一例肝衰竭婴儿外周血红细胞超微结构改变的电镜观察

目的：观察肝衰竭婴儿红细胞形态的超微结构变化。方法：采集一例肝衰竭婴儿的静脉血,制作扫描电镜和透射电镜样品观察红细胞的超微结构。结果：在扫描电镜下,该婴儿正常双凹圆盘形红细胞数百分比仅为2.5%,而泪滴形、靶形、口形、网织红细胞、刺形、棘形和椭圆形等多种异常形态的红细胞却高达红细胞总数的97.5%。在透射电镜下,网织红细胞和少数成熟红细胞切面具有棒状突起,突起分枝或不分枝,甚至形成了高度曲折凹陷的迷宫图形。结论：该例肝衰竭婴儿红细胞形态从外形到内部超微结构均有显著改变,提示红细胞形态多样性可能与病情复杂和严重程度有关。     

大骨节病患儿红细胞之透射电镜观察

生化分析证实大骨节病患儿红细胞低硒,脂质组成异常,膜的脆性增加,抗过氧化能力降低,存在着“膜缺陷”。扫描电镜观察患儿红细胞,见有较多棘细胞和口状细胞形成,认为与红细胞膜缺陷有关。为进一步探讨膜的变异,作者用透射电镜方法,对大骨节病患儿及对照儿童的红细胞作对照观察。取静脉血,肝素抗凝,生理盐水洗涤离心,反复三次,再分别作常规电镜标本及冷冻复型标本。常规电镜标本见红细胞表面有明确界限包绕,内部充满电子密度高的均质物质,红细胞断面外形各异。在高倍视野下,对照儿童红细胞膜可见暗·明·暗三层,     

遗传性红细胞增多症的细胞超微结构观察

遗传性红细胞增多症是一种少见的常染色体显性遗传性血液病，由于该症的红细胞膜蛋白缺陷而导致红细胞膜结构异常，使其血液中球形红细胞增多，并伴有脾脏肿大、贫血等临床症状。我们收集了17例贫血患儿病例，对其红细胞进行了扫描电镜观察，其中4例患儿血液中球形红细胞增多，结果如下。     

氧化诱导人红细胞囊泡化的电镜观察

红细胞经黄嘌吟,黄嘌呤氧化酶及甲状腺素(T_4)氧化系统损伤后,形态上发生许多变化,扫描电镜下两面凹陷的红细胞变成球状,表面形成许多棘突。透射电镜下红细胞骨架损伤,其网架中的收缩蛋白减少、脱失,最后完全崩解。红细胞质膜形成许多突起,并演变成中空的囊泡,从红细胞上脱落。作者认为这些改变是由羟自由基损伤所致。     

遗传性球形红细胞增多症的扫描电镜诊断

目的：为探讨遗传性球形红细胞增多症异形红细胞的形态分类,发生演变,发病机理和诊断及鉴别,本文运用扫描电镜技术对遗传性球形红细胞增多症的血工细胞进行研究。方法：５例遗传性球形红细胞增多症患者及２例农系成员的静脉血经抗凝和固定,离心和漂洗,干燥和喷金后置于扫描电镜下观察。结果：在观察红细胞从盘形到口形,最终至球形的过程中,作者对各型红细胞直径和中央凹陷直径及细胞厚度的变化作了测量,并结合细胞表面形态和     

低强度He—Ne激光血管内照射对慢性间断缺氧家兔红细胞变形性的作用…

本文研究低强度Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光血管内照射对慢性间断缺氧家兔红细胞流变学特性的作用及其机制，观察了正常对照组、缺氧对照组及缺氧治疗组的红细胞变形性、红细胞内ＡＴＰ含量和红细胞扫描电镜等指标。讨论了弱激光血管内照射改善红细胞变形性的可能机制是激光作用红细胞能量代谢过程提高红细胞内ＡＴＰ含量，稳定红细胞正常形态。     

低强度He—Ne激光血管内照射对慢性间断缺氧家兔红细胞变形性的作用及机制探讨

本文研究低强度Ｈｅ—Ｎｅ激光血管内照射对慢性间断缺氧家兔红细胞流变学特性的作用及其机制，观察了正常对照组、缺氧对照组及缺氧治疗组的红细胞变形性、红细胞内ＡＴＰ含量和红细胞扫描电镜等指标．讨论了弱激光血管内照射改善红细胞变形性的可能机制是激光作用红细胞能量代谢过程提高红细胞内ＡＴＰ含量，稳定红细胞正常形态。     

基于Percoll密度梯度法的轻老龄红细胞膜表面电荷的研究

红细胞衰老过程中膜表面电荷的变化情况与其结构功能密切相关。针对以往研究对轻老龄红细胞膜表面电荷的差异性不确定的问题,本文从不同的细胞分离方法分离轻老龄红细胞的效果不同的角度,通过比较分离出的轻老龄红细胞表面唾液酸的含量和细胞膜的弯曲弹性模量Kc值,提出高速离心法和Percoll密度梯度离心法分离出的轻老龄红细胞间的细胞年龄差距不同,Percoll法分离出的细胞年龄差距更大。利用Percoll密度梯度离心法,进一步分离出四种不同细胞年龄的红细胞,由红细胞表面唾液酸的含量和表面Zeta电位值检验轻老龄红细胞膜表面带电状态的差异性,结果显示,轻老龄红细胞的膜表面电荷存在明显差别,且随着细胞年龄的增长,红细胞的膜表面负电荷逐渐减少。研究结果对红细胞的衰老机制及体内清除老化红细胞的途径等研究具有重要意义。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞的超微结构

目的：分离培养人骨髓骨充质干细胞，进行超微结构观察。方法：冲洗出流产胎儿股骨髓内容物，梯度离心，取舍有骨髓间充质干细胞的低密度血小板层进行,立春 透射电镜，扫描电镜下进行超微结构的全面观察，结果：透射电镜下可见细胞有两种不同的形态结构，细胞间有许多缝隙连接；扫描电镜下可见细胞表面有短而粗的微绒毛突起，结论：培养的细胞有适宜作为组织工程种子细胞的形态学基础。     

超声治疗前后外阴白色病变的超微形态比较研究

目的：了解超声治疗对外阴白色病变患处上皮细胞及真皮组织超微结构形态的影响。方法：30例患者分别做治疗前及治疗后3—6月的外阴皮肤组织活检,用光镜和透射电镜观察。结果：治疗前,表皮显示不同程度的上皮增生或萎缩并伴过度角化;细胞间隙增大,桥粒减少;细胞内黑色素颗粒减少,线粒体内室肿胀和局部胞质溶解;黑色素细胞少见;真皮内毛细血管减少,管腔多呈皱缩状;表皮及真皮内常见淋巴细胞浸润。治疗后,病变皮肤组织呈不同程度恢复,表皮细胞排列整齐,桥粒及胞质内黑色素颗粒均有不同程度增加,基底层常见黑色素细胞;真皮内成纤维细胞多见,毛细血管增多且管腔形态正常;浸润的淋巴细胞明显减少。结论：超声治疗可使患处上皮细胞及真皮组织的超微结构和色素代谢趋于恢复正常。     

Morphological and histochemical analyses of living mouse livers by new 'cryobiopsy' technique

A new 'cryobiopsy' (CB) technique has been invented for freezing the functioning livers of living mice in vivo without stopping their blood circulation. Livers of anesthetized mice were pinched off with pre-cooled CB forceps and immediately plunged into isopentane-propane cryogen. They were routinely freeze-substituted in acetone containing paraformaldehyde for light microscopy (LM) or osmium tetroxide for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By freeze-fracturing some of them with a scalpel in liquid nitrogen before the freeze-substitution, well-preserved tissue areas were exposed only for SEM. They were either embedded in paraffin wax for LM or infiltrated with t-butyl alcohol followed by freeze-drying for SEM. Serial paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) or histochemical periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. By HE-staining, the tissue surface areas were often compressed with the CB forceps and sinusoidal erythrocytes became aggregated side by side. In slightly deeper tissue areas, however, hepatic sinusoids were widely open with flowing erythrocytes. Lots of PAS-reaction products were well preserved in hepatocytes of the CB specimens. On the contrary, they were unevenly distributed in hepatocytes of conventionally quick-frozen specimens, and often lost in those of the conventionally dehydrated specimens. By SEM, some cell organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and also dilated fenestrae of endothelial cells, open Disse's spaces and bile canaliculi appeared to be under normal blood circulation in the prepared CB samples. The new CB technique would be easy and useful for repeated examination of functioning organs of a living animal.     

A useful method for observing intracellular structures of free and cultured cells by scanning electron microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using osmium-maceration methods has been used for analyzing the three-dimensional structure of cell organelles in tissue samples, but it has been quite difficult to observe free and cultured cells with this technique. The present study was performed to develop a method that can be applied to free and cultured cells for SEM studies of intracellular structures after osmium maceration. The method was also applied to light microscopy (LM) and to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HeLa cells and human leukocytes were fixed with a mixture of 0.5% paraformaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde followed by an additional fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide. These cells were embedded in low-melting-point agarose. A temperature-responsive dish was also used for collection of cultured cells before embedding. For LM and TEM, the cell-embedded agarose was further embedded in epoxy resin, and semi- and ultrathin sections were examined conventionally. For SEM, the agarose was freeze-fractured in 50% dimethyl sulfoxide, processed for osmium maceration and observed in a high-resolution SEM. Low-melting-point agarose was useful as an embedding medium for SEM, because it was well preserved during prolonged osmication for SEM. Thus, the fine structure of cell organelles was clearly analyzed by SEM after osmium-maceration treatment. These SEM images could also be compared with those of LM and TEM of the agarose-embedded tissues.     

醋酸酐处理石斛属花粉块的扫描电镜观察研究

目的:探索醋酸酐法制备花粉块扫描电镜样品的可行性。方法:采用醋酸酐分解法处理石斛属植物花粉块,经干燥喷金后制备样品,在扫描电镜下进行观察。结果:经处理后除去花粉块表面粘胶物质的干扰,使花粉粒充分暴露,有助于进一步观察其形态结构。结论:采用醋酸酐分解花粉块制备样品,对于在扫描电镜下观察研究石斛属植物花粉块的形态结构提供了一种可行的思路。     

Shear deformation in Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.6Ag-1.0Cu solder joints subjected to asymmetric four-point bend tests

The shear deformation behavior of two lead-free solder compositions, Sn-3.5Ag (wt.%) and Sn-3.6Ag-1.0Cu (wt.%), both on copper substrates, was studied using an asymmetric four point bend technique. Four test joints were obtained from one master specimen of each composition, and each joint was subject to progressive loading, up to the maximum shear strength of the joint. One unstressed bar from each composition was retained as a reference. Each sample was metallo-graphically plished and lightly etched, and examined in a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) before shearing. Sheared joints were then re-examined in the SEM with no additional surface treatment. Compared with the traditional ring and plug method, the asymmetric four-point bend (AFPB) technique subjects the joints to a condition of pure shear, while providing an opportunity for unambiguous observation of microstructural features before and after shearing, without an intervening mechanical sectioning step. Shear banding in the Sn-rich matrix and crack nucleation in the vicinity of the intermetallic interface were observed at low displacements in the binary alloy. Evidence of non-homogeneous plastic flow in the matrix was seen at higher shear loading. No evidence of brittle fracture was observed in the Sn-3.6Ag-1.0 Cu alloy, with elastic deformation at low stress levels giving rise to plastic deformation at higher loading values. Results show that the AFPB technique is a viable approach to the study of shear loading on solder joints.     

小剂量HpD配合可变脉宽532nm激光治疗鲜红斑痣的病理电镜研究

目的 :寻求治疗鲜红斑痣疗效佳、对正常皮肤损伤小、副反应小的方法。方法 :以不同剂量HpD配合不同剂量带同步冷却装置的可变脉宽 5 3 2nm激光照射鲜红斑痣动物模型来克享大公鸡鸡冠 ,在不同时间进行组织病理和超微结构的研究。结果 :治疗后即刻血管内皮细胞肿胀明显导致管腔闭塞 ,腔内见破坏的红细胞碎片 ,反应较单纯激光治疗组严重。结论 :小剂量HpD配合可变脉宽 5 3 2nm激光治疗鲜红斑痣可以提高疗效     

激光热处理对1Cr5Mo耐热钢焊接接头拉伸性能的影响

为了改善1Cr5Mo耐热钢焊接接头拉伸力学性能,利用CO2激光对其进行了表面改性处理,通过拉伸试验考察了激光热处理对拉伸性能的影响.利用扫描电镜观察了焊接接头的断裂形式和断口形貌,并用能谱仪分析了激光热处理前后试样表面化学元素的组成,讨论了残余应力和残余奥氏体对拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,激光热处理前后试样的拉伸断口均为韧性断裂,激光热处理后断裂性能有所提高;激光热处理试样表面产生晶粒细化和残余压应力的强化层,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提高了3.4%和13.7%,拉伸性能得到进一步提高;激光热处理试样的残余奥氏体含量有所降低,导致焊接接头的断面收缩率下降了18.61%,而延伸率基本不变,其均匀变形能力有所增强.     

Er:YAG激光对牙本质超微结构作用的电镜观察

激光照射牙本质被认为是一种改善粘接效果的新方法。此研究的目的是采用电镜观察Er:YAG激光照射后牙本质的超微结构,评价激光处理牙本质以改善牙体组织和修复体之间粘接性能的可行性。共8颗新鲜拔除的人上颌第三磨牙按照牙合贴面的要求进行牙体预备,拔除牙齿进行牙体预备后接受激光照射,采用电镜观察牙本质的超微结构。分为两组,4颗牙齿为对照组,4颗牙齿为实验组。牙体预备后,对实验组牙齿的牙本质进行Er:YAG激光照射。采用电镜观察牙本质小管,熔融和裂隙等情况。对于实验组,观察结果未见玷污层,牙本质小管清晰。同时,对照组可以见到牙本质小管内有明显的玷污层,因此牙本质小管不清晰。该研究提示Er:YAG激光照射牙本质可以清除牙本质小管内的玷污层,这可能会提高牙体组织和修复体之间的粘接性能。     

八段锦对慢性心力衰竭患者心功能康复临床研究*

摘 要:目的 观察常规药物联合中医八段锦锻炼在改善慢性心力衰竭(Chronic heart failure CHF)患者心功能方面的疗效。方法 收集120例确诊为CHF的患者随机分为两组:对照组60例,给予标准药物治疗;治疗组60例,除标准药物治疗外,坚持每天30 min、每周6 天的八段锦锻炼;比较治疗组和对照组治疗前后心功能评级有效率、血浆N端-脑钠肽前体（N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP）水平、6 min步行试验及心脏彩超评价心功能参数指标。结果 两组治疗后心功能评级治疗组显效率和总有效率分别为30.00%和90.00%均明显优于对照组23.33%和75.00%,总有效率差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组治疗后NT-proBNP、6 min步行试验、心脏彩超参数等各项客观评价心功能指标具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,治疗组NT-proBNP下降更明显,6 min步行试验数据提高高于对照组,心动超声检查测定每搏输出量（SV）、每分输出量（CO）、心指数（CI）及左室射血分数（LVEF）心功能指标均优于对照组。结论 慢性心力衰竭患者在药物标准治疗基础上联合八段锦锻炼对改善患者临床症状及心功能客观评价指标方面有一定疗效,可提高患者生活质量,改善患者预后,值得推广。     

Surface Oxidative Characterization of LPE HgCdTe Epilayer Studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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