雷州半岛东岸地下水Br-变化及其与宏量离子的关系研究

依据雷州半岛东岸J1、J2测井地下水潮周期取样测试数据,对Br-含量、变化及其与其它宏量离子的关系进行了分析。结果显示:Br-主要来源于海水侵染,测井基本类型为Na+K·Ca·Mg-Cl·SO4,J2为Na+K·Ca·Mg-Cl·SO4·HCO3。J1测井Br-平均含量为11.69¹4.35 mg/L,J2测井Br-平均值约为J1的一半,各测井Br-统计特征随测次而有所变化。进一步结合Br-/Cl-比值和测井环境,认为J1更具有海洋相,为海水入侵混合稀释型,J2为河口-海洋相互作用型;Br-相对变幅与Cl-、SO42-等海相阴离子相近,说明Br-也同样积极参与海水入侵;Br-与各宏量离子的相关性随测井而异,Br-与阳离子的比值以Na+的最低,K+的最高,Mg2+居于其间;毫克当量比值区间频率多表现为左偏、坦峰、尖峰的分布形态,尤其是J2测井,但γBr-/γK+的比值接近正态。毫克当量比值的相关性与质量比值相关性是保持一致的,Br-/Na+、Br-/Cl-线性关系良好,并进行了最小二乘线性拟合。     

Prolonged deposition of heavy metals in infiltration facilities and its possible threat to groundwater contamination.

A field investigation of infiltration facilities, built two decades ago in Tokyo, was carried out and sediment samples were collected from 12 infiltration inlets of three different locations. Heavy metals contents in the inlet sediment, road dusts and soils samples were analysed and compared. The particle size distribution analysis showed its variation in depth as well as from inlet to inlet. The nature of organic substances present in sediment found changes in particle sizes as well as in depth. The heavy metals content in the sediment samples ranged from 6-143 (Cr), 1-84 (Ni), 49-331 (Cu), 210-2186 (Zn) and 2-332 (Pb) microg/g. The heavy metal content ranges were similar to road dust, which indicated road dust as a possible source for sediment for the infiltration inlets. The lower heavy metals content in many sediment samples than the soil indicated possible release/desorption of heavy metals under newly created environments such as an anaerobic environment. Among the heavy metals there was a relatively good relationship between Cu and Zn, indicating the existence of their common sources.     

Validity of the Latest Research Findings on Causes of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh

Abstract

The groundwater arsenic contamination problem in Bangladesh is the worst in the world. Two hypotheses are prevailing as the cause (mobilization) of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. One is called “pyrite oxidation” and the other is “oxy-hydroxide reduction.” According to the first hypothesis, groundwater arsenic contamination is human-made, which has a relationship with excessive groundwater withdrawal. On the other hand, according to the second one, the contamination is natural. The British Geological Survey (BGS) conducted an investigation to identify the cause of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. Based on their findings, they rejected the pyrite oxidation hypothesis and accepted the oxy-hydroxide reduction hypothesis. However, several experts are opposing their research findings. Therefore, a case study is undertaken to examine the validity of the BGS findings. Although we obtained results which are similar to the BGS, the errors in the estimates of percent of wells contaminated, the key parameter of these analyse show that the present as well as BGS results are not dependable to make any conclusion about the cause of contamination. Moreover, the validity test shows that space-dependent relationships among different hydro-geological parameters for the heterogeneous aquifer system are not valid to represent time-dependent phenomena. Therefore, the conclusion made by the BGS is not valid. Still, there is a possibility that the pyrite oxidation hypothesis could be accepted. For a final conclusion we must observe these relationships in a time domain by generating reliable time-dependent field data.     

地下水砷污染防治试验研究

针对我国地下水砷污染及饮用水质健康风险问题,以地下水中砷这种特征污染物的净化及安全供水为研究目标,为了寻求治理地下水砷污染途径,提出了石英砂原位改性除砷的方法。采用化学沉淀法制备改性石英砂,在室内开展镀铁条件试验研究,确定注入试剂种类、注入方式、持续时间及强度等重要参数。进而,对改性石英砂进行了表面特征分析并开展了静态吸附试验和动态除砷试验。研究成果旨在为我国地下水污染控制和饮用水安全供给工程提供相关的技术支撑。     

高砷地下水的致病风险与处理技术

<正>砷是一种有毒的非金属元素,长期饮用高砷水,会造成砷中毒,主要以皮肤改变为特征,可导致皮肤色素脱失、着色、角化,严重的会诱发皮肤癌,同时还会对心脑血管系统、消化系统、神经系统产生损害。国家生活     

Hydrogen sulphide production tests and the detection of groundwater faecal contamination by septic seepage.

The 'H2S test' is being advanced for microbiological water quality testing where conventional coliform based methods are impractical or too expensive. It involves ambient temperature incubation of water samples with nutrient formulated to generate hydrogen sulphide when 'faecal' bacteria are present. Recently a WHO review identified several concerns including the limited number of comparative studies, formulation variability, and false positives and negatives. In response we have compared the H2S test's ability to detect and quantify faecal contamination in an aquifer impacted by septic tank leachfields with measurements obtained concurrently using conventional bacterial indicators, coliphages, faecal sterol biomarkers, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Like these other analytes, H2S testing detected a contamination gradient ranging from high (septic liquid) to moderate (exfiltration zones), to background (e.g. domestic bores), corresponding to indicator removal + dilution by factors > 10(6). Presence/absence tests could not distinguish between heavily and slightly contaminated waters, whereas multi-tube testing (e.g. 10 x 10 mL arrays) did. It was concluded that while the WHO review concerns are justified, the H2S test performance shows promise in sanitary survey work, can be improved by employing an mpn approach and has potential to aid in the protection of source water and identifying contaminated groundwater.     

地下水污染物浓度空间最优估值方法的实验模拟

通过二维水动力弥散实验,模拟地下水污染物的运移过程,并选取反距离平方加权法、趋势面法、普通克立格法和方位-分维法对实验数据进行估值效果的比较。在实验尺度下的比较结果表明,普通克立格法是研究地下水污染物浓度空间分布的最优估值方法。     

双井抽灌处理地下水污染的回收率理论公式

采用抽出处理法修复地下水污染场地需要有一定的回收率,以达到充分净化的目标。当地下水存在侧向径流时,抽出处理法的回收率不一定能够达到100%。对于"一抽一灌"双井单元,井孔扰动下的地下水稳定流场可分为内循环区、外循环区和非循环区,某些情况下内循环区或外循环区不存在。由内循环区的水动力学特性得到回收率的理论公式和变化曲线。回收率取决于地下水侧向径流的方向和相对强度,随抽水流量的增大而增加。回收率公式可用于抽出处理法的井孔设计,地下水污染物的目标去除率越高,所需要的回收率越大。针对北京某试验场,应用该方法进行了回收率优化评估。     

地下水补给对河流污染物浓度衰减过程的影响

在许多河流的上游或者在河流的枯水季节,地下水的补给作用对河流水质有着重要影响.用以忽略弥散的一维水质模型为基础的、考虑地下水补给影响的新的水质模型解析解,讨论其在地下水与河流之间无水量交换和河段起始段面上游没有来水两个特定条件下的数理意义和论证该解析解的正确性.通过对比新解析解和不考虑地下水补给的经典解,讨论点源与线源之间的内在联系和本质区别,论证新解析解不是经典解的简单迭加.利用新解析解,定量研究了地下水补给强度对河流污染物浓度沿河衰减过程的影响规律.以安徽省境内颍河为例,利用实测数据研究地下水补给对河流污染物浓度的影响程度;研究表明,在枯水季节,忽略地下水补给的作用,将导致水质模型计算误差的理论值达到9.3%.     

基于贝叶斯推理与改进的MCMC方法反演地下水污染源释放历史

有效识别地下水污染源信息既是设计合理修复方案的基础,也是依法治污明确责权的依据。本文将污染源反演过程转化为贝叶斯推断过程,并与克里格替代模型相结合,提出了一种反演地下水污染源释放历史的新思路,同时针对求解过程中采用的Metropolis抽样算法提出改进方案。算例结果表明:(1)该方法能够有效识别地下水污染源释放历史,反演结果的平均相对误差为3.45%;(2)在500次迭代条件下,改进的Metropolis算法将反演结果的平均相对误差从57.41%降低至3.45%,有效提高了反演效率与精度;(3)在污染源释放速率有较大差异且存在扰动的条件下,反演结果并未出现大幅偏离或波动的异常,效果稳定。     

Assessment of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste landfill (Zagreb,Croatia)

The environmental impact of the main landfill of the city of Zagreb (Croatia), which contains about 5 million tons of waste, on the adjacent groundwater was studied. The waste is disposed of directly onto the highly permeable alluvial sediments, only few’ kilometres upstream of a large protected groundwater zone. Systematic monitoring was performed in the framework of a major project aimed to assess strategies for rcmediation of the landfill. Results obtained in 6 sampling campaigns during 1995-96 were used to determine the redox zones in the leachate plume and to describe horizontal and vertical distributions of selected contaminants. A relatively narrow non-continuous iron-reducing zone was found along the edge of the landfill in the prevailing directions of the groundwater flow. Even after a distance of 1200 m the redox conditions in the aquifer still remained anaerobic (nitrate-reducing), while a permanently aerobic zone was present only upstream from the landfill. The horizontal distribution of the contaminants was highly dependant on the hydrological regime, but the preferential direction of spreading was toward the protected groundwater zone. Moreover, it was shown that this aquifer section is polluted not only in the surface layer but across its whole vertical profile (as deep as 60 m).     

黄河干流主要重金属污染特征及其与流量关系

黄河流域重金属污染是水资源利用的一个制约因素。本文利用黄河干流站点1992~1998年实测监测数据,对黄河干流重金属污染变化特征进行初步分析,并分析这些变化与流量之间的内在关系。研究表明,黄河干流重金属在空间和时间上变化比较复杂,没有很明显的规律性。从与流量关系看,非汛期随着流量增加而增加,汛期反而减少。其原因与泥沙(重金属的载体)浓度变化一致。     

污染物击穿防污屏障与地下水土污染防控研究进展

鉴于防污屏障是控制固废填埋场地下水土污染的重要结构,为评价防污屏障的服役寿命,分别针对重金属和有机污染物,总结了污染物在黏土屏障和复合屏障中的一维运移解析解,包括非线性吸附条件下污染物在黏土屏障中的一维扩散解、污染物在有缺陷膜复合屏障中的一维运移解和温度场作用下污染物在黏土屏障中的耦合运移解析解等。评价了污染物击穿防污屏障长历时过程超重力离心模型试验的可靠性。对运行了17 a的安徽某填埋场进行现场调查,发现氯离子运移最大深度达9 m,钠离子和COD的运移深度在3~4 m。总结和评价了地下水土污染控制的竖向屏障技术,认为土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙技术在我国具有广阔的应用前景,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

Mathematical modeling of heavy metals contamination from MSW landfill site in Khon Kaen, Thailand

Kham Bon landfill site is one of many municipality waste disposal sites in Thailand which are in an unsanitary condition. The site has been receiving municipality wastes without separating hazardous waste since 1968. Heavy metals including, Pb, Cr and Cd are found in soil and groundwater around the site, posing a health risk to people living nearby. In this research, contamination transport modelling of Pb, Cr and Cd was simulated using MODFLOW for two periods, at the present (2010) and 20 years prediction (2030). Model results showed that heavy metals, especially Pb and Cr migrated toward the north-eastern and south-eastern direction. The 20 years prediction showed that, heavy metals tend to move from the top soil to the deeper aquifer. The migration would not exceed 500 m radius from the landfill centre in the next 20 years, which is considered to be a slow process. From the simulation model, it is recommended that a mitigation measure should be performed to reduce the risk from landfill contamination. Hazardous waste should be separated for proper management. Groundwater contamination in the aquifer should be closely monitored. Consumption of groundwater in a 500 m radius must be avoided. In addition, rehabilitation of the landfill site should be undertaken to prevent further mobilization of pollutants.     

北京典型地区分层地面沉降与 地下水位变化关系

北京市长期过量开采地下水造成地下水位持续下降,从而引发地面沉降快速发展。利用北京天竺地面沉降监测站长时间序列下分层地面沉降及对应含水层组地下水位监测数据,建立了二者间的多元回归模型,并用实际监测数据验证了该模型的预测效果,据此确定了天竺站的主要沉降贡献层及对沉降影响最大的含水层主控层位。研究成果可为合理调整地下水开采层位以及开展地面沉降防控工作提供科学依据。     

黑河下游地区地下水与植被生长的关系

借助遥感方法,结合地下水水位观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了我国黑河下游额济纳地区地下水水位埋深及与植被生长的关系。结果表明:影响植被生长的临界地下水水位埋深为4.0 m,适宜植被生长的地下水水位埋深范围约为2.6~4.0 m,当地下水水位埋深为2.8 m左右时,植被长势最好。     

The influence of heavy metals on the production of extracellular polymer substances in the processes of heavy metal ions elimination.

Wastewaters from a chemical industry polluted by heavy metal ions represent a hazard for all living organisms. It can mean danger for ecosystems and human health. New methods are sought alternative to traditional chemical and physical processes. Active elimination process of heavy metals ions provided by living cells, their components and extracellular products represents a potential way of separating toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. While the abilities of bacteria to remove metal ions in solution are extensively used, fungi have been recognized as a promising kind of low-cost adsorbents for removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous waste sources. Yeasts and fungi differ from each other in their constitution and in their abilities to produce variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with different mechanisms of metal interactions. The accumulation of Cd(2+), Cr(6+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Zn(2+) by yeasts and their EPS was screened at twelve different yeast species in microcultivation system Bioscreen C and in the shaking Erlenmayer's flasks. This results were compared with the production of yeast EPS and the composition of yeast cell walls. The EPS production was measured during the yeast growth and cell wall composition was studied during the cultivations in the shaking flasks. At the end of the process extracellular polymers and their chemical composition were isolated and amount of bound heavy metals was characterized. The variable composition and the amount of the EPS were found at various yeast strains. It was influenced by various compositions of growth medium and also by various concentrations of heavy metals. It is evident, that the amount of bound heavy metals was different. The work reviews the possibilities of usage of various yeast EPS and components of cell walls in the elimination processes of heavy metal ions. Further the structure and properties of yeasts cell wall and EPS were discussed. The finding of mechanisms mentioned above is necessary to identify the functional groups entered in the metals elimination processes.     

格尔木河中游地区植被覆盖与地下水埋深关系研究

在干旱区内陆盆地,地下水对植被的分布有很大的影响。在格尔木河中游地区,同样发现植被依赖地下水分布的特征。通过归一化植被指数(NDVI)的遥感影像数据与地下水埋深的实地观测数据来研究分析植被覆盖对地下水埋深的关系。研究结果表明:当地下水埋深小于4m时,NDVI均值与标准差均随着地下水埋深的增加而减小。当地下水埋深大于4m但小于8m时,植被生长开始逐渐受到影响,对地下水的敏感性开始减弱。当地下水埋深超过8m时,植被覆盖严重下降,并且对地下水埋深变化表现的愈加不敏感。8m被认为是影响研究区植被覆盖的地下水埋深上限,超过该上限,地区生态环境会受到严重影响;不同植被类型受地下水的影响也不同:水柏枝的生长与地下水关系较密切,芦苇盐生草甸与膜果麻黄可能受土壤盐渍化的影响其生长状况与地下水的关系较复杂。对比不同研究区研究成果,由于降雨、蒸散发等气象要素、水文地质条件、人类活动等多方面因素的不同,植被覆盖与地下水的相关性有明显差异。     

River, reservoir and lake sediment contamination by heavy metals downstream from urban areas of Switzerland

This paper quantifies sediment contamination by heavy metals in four reservoirs and one lake located downstream from major urban areas in Switzerland. The waterbodies include the Wettingen Reservoir (located on the Limmat River downstream from Zürich), the Klingnau Reservoir (on the lower Aare River), the Wohlen Reservoir (downstream from Berne), the Verbois Reservoir (downstream from Geneva) and Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, city of Lausanne). For all sediment cores and contaminants, a trend is observed from high contaminant values in the lower part of the cores, decreasing to lower concentrations in the upper part of the cores. However, for each site and each element, specific features are recognized. Applying the criteria of the Swiss ordinance on soil protection, all sediment cores must be classified as contaminated by one or more contaminants and at variable levels. From these data, it is concluded that: reservoirs and lakes located downstream from major urban centres in Switzerland have accumulated significant volumes of contaminated sediments in the past, representing the largest, but not the most intensely, contaminated sites on a national scale; the main environmental risk is remobilization of the contaminants and their return to the food chain, particularly by infiltration into the groundwater; and although the processes of remobilization are identified, the conditions of occurrence and the amplitude of the processes are still poorly known. Different options of reservoir and lake sediment management also are discussed and further research topics defined.     

淮北平原浅层地下水氟的水化学特征及影响因素分析

以淮北平原浅层地下水中的氟离子为研究对象,在分析地形地貌、水文地质条件、地下水化学成分(总硬度、矿化度、氟离子等)、水化学类型特征等基础上,运用统计方法分析了氟离子浓度与pH值、K++Na+浓度、Ca2+浓度、ρ(K++Na+)/ρ(Ca2+)比值、Mg2+浓度之间的关系。结果表明氟离子浓度随地下水pH值的增大而增大,与ρ(K++Na+)/ρ(Ca2+)比值之间存在着正相关关系,但是与K++Na+浓度、Ca2+浓度、Mg2+浓度之间并无明显的相关性。最后讨论了氟离子的影响因素,提出合理利用地下水的建议。