玻纤和碳纤在低温下的强度统计特性

利用纤维强伸实验仪和自制的低温实验装置,研究了碳纤维与玻璃纤维在低温(77K)下的拉伸力学性能.由测试数据发现,低温下纤维的强度分布具有统计性,采用Weibull统计分布可以较好的进行描述.在低温下,两种纤维的强度Weibull分布尺度参数和平均强度都有不同程度的提高,而形状参数和弹性模量则基本保持不变.     

三级化学气相沉积法制备SiC纤维及拉伸性能测试

以甲基三氯硅烷为先驱体,用直流电热三级化学气相沉积法制备了带有碳涂层的钨芯SiC纤维,测定了纤维的室温拉伸强度,并用Weibull分布对纤维的拉伸强度进行了评价.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)分析了纤维的断口形貌、相结构组成和W/SiC界面反应层的微观结构.结果显示,三级化学气相沉积法制备SiC纤维拥有两层β-SiC和均匀的表面碳涂层,钨芯和SiC之间存在厚度约为0.35μm的界面反应层,纤维的平均拉伸强度和Weibull模数分别达到3266MPa和16.3,并对纤维的断裂机理进行了分析和讨论.     

Weibull分布理论在硼纤维及B/Al复合材料中的应用

本文采用单一Weibull统计分布函数来描述硼纤维拉伸强度的分散性,发现具有不同断裂机制的缺陷所引发的断裂其拉伸强度分布分别符合Weibull分布,并具有各自独特的形态和参数;对热压复合前后的硼纤维的拉伸强度分布特征进行分析比较,结果表明热压复合过程对纤维的性能及拉伸强度分布特征有一定的影响,这主要是因为热压改变了纤维内部缺陷的类型和分布.本文还就以上研究结论在硼纤维的生产及其产品的性能表征方法、B/Al复合材料性能的非破坏性评估方法上的应用进行了讨论.     

石英纤维及其 Mini复合材料强度及分布规律

针对国产石英纤维强度，本工作采用液相浸渍法（硅溶胶、石英浆料和氮化硅浆料）制得Mini复合材料，利用两参数Weibull分布，对其强度及分布进行了研究，采用Kolmogrov非参数检验对其分布进行了检验．同时研究了热处理对纤维束强度分布的影响．结果表明，可用两参数Weibull分布表征纤维束及其Mini复合材料强度分布．热处理使纤维强度急剧下降，且强度分散性变大；相同处理温度下，由硅溶胶制得的Mini复合材料强度较高，分散性较小；而石英或氮化硅浆料制备的Mini复合材料强度较低．     

基体合金对连续M40石墨纤维/Al复合材料纤维损伤及断裂机制的影响

选用M40石墨纤维为增强体,采用真空气压浸渗法制备了纤维体积分数为40%,基体合金分别为ZL102、ZL114A、ZL205A及ZL301合金的连续M40/Al复合材料,并用NaOH溶液萃取出M40纤维,研究了基体合金对连续M40/Al复合材料纤维损伤和断裂机制的影响。结果表明:不同的基体合金对M40纤维造成的损伤差异较大,从M40/ZL301复合材料中萃取的纤维拉伸强度最高,其拉伸强度为1 686 MPa,约为纤维原丝拉伸强度的38.3%;而从M40/ZL102复合材料中萃取的纤维拉伸强度最低,其拉伸强度仅为687 MPa,且纤维表面粗糙程度不一。不同M40/Al复合材料的断裂机制存在明显差别,M40/ZL102和M40/ZL114A复合材料断裂时无纤维拔出及界面脱粘,裂纹横向穿过纤维导致复合材料在低应力下失效;M40/ZL205A复合材料则表现为少量纤维拔出,界面轻微脱粘;同时,M40/ZL301复合材料表现为大量纤维拔出,裂纹沿界面纵向扩展,界面脱粘明显,纤维充分发挥其承载作用,复合材料的拉伸强度最高,达到了670.2 MPa。      

活性填料在先驱体转化法纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料中的应用 II——复合材料的制备及其表征

将活性填料Al应用到吉林碳纤维(JC)和M40JB纤维增强先驱体转化SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备中。研究表明,经过7个周期的致密化处理,当复合材料素坯中不含活性填料时,JC增强复合材料比M40JB增强复合材料有更高的弯曲强度,因此,JC纤维更适合用作先驱体转化陶瓷基复合材料的增强纤维;当复合材料素坯中含有活性填料Al时,由于Al与碳纤维发生碳化反应,使纤维受损,在纤维与基体之间形成不良的界面结合,导致复合材料的强度发生退化。图象分析表明,M40JB与Al的反应层厚度约为0.94 μm。为了防止碳纤维与Al发生反应,应对碳纤维进行适当的表面处理。     

活性填料在先驱体转化法纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料中的应用II——复合材料的制备及其表征

将活性填料Al应用到吉林碳纤维(JC)和M40JB纤维增强先驱体转化SiC陶瓷基复合材料的制备中。研究表明,经过7个周期的致密化处理,当复合材料素坯中不含活性填料时,JC增强复合材料比M40JB增强复合材料有更高的弯曲强度,因此,JC纤维更适合用作先驱体转化陶瓷基复合材料的增强纤维;当复合材料素坯中含有活性填料Al时,由于Al与碳纤维发生碳化反应,使纤维受损,在纤维与基体之间形成不良的界面结合,导致复合材料的强度发生退化。图象分析表明,M40JB与Al的反应层厚度约为0.94μm。为了防止碳纤维与Al发生反应,应对碳纤维进行适当的表面处理。     

聚合物基复合材料界面剪切强度的测试

用声发射技术确定纤维断裂的位置,从而决定纤维断裂段的长度分布。采用含有单纤维丝的聚合物基复合材枓试件,应用细观力学模型,根据纤维断裂段的长度,确定纤维和基体之间的界面剪切强度。这种方法适用于不透明的复合材料基体,有可能用来测定金属基和陶瓷基复合材料的界面剪切强度。     

UD-Cf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的高温拉伸性能

采用两种形状(纺锤形、矩形)的拉伸试样对热压单向M40JB-C_f/SiC和T800-C_f/SiC复合材料进行了高温拉伸强度测试,得到了C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度,并对纺锤形试样断裂应变的表达式进行修正,得出了复合材料的弹性模量。M40JB-C_f/SiC复合材料1300℃的拉伸强度及模量分别为374 MPa和134 GPa, 1450 ℃的拉伸强度及模量为338 MPa和116 GPa,T800-C_f/SiC复合材料1300 ℃拉伸强度和模量为392 MPa 和115 GPa。测试结果与试样的断裂方式密切相关,在有效部位断裂的测试结果大于在非有效区断裂的测试结果。M40JB-C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸断裂应力-应变曲线表现出塑性变形的非线弹性破坏特征,而T800-C_f/SiC主要表现为线弹性特征。      

玄武岩纤维丝束强度的Weibull和Gauss分布统计分析

通过假设检验验证了Weibull及Gauss分布模型对玄武岩纤维丝束强度统计分析的适用性,并用2种分布模型对BF-CSH-01、BF-CMD-02和BF-CAH-01 等3种纤维不同长度丝束的拉伸强度分布进行了统计分析。当纤维种类和试样长度变化时,采用2种模型统计的丝束强度的变化规律一致,即3种纤维中BF-CSH-01强度最高,BF-CMD-02的强度分散性最小;同种纤维中,随着试样长度的增加,丝束强度下降,强度分散性减小。2种分布模型相比,采用Weibull 模型计算的丝束强度略高于 Gauss模型,但强度分散性稍大。      

Sample size dependence of flaw distributions for the prediction of brittle solids strength using additive Weibull bimodal distributions

A method to evaluate the mean strength of brittle solids at short gauge length from experiments performed at higher gauge length is proposed for bimodal fracture behavior. The method based on additive Weibull bimodal distributions takes the evolution of the relative proportion of flaws along the gauge length into account via a gauge length dependent mixing parameter. A linear dependence of this parameter vs. the gauge length is proposed. The approach is assessed using experimental results on carbon and E-glass fibers. The new method provides values for the average tensile strength of the fibers at 100 μm up to 27% higher than those calculated using the classical approach. The underestimation of the classical approach can be attributed to the weight of the severe category of flaws at short length that is considered to be the same as that determined at the experimental gauge length, which can be several orders higher. A simplified approach taking into account solely the more severe category of flaw is shown to be applicable for the prediction of the strength at short gauge length independently of the nature of the fiber.     

The effect of surface modification with carbon nanotubes upon the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as reinforcements in composite materials because of their high specific strength and modulus. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6?GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900?GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In contrast, carbon nanotube (CNT) with the extremely high tensile strength have attracted attention as reinforcements. An interesting technique to modify the carbon fiber is CNT grafting on the carbon fiber surface. CNT-grafted carbon fibers offer the opportunity to add the potential benefits of nanoscale reinforcement to well-established fibrous composites to create micro-nano multiscale hybrid composites. In the present study, the tensile properties of CNT grown on T1000GB PAN- and K13D pitch-based carbon fibers have been investigated. Single filament tensile test at gauge lengths of 1, 5, and 25?mm were conducted. The effect of gauge length on tensile strength and Weibull modulus of CNT-grafted PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers were evaluated. It was found that grafting of CNT improves the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers with longer gauge length (≥5?mm). The results also clearly show that for CNT-grafted and as-received PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers, there is a linear relation between the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength on log–log scale.     

Characterization of interfacial and mechanical properties of “green” composites with soy protein isolate and ramie fiber

Environment-friendly fiber-reinforced composites were fabricated using ramie fibers and soy protein isolate (SPI) and were characterized for their interfacial and mechanical properties. Ramie fibers were characterized for their tensile properties and the parameters for the Weibull distribution were estimated. Effect of glycerol content on the tensile properties of SPI was studied. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was determined using the microbond technique. Based on the IFSS results and fiber strength distribution, three different fiber lengths and fiber weight contents (FWC) were chosen to fabricate short fiber-reinforced composites. The results indicate that the fracture stress increases with increase in fiber length and fiber weight content. Glycerol was found to increase the fracture strain and reduce the resin fracture stress and modulus as a result of plasticization. For 10% (w/w) of 5 mm long fibers, no significant reinforcement effect was observed. In fact the short fibers acted as flaws and led to reduction in the tensile properties. On further increasing the fiber length and FWC, a significant increase in the Young's modulus and fracture stress and decrease in fracture strain was observed as the fibers started to control the tensile properties of the composites. The experimental data were compared to the theoretical predictions made using Zweben's model. The experimental results are lower than the predicted values for a variety of reasons. However, the two values get closer with increasing fiber length and FWC.     

Processing and Characterization of Fiber Reinforced Intermetallic Matrix Composites

A series of intermetallic matrix composites reinforced with Al₂O₃ based fibers were fabricated by pressure casting. The Al₂O₃ based fibers used were DuPont's 20 μm diameter Fiber FP and PRD-166 fiber, Mitsui's 10 μm diameter Almax fiber, and Saphikon's 125 μm diameter single crystal Al₂O₃ fiber. The intermetallic matrices employed were alloys based on Ni₃Al, NiAl, Fe₃Al, Ti₃Al+TiAl, and Nb₂Al+NbAl₃. Optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure of the composites and the fibers. Tensile testing was conducted to determine the Weibull mean strength of the fibers in the as-received and heat treated conditions. The effect of fiber gage length on the Weibull mean strength of the PRD-166 and Fiber FP was evaluated. Indentation tests were performed to determine the effect of alloying additions on the fiber/matrix bond strength in shear in Saphikon fiber reinforced Ni₃Al composites.     

The effect of gauge length on tensile strength and Weibull modulus of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as a reinforcement in composite materials because of their high specific strength and modulus. Current trends toward the development of carbon fibers have been driven in two directions; ultrahigh tensile strength fiber with a fairly high strain to failure (~2%), and ultrahigh modulus fiber with high thermal conductivity. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6 GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900 GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In this study, the tensile strengths of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers have been investigated using a single filament tensile test at various gauge lengths ranging from 1 to 250 mm. Carbon fibers used in this study were ultrahigh strength PAN-based (T1000GB, IM600), a high strength PAN-based (T300), a high modulus PAN-based (M60JB), an ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (K13D), and a high ductility pitch-based (XN-05) carbon fibers. The statistical distributions of the tensile strength were characterized. It was found that the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength increased with decreasing gauge length, a linear relation between the Weibull modulus, the average tensile strength and the gauge length was established on log–log scale. The results also clearly show that for PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers, there is a linear relation between the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength on log–log scale.     

剑麻/聚丙烯复合材料的冲击性能及其预测

采用注塑工艺制备剑麻纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料,研究纤维含量、长度及其分布、不同基体树脂和相容剂类型等对复合材料冲击性能的影响。分析单纤维强度的分散性,采用修正的Weibull分布模型估算临界纤维强度,并对复合材料的冲击强度进行预测。结果表明：剑麻/聚丙烯的冲击强度随纤维含量增加而升高,树脂基体的性质对冲击强度具有显著的作用;界面层为刚性层的相容剂MAPP对冲击强度具有负作用,而界面层为柔性层的相容剂PP-g-GMA对冲击强度具有提高作用;同等含量下,使用PP-g-GMA后复合材料的冲击强度比使用MAPP提高21.7%。通过KH550硅烷溶液处理后的纤维与PP-g-GMA反应,在界面处引入更加柔性的界面层,使冲击强度比引入MAPP提高50.7%。将纤维取向因子引入冲击强度模型后,预测值与实测值符合较好。     

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

Tensile strength and fracture surface characterisation of sized and unsized glass fibers

The tensile strength of commercial glass fibers is examined by single fiber tensile tests. The fibers are analysed as received from the manufacturer (sized) and after a heat treatment at 500C (unsized). Weibull plots of the two series are used for comparison of the strengths of the sized and unsized fibers. It is shown that large sample sizes (over 60 tests) are required to lead to a reliable two-parameter Weibull distribution. The experimental tests clearly indicated that the unsized fibers were weaker in the low strength range, but had similar strength in the high strength range. An investigation of the fracture surfaces in the SEM showed distinct differences in the fracture patterns for high and low strength fibers. Fracture mechanics were applied to estimate the original flaw size and relate the observed fracture mirror surface to the fiber strength. Based on the observation of surface flaws, a healing mechanism by the sizing is considered likely for this type of fiber and sizing, thereby effectively increasing the strength of the fiber in the presence of larger surface flaws.     

A bimodal lognormal model of the distribution of strength of carbon fibres: effects of electrodeposition of titanium di (dioctyl pyrophosphate) oxyacetate

The tensile strength distribution of Fortafil-3 carbon fibres of circular cross-section has been investigated at different gauge lengths. The unimodal Weibull, unimodal lognormal and bimodal lognormal models were tested. Estimating the model parameters by the method of maximum likelihood, and testing each model by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic at prescribed levels of significance, it is found that the data for untreated unsized fibres fit a bimodal lognormal model best. The proportions of the low and high strength populations,p andq, respectively, did not show any well-defined trend with gauge length and had average values close to 0.5. But the lognormal mean for each population showed an increasing trend with decreasing gauge length. It is inferred thatp andq are, respectively, related to the presence of surface flaws and internal defects, both of which probably have the same structural origin. After electrodeposition of titanium di (dioctyl pyrophosphate) oxyacetate (TDPO), the fibre strength was still best approximated by a bimodal lognormal distribution. But the weighting factorp for the weak population was reduced markedly, with a corresponding increase ofq, indicating the healing of surface flaws during electrodeposition of a protective layer of TDPO. Furthermore, in contrast to the observations with untreated fibres, the lognormal means for both the low and high strength populations of the electrocoated fibres were essentially unchanged with gauge length. Changes were also indicated in the number and severity of surface flaws, caused by concurrent electrochemical processes.