强的抗水蒸气能力,10%水蒸气存在仅使NO最大转化率下降了13.7%,NO和C3H6转化曲线较不含水蒸气时向高温方向移动。     

Transition metal oxides supported on active carbons as low temperature catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3

The selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia was studied using Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and CuO loaded active carbons as catalysts in the presence and absence of oxygen at reaction temperatures between 100 and 500°C. Active carbons pretreated with concentrated nitric acid showed a higher catalytic activity in SCR than catalysts which were oxidized in air. The ash content (from 0.2 to 7.1 wt.%) of different unloaded active carbons had no effect on the catalytic activity below 300°C in the absence of oxygen. However, in the presence of oxygen an increasing ash content resulted in an increase in activity. Transition-metal oxide loading led to an increase in SCR activity, especially in the absence of oxygen. An increasing transition-metal content from 1 to 10 wt.% improved the activity as well. The presence of oxygen in the reaction mixture enhanced the conversion of nitric oxide especially in the low-temperature range between 100 and 200°C. Activity and selectivity of the respective catalysts were influenced by the type of metal oxide: in the presence of oxygen, catalysts with 10 wt.% Fe were the most active and selective.     

Wire-mesh honeycomb catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Both flat and corrugated wire mesh sheets were coated with aluminum powder by using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. Controlled thermal sintering of coated samples yielded uniform porous aluminum layer with a thickness of 100 μm that was attached firmly on the wire meshes. Subsequent controlled calcination formed a finite thickness of Al₂O₃ layer on the outer surface of each deposited aluminum particles, which resulted in the formation of Al₂O₃/Al double-layered composite particles that were attached firmly on the wire surface to form a certain thickness of porous layer. A rectangular-shaped wire-mesh honeycomb (WMH) module with triangular-shaped channels was manufactured by packing alternately the flat sheet and corrugated sheet of the Al₂O₃/Al-coated wire meshes. This WMH was further coated with V₂O₅-MoO₃-WO₃ catalyst by wash-coating method to be applied for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃. With an optimized catalyst loading of 16 wt%, WMH catalyst module shows more than 90% NO conversion at 240 °C and almost complete NO conversion at temperatures higher than 300 °C at GHSV 5,000 h⁻¹. When compared with conventional ceramic honeycomb catalyst, WMH catalyst gives NO conversion higher by 20% due to reduced mass transfer resistance by the existence of three dimensional opening holes in WMH.