上海外围大型社区居民属性和出行行为——基于嘉定江桥金鹤新城的实证研究

研究上海中心城以外大型居住社区的实际居住人群及其出行需求特征是提供公共设施配套和交通服务的依据。本文在实证研究中以随机抽样调查为主,辅以居委会访谈。老年人、本地就业者和外地来沪就业者三类人群构成了金鹤新城的实际主体居住人群。出行目的方面,除了上班、上学的日常通勤出行外,采购生活必需品出行也占相当大比例。出行方向,由区外出行和区内出行构成,区外出行具有往中心城的向心性,区内出行主要是往附近嘉定江桥镇区。居民的日常出行高度依赖公共交通,包括公交和轨道。单程出行时间在1小时以上的出行占总样本相当大比例,出行时间成为居民满意度较低的指标。总体来看,该社区具有低区域机动性、低个人机动性、低可达性的特征。     

基于低碳交通理念的城市规划策略研究

该文从城市规划策略的角度,提出了通过构建紧凑型多中心的城市结构和有效混合用地功能以减少交通出行、通过建设网络化的城市道路系统提高机动车出行效率、通过优化公共交通设施降低小汽车的使用、通过建设环境友好的非机动车交通网络来促进步行和自行车出行,从而实现城市交通节能减排的目标。     

Spatial mismatch and the affordability of public transport for the poor in Singapore’s new towns

Singapore has redeveloped its Central Area into business districts and relocated the affected population to new towns. Unfortunately, this strong center policy has hindered the development of employment sub-centers. Most jobs are located in the Central Area, resulting in a spatial mismatch that the government is attempting to address by building a world-class public transport system. However, the poor not only face affordability problems and long travel times for employment, but they are also experiencing a shrinking supply of employment due to economic restructuring. Route tests were conducted, and the results indicate that the poor, who generally choose to travel by bus, have to spend up to 9.8% of their household income per month and 70 min per trip from their neighborhoods to the city center. Those who take the hub-and-spoke network have to spend 13.2% of household income and take 60 min for similar trips. To increase the job-seeking range of these people, they should be offered concessions to encourage use of the hub-and-spoke network. The government should also build a light-rail transit line to pass through the Central Catchment Nature Reserve to connect employment sub-centers.     

城市慢行景观硬质地面设计初探

慢行交通（Non—motorized）指的是步行或自行车等以人力为空间移动动力的交通,慢行交通系统在完善与提升城市空间功能,提高居民生活品质方面及低碳环保等方面均具有重要作用。目前。中国城市慢行交通发展方兴未艾。发展定位不够明确,慢行环境日益恶劣,亟须开展与慢行交通系统规划相关的研究。论文基于慢行交通中的景观硬质地面的设计方面进行探讨,试比较了不同性质、材料、工程做法的地面铺装的不同,及在慢行交通中的应用对慢行交通通行行为的影响。并以此为依据针对在具体设计中的形式、尺度、色彩、舒适度、艺术性、结构做法等方面进行了探讨。     

Examining the effects of the neighborhood built environment on CO2 emissions from different residential trip purposes: A case study in Guangzhou,China

This study developed structural equation models (SEMs) to examine the effects of the neighborhood built environment on CO₂ emissions from different trip purposes. CO₂ emissions were calculated using the Travel O-D Point Intelligent Query System (TIQS) and a 2015 travel survey in Guangzhou. The results showed that there were several differences in the influence mechanism of the neighborhood built environment on CO₂ emissions for different trip purposes. Most of the built environment elements tested in this study had significant effects on CO₂ emissions. Certain effects were direct effects, while others were indirect effects that influenced mediating variables, such as car ownership, mode choice or trip distance. In terms of total effect, the distance to city public centers had a positive effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting trips but had a negative effect on that from recreational and daily shopping trips. In contrast, residential density had a negative effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting trips but had a positive effect on that from social, recreational and daily shopping trips. Bus stop density was positively correlated with CO₂ emissions from commuting trips, a counterintuitive but not implausible outcome. Additionally, bus stop density had a significant negative correlation with CO₂ emissions from social and daily shopping trips. In addition, land-use mix had a negative effect on CO₂ emissions from commuting, social and daily shopping trips, while metro station density and road network density had significant negative effects on CO₂ emissions for all trip purposes. These results suggest that it is necessary to design targeted interventions in the built environment to encourage residents to change their travel behavior, reduce CO₂ emissions, and achieve low-carbon development.     

Travel mode choice as a representation of travel utility: A multilevel approach reflecting the hierarchical structure of trip,individual, and neighborhood characteristics

Trip characteristics, travel utility, socio-economic characteristics, and built environment influence travel mode choice. Since the elements have a hierarchical structure, this study conducted multilevel multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between these elements and travel modes. Particularly, this study focused on how twelve types of expressed travel utilities affect travel mode choice for five travel purposes. The results show that people consider various travel utilities for each travel purpose; these elements influence the travel mode choice of cars, public transit, or non-motorized modes, for example, public transit is preferred for punctuality and multitasking in commute, and for health benefits in shopping.     

Bicycle use in Germany: explaining differences between municipalities with social network effects

This paper aims to account for important factors influencing bicycle use and focuses in particular on differences between 20 selected German municipalities with considerable variation in their bicycle mode share. Using data from the nation-wide survey Mobility in Germany 2002, a mode choice model for bicycling is developed. In an extension to previous research, social network or spillover effects as a measure of the city’s bicycling culture are also taken into account. These effects are modelled using an instrumental variable approach. It is shown that social network effects increase the probability of cycling for shopping and recreational trip purposes, but not for school, work or errands. Furthermore, it is found that cycling infrastructure matters only for shopping and errand trips. Finally, commuting trips by bicycle seem to be largely independent of any policy variables.     

Activities and Comments: Urban Ecology and Land Value

A traffic model was employed in the San Diego area for the purpose of designing the proper freeway system. Following the basic gravity concept, this model relates trips between zones to total trips generated by each zone and to the distance between those zones. The mathematical influence that distance and trip generation have on travel patterns is determined by analyzing the data obtained from a comprehensive home-interview study. Tests of the procedure reveal a maximum error of 15 per cent for large volumes of traffic.     

提高公共交通竞争力的措施分析

政府确立的公共交通优先发展战略实质,是想通过政府手段来提高公共交通在交通运输市场中的竞争力.在此基础上,提出了在自由竞争的市场环境中,各种交通方式间竞争关系的基本分析框架.并在该框架内,以出行距离来衡量交通需求,着重分析了公共交通与自行车基于时间成本上的均衡点和公共交通与小汽车基于出行综合成本上的竞争均衡点,并分别推导出相应的判别模型.根据判别模型推论各个影响因素与公共交通竞争力间的函数关系,提出相应的政策措施,并对各个措施进行评述总结.     

基于出行方式研究的城市道路横断面设计

探讨了基于出行方式研究的城市道路横断面设计,从确定规划设计路幅、估算有效通行断面、确定出行方式比例、分配有效通行断面等几方面进行了分析,以达到城市运输效益最大化和交通服务公平性的目的.     

外围大型居住社区居民出行特征分析

外围大型居住社区是上海市的快速发展地区,其交通需求产生和分布、交通设慈供给等均对上海交通产生重要的影响。通过入户问卷调查获取数据,分析了外围大型居住社区居民的出行行为特征。研究发现,外围大型居住社区居民的出行将长期依赖于公共交通;外围大型居住社区居民与中心城居民的出行差异较大,出行更为不便,且柔性出行需求受到抑制;外围大型居住社区的公共交通配套较为落后,居民公共交通出行的满意度较低,必须优化其公交线网并为其提供更为先进的公交管理技术。研究结果为外围大型居住社区的交通规划,尤其是公共交通规划提供了决策支持。     

Urban design and planning influences on the share of trips taken by cycling

This study examines the effect of different street pattern, road infrastructure and other physical attributes on the share of bicycle trips in a community area. Using the 2011 census data and the road infrastructure data of Calgary city, the study finds that different street patterns have significant effects on bicycle usage and thus, should be considered in the development of new communities for promoting active transport. Also, increases in the percentage of green space (agricultural and park areas) and semi-detached houses are associated with greater bicycle use, whereas an increase in the number and/or size (area) of road intersections is associated with reduced bicycle use relative to other modes of transport.     

Enhancing active transport demand Modelling by incorporating accessibility measures

Accessibility measures have been recognized as valuable input for decision support tools for land-use and transport planning. However, despite the relatively large number of available measures outlined in the literature, they are not widely used in planning practice, particularly in non-motorized transport modelling. Furthermore, the concept of availability of activities within acceptable walking/cycling travel distances may potentially affect the travel behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists, as distance has always been a significant barrier for travellers using active transport. Hence, this study aims to investigate the benefits of incorporating accessibility in active transportation modelling. For this purpose, three non-motorized accessibility measures are used in cluster analyses for classifying levels of access. Subsequently, three separate negative binomial regression (NBR) models are applied to examine the impact of including the access measure versus land-use measures in the models. Key findings indicate that the performance of active transport demand models is enhanced by incorporating accessibility as an explanatory variable as well as land-use measures.     

Implementing congestion pricing policies in a MENA Region City: Analysis of the impact on travel behaviour and equity

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of implementing HOT lanes and/or cordon pricing as two types of congestion pricing policies on traveller's willingness to pay and travel behaviour in the city of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the MENA Region. In addition, the paper investigates the potential equity implication of implementing a cordon pricing policy. Trip conditions, travellers' socioeconomic characteristics, and mode shift are used as benchmarks to evaluate the impacts of implementing these policies. Different numerical indicators are selected to evaluate each strategy, such as willingness to pay, trip urgency, trip speed and distance, travellers' income, age, gender, nationality, and vehicle ownership. Data are collected through stated preference and revealed preference survey questionnaires. The results show that travellers from different socioeconomic groups are willing to pay to use HOT lanes to escape congestion and that willingness to pay increases as the trip conditions worsen. However, the overall effect of cordon pricing would be regressive. High-income travellers benefit the most, and they are willing to pay the charges to save travel time. Low-income travellers have to pay the toll or use public transportation more often.     

Traffic Volume Time-Series Analysis According to the Type of Road Use

Problems related to highway traffic operation and congestion management can be alleviated with the use of modern intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) is one of the emerging technologies that will help travelers plan routes and schedules of their trips so as to redistribute the traffic over the highway network. Such redistribution will try to maximize the use of available highway capacity. Collections of real-time data and short-term predictions of traffic volumes are among the critical needs of an ATIS. This article studies characteristics of different traffic volume time series. In particular, time-series analysis is applied to the prediction of daily traffic volumes. The daily traffic volume is estimated by using the previous 13 daily traffic volumes. The study involves a comparison of statistical and neural network techniques for time series analysis. The analysis is applied to different types of road groups according to the trip purpose and trip length distribution. It is hoped that this study will provide a better understanding of various issues involved in the short-term prediction of traffic volumes on different types of highways.     

后世博上海低碳城市的交通与土地使用5D模式

首先分析城市交通发展进程和存在的问题及对低碳城市建设的影响.针对我国城市不同于世界其它国家城市的具体发展情况,提出了城市交通与土地使用的新模式--5D模式,特别指出保持较高比例的自行车出行是对世界环境问题的一个重大贡献.由于我国城市交通与土地使用具有共发并生的特点,城市多模式交通体系的建立应该置身于其所处城市环境的特征城市的开发建设中要考虑到对不同交通模式的影响并与城市发展的多维度目标相结合.从而保证城市交通建设的快变量与城市总体发展的慢变量的协调一致实现可持续发展和低碳城市建设的目标.并指出后世博时代上海交通和土地使用应遵循5D模式.     

香港老年人流动性的影响因素：对长者友好交通服务的启示（英文）

Numerous cities are undergoing the ageing of populations.Developing a transport system that incorporates mobility needs,preferences,and demands of elderly people is crucial to such a demographic shift.Understanding the travel behavior and characteristics of elderly people is the first and foremost step towards this goal.In stark contrast with Western car-dominant places,numerous East Asian modern cities (e.g.,Hong Kong,Beijing,and Shanghai) have high levels of public transportation use.Experience gained from existing studies in the West cannot be applied to Hong Kong,a typical transit-dependent city.In light of this,based on the 2011 Travel Characteristic Survey data and Poisson and negative binomial regression models,this study identifies factors that significantly affect the number of daily trips taken by (or trip frequency of) elderly people in Hong Kong.The paper finds that both socio-demographic (e.g.,age and housing type) and built environment characteristics significantly affect the trip number of elderly people.Interestingly,it is determined that car availability does not play a significant role in the trip generation process,but public transportation accessibility truly matters.This outcome remarkably differs from findings in Western car-dominant cities.Moreover,to discern whether the elderly are a homogenous group,this study estimates separate models for the young elderly (aged between 60 and 74) and the very old (aged 75 or above).It is observed that the effect of public transportation accessibility on elderly mobility varies among elderly subgroups:public transportation accessibility significantly affects the trip frequency of the young elderly,but not that of the very old.Finally,a multitude of policy measures with the aim of upgrading elderly mobility is proposed.     

上海市闵行区公共自行车出行特征研究

以上海闵行区公共自行车系统为例,考察该系统自实施以来对闵行区居民出行产生的影响,以期为闵行以及我国的公共自行车事业发展提供借鉴。研究以使用者的刷卡数据样本以及实地问卷调查获得的样本为数据基础,首先总结不同区域、不同用地类型的公共自行车网点的运行特征。接着以居民为对象,总结使用公共自行车的出行目的、频率变化、网点使用时空分布、出行方式转换、使用公共自行车的原因以及使用模式。最后分析在虚拟收费和费用返还的情景下,人们使用公共自行车的意愿变化。     

Disentangling the effects of the built environment on car ownership: A multi-level analysis of Chinese cities

Reducing the reliance on car-based transportation is a common goal of academics and policy makers, one element of which is car-ownership. This paper contributes to our understanding of the links between socio-economic attributes, the built environment and car ownership. Based on a sample of 3480 individuals across China in 2012, this study examines the impacts of the built environment at both neighborhood and city levels on car ownership and its moderating effects on household income. The results indicate that built environment elements at both levels affect car ownership significantly, and while some elements mitigate the effects of household income on car ownership, others strengthen them. Thus, urban transportation policy should focus on the built environment at both the neighborhood and city levels and promote compact development for the sake of restraining car ownership and encouraging more sustainable modes of travel. Moreover, policy should not ignore the interaction effects between individual socio-economic attributes and the built environment, as their directions are heterogeneous.     

Targets and Ways for Humanizing Urban Transportation:The North American Experience Enlightenment for Beijing

The disadvantages of automobile-oriented urban transportation continue to appear in today's world and the concept of humanizing urban transportation is getting more and more attention. This paper firstly argues that unitary transportation mode and low traffic operation efficiency are two main urban traffic problems in Beijing and emphasizes that the target for humanizing its urban transportation is to ensure its high efficiency, safety, comfort, and ecology. The paper then summarizes the successful experiences of many cities in North America, such as a reasonable transportation network planning, multi-side participation in travel demand management(TDM), and humanizing the transportation environment. Finally, the paper proposes some development strategies for humanizing the urban transportation of Beijing from the perspectives of development mode and layout, public transportation, and non-motorized traffic, at both planning and practice levels.