感知无线电ad hoc网络基于干扰的路由

感知无线电技术作为一种新兴技术,通过时间和空间维度上的频谱空洞的利用能很好地提高频谱利用率。感知无线电的路由不同于传统的路由度量,因为次用户从时间和空间上都不能对主用户造成干扰。在感知无线电ad hoc网络环境下,选取了干扰作为路由的度量,并将干扰分为系统内干扰(次用户自身之间的干扰)和系统间干扰(次用户对主用户的干扰)。在已有的ad hoc网络干扰路由协议的基础上对干扰权重做出改进,并提出新的基于系统间路由干扰(对主用户干扰最小化)和基于联合系统内和系统间干扰的路由协议。仿真结果表明,该干扰模型符合感知无线电移动ad hoc网络的特性。     

基于K-均值聚类的动态频谱接入技术

为了有效降低次用户接入授权信道时对主用户造成的干扰以及次用户被阻塞的概率,提出了一种基于K-均值聚类的动态频谱接入方法.该方法首先将关注的频谱划分为若干子信道,尔后对每个子信道进行特征提取,借助频谱特征,用K-均值算法对子信道进行聚类,将子信道分别纳入白色、灰色和黑色频谱池.次用户在接入信道时,重点选择白色频谱池中的信道接入.理沦分析和仿真结果表明,利用该方法能够有效降低次用户对主用户的干扰和次用户被阻塞的概率,提高信道接入效率.     

物联网距离和业务特征结合的频谱接入方法

针对物联网应用中的频谱使用特性提出一种距离和业务结合的频谱接入方法。首先根据非系统用户与系统用户的距离关系构建用于标识系统用户信道可用度的列表,以此提供非系统用户间的资源分配等级。其次,根据非系统用户和系统用户对信道使用特性建立业务匹配关系式,在可用度列表和业务匹配关系式的基础上,构建干扰驱动效用函数,从跨层优化角度设计频谱接入方法。结果证明该方案既能够抑制非系统用户对系统用户干扰,又能够确保物联网应用的服务质量的资源共享。     

认知无线电关键技术及应用的研究现状

归纳了认知无线电功能的演进,讨论了其相关频谱政策和标准化工作的进展,并重点对频谱侦听和主用户检测、动态频谱分配、功率控制等关键技术及认知无线电在无线区域网、ad hoc网络、UWB系统中应用的研究现状进行了分析.在此基础上探讨了认知无线电技术未来发展值得关注的热点问题.     

认知网络中基于用户带宽需求的频谱接入策略

针对认知网络中的频谱接入问题,基于多类用户不同带宽需求提出了一种新的频谱接入策略,即基于用户带宽的动态信道接入策略(BRDSA)。首次提出考虑拥有不同带宽需求的主用户和次用户利用频谱聚合技术进行频谱接入,而频谱聚合技术能够提高次用户对离散频谱的利用率。根据相关网络模型,利用排队理论和马尔科夫模型对整个系统状态进行了分析。仿真结果表明这种动态频谱接入策略极大地提高了频谱利用率。     

基于业务请求数据包长度的机会频谱接入算法

针对非时隙主用户网络,研究了单个次用户在周期性感知框架下的机会频谱接入问题。通过建立次用户信道感知和接入模型,提出了一种基于次用户请求业务数据包长度的机会频谱接入算法。该算法根据每个时隙分配给次用户业务数据包长度,自适应调整机会频谱接入策略。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够在干扰水平要求较高情况下,提高次用户平均有效传输吞吐量的同时,实现有效吞吐量与碰撞概率的折中;同时当外部环境发生变化时算法具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Ad Hoc认知网络中基于梯度算法的协作压缩频谱感知方法

ad hoc认知网络(CRAHNs)比起传统ad hoc网络有很多优势,如分布式多跳结构及动态变化的网络拓扑等。频谱感知是认知无线电技术的基础,采用压缩感知方法以低于奈奎斯特采样率的速率来获得较好的重构信号,同时可减轻数字处理设备的压力。本文使用多跳模型,每个认知用户感知的频谱不仅包括主用户的主频谱,也包括认知用户自身收到其他认知用户干扰的更新频谱。由于具有动态特性的ad hoc网络缺少融合中心,所以本文中提出一种基于梯度的分布式协作感知算法。该算法基于能量检测,具有可靠的感知性能和较少的能量消耗,并能快速收敛。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。      

一种基于信道质量的鲁棒机会频谱接入策略

为了提高分等级网络中次用户通过机会频谱接入获得的有效吞吐率,提出了一种基于信道质量的鲁棒机会频谱接入策略.该策略利用信道质量信息和信道占用信息做出传输决策,使得次用户在信道感知结果为空闲和占用时分别以不同的信道质量门限选择传输机会发起传输,充分利用了信道质量好的传输机会.结合该策略,建立了以对主用户的干扰为约束条件,最大化次用户有效吞吐率的优化问题,并考虑到了信道传播特性统计参数存在不准确估计的情况,对该接入策略的门限进行了鲁棒性设计.仿真结果表明:所提出的鲁棒机会频谱接入策略能够显著提高次用户的有效吞吐率.     

无线认知网络国内外研究现状

无线认知网络(Wireless Cognitive Network,WCN)是在认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)技术基础上形成的网络形态,是当今通信技术的前沿研究领域之一。无线认知网络具有高度智能化能力,能感知网络的环境信息和分辨当前的网络状态,并根据这些状态进行相应的规划、决策和响应。WCN主要应用于机会频谱接入(Opportunistic Spectrum Access)主用户(合法的授权用户,具有较高的优先权接入频谱),而次用户(具有认知功能的非授权用户)通过智能感知周围的无线环境,并在对主用户不造成有害干扰的情况下机会接入授权频谱。     

一种非理想感知条件下的双门限机会频谱接入策略

为了有效提高认知网络中次用户的吞吐率性能,提出了一种应用于非理想感知条件下的双门限机会频谱接入策略。该策略能在次用户对信道占用情况感知非理想的条件下,综合考虑次用户的信道质量和非准确的信道占用信息,使次用户在信道感知为空闲和占用时分别以不同的信道质量门限选择接入信道,从而最大程度地利用信道质量较好的传输机会,提高次用户的吞吐率性能。结合本策略,建立了以次用户的有效吞吐率最大化为目标、以对主用户的干扰程度为约束条件的优化问题,并在次用户对信道感知存在误差的条件下给出了最优门限的设计方法。仿真结果表明,所提出的双门限机会频谱接入策略能够在非理想感知条件下显著提高次用户的有效吞吐率。     

Cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing and access have been widely investigated in cognitive radio network for the secondary users to efficiently utilize and share the spectrum licensed by the primary user. We propose a cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access strategy, in which the secondary users seeking to access the channel can select a set of channels to sense and access with adaptive sensing time. Specifically, the spectrum sensing and access problem is formulated into an optimization problem, which maximizes the utility of the secondary users and ensures sufficient protection of the primary users and the transmitting secondary users from unacceptable interference. Moreover, we explicitly calculate the expected number of channels that are detected to be idle, or being occupied by the primary users, or being occupied by the transmitting secondary users. Spectrum sharing with the primary and transmitting secondary users is accomplished by adapting the transmission power to keep the interference to an acceptable level. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed sensing and access strategy as well as its advantage over conventional sensing and access methods in terms of improving the achieved throughput and keeping the sensing overhead low. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐layer design of partial spectrum sharing for two licensed networks using cognitive radios

To utilize spectrum resources more efficiently, dynamic spectrum access attempts to allocate the spectrum to users in an intelligent manner. Uncoordinated sharing with cognitive radio (CR) users is a promising approach for dynamic spectrum access. In the uncoordinated sharing model, CR is an enabling technology that allows the unlicensed or secondary users to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum bands (belonging to the so‐called primary users), without any modifications or updates for the licensed systems. However, because of the limited resources for making spectrum observations, spectrum sensing for CR is bound to have errors and will degrade the grade‐of‐service performance of both primary and secondary users. In this paper, we first propose a new partial spectrum sharing policy, which achieves efficient spectrum sharing between two licensed networks. Then, a Markov chain model is devised to analyze the proposed policy considering the effects of sensing errors. We also construct a cross‐layer design framework, in which the parameters of spectrum sharing policy at the multiple‐access control layer and the spectrum sensing parameters at the physical layer are simultaneously coordinated to maximize the overall throughput of the networks, while satisfying the grade‐of‐service constraints of the users. Numerical results show that the proposed spectrum sharing policy and the cross‐layer design strategy achieve a much higher overall throughput for the two networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动态频谱接入综述

动态频谱户在授权的频谱带宽中获得丰富频谱空隙。DSA技术可以缓解频谱短缺问题并且提高频谱利用率。文中讨论了DSA所面临的挑战,旨在揭示其未来的走向。介绍了前沿的频谱感知和频谱分享。调查了阻碍DSA成为主要的商业部署的挑战。为了应对这些挑战,建立了一个新的DSA模型,在这种模式下,授权的用户可以在DSA中相互合作,而且可以获得更加灵活的频谱共享。     

Optimal distributed power allocation for a new spectrum sharing paradigm in cognitive radio networks

The problem of power allocation in cognitive radio networks plays an important role to improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization. However, most of previous works focus on the power allocation for secondary users in spectrum sharing overlay or spectrum sharing underlay, which needs to frequently handoff between the idle spectrum bands or considers the interference constraints in all spectrum bands respectively. In order to reduce the handoff and fully utilize the spectrum resource, we propose a new spectrum sharing paradigm which not only can just need to adjust the transmit power in spectrum bands instead of frequently handoff between idle spectrum bands, but can fully utilize the spectrum resource as we only consider the interference power constraints in active spectrum bands rather than in all spectrum bands. Then based on this new spectrum sharing paradigm and the constraint conditions, we study the distributed power allocation for secondary users and formulate the optimization problem as a non-cooperative game problem, after that the variational inequality approach is used to solve this game problem and a Nash equilibria solution is got, finally simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.     

Cooperative spectrum sharing of multiple primary users and multiple secondary users

This paper proposes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) based cooperative dynamic spectrum access (DSA) framework that enables multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple secondary users (SUs) to cooperate in spectrum sharing. By exploiting MIMO in cooperative DSA, SUs can relay the primary traffic and send their own data at the same time, which greatly improves the performance of both PUs and SUs when compared to the non-MIMO time-division spectrum sharing schemes. Especially, we focus on the relay selection optimization problem among multiple PUs and multiple SUs. The network-wide cooperation and competition are formulated as a bargaining game, and an algorithm is developed to derive the optimal PU-SU relay assignment and resource allocation. Evaluation results show that both primary and secondary users achieve significant utility gains with the proposed framework, which gives all of them incentive for cooperation.     

基于干扰温度的多用户MIMO频谱共享系统容量分析

在无线通信认知无线电中,频谱共享系统被证实能够提供更高的频谱利用率。考虑到多用户多天线的频谱共享系统中次用户的发射功率受限于主用户的干扰温度,介绍了单天线系统和3种不同MIMO传输机制,并根据SNR分别推导出具体的容量表达式。最后通过仿真得出ST/SC方式能够获得最佳容量,而STBC方式应用于频谱共享系统没有提升容量的优势。     

一种多用户协同频谱感知功率控制方案

分析和研究了多用户协同频谱感知原理,通过时分方式,实现了多用户之间的频谱共享。同时为避免对主用户产生有害的干扰,从用户通过一种算法控制它的发射功率,保证主用户的通信服务质量。最后对多用户协同频谱感知和单用户频谱感知的性能进行了仿真研究,结果表明多用户协同频谱感知可以明显提高频谱感知的性能,克服阴影/衰落作用的不利影响,提高频谱利用率。     

Coexistence of primary users and secondary users under interference temperature and SINR limit

Spectrum sharing offers the opportunity for promising efficiency gains,and it will be a valuable tool in the era of future radios.To address this issue,we develop a multi-user cognitive radio sharing network based on opportunistic spectrum access and propose a new spectrum sharing strategy.The objective of our interest is to obtain the number of secondary users who can coexist peacefully with primary users to improve the utility of licensed spectrum,at the same time maximize the total goodput under the interference temperature and SINR constraints.Through analysis and simulation,the new strategy of spectrum sharing does improve the goodput performance as well as guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) of primary and secondary users.     

Dynamic Spectrum Access with QoS and Interference Temperature Constraints

Spectrum is one of the most precious radio resources. With the increasing demand for wireless communication, efficiently using the spectrum resource has become an essential issue. With the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) spectrum policy reform, secondary spectrum sharing has gained increasing interest. One of the policy reforms introduces the concept of an interference temperature - the total allowable interference in a spectral band. This means that secondary users can use different transmit powers as long as the sum of these power is less than the interference threshold. In this paper, we study two problems in secondary spectrum access with minimum signal to interference noise ratio (quality of service (QoS)) guarantee under an interference temperature constraint. First, when all the secondary links can be supported, a nonlinear optimization problem with the objective to maximize the total transmitting rate of the secondary users is formulated. The nonlinear optimization is solved efficiently using geometric programming techniques. The second problem we address is, when not all the secondary links can be supported with their QoS requirement, it is desirable to have the spectrum access opportunity proportional to the user priority if they belong to different priority classes. In this context, we formulate an operator problem which takes the priority issues into consideration. To solve this problem, first, we propose a centralized reduced complexity search algorithm to find the optimal solution. Then, in order to solve this problem distributively, we define a secondary spectrum sharing potential game. The Nash equilibria of this potential game are investigated. The efficiency of the Nash equilibria solutions are characterized. It is shown that distributed sequential play and an algorithm based on stochastic learning attain the equilibrium solutions. Finally, the performances are examined through simulations     

频谱异构认知无线电中基于吞吐量降的空时频谱机会感知

在认知无线电(CR)中,频谱感知是实现动态频谱接入的关键技术之一。为适当保护主用户并最大化次级用户的性能,目前大部分相关工作均是用虚报概率和漏检概率作为感知度量来确定最佳感知参数的。但这种度量是用主次用户的碰撞概率来衡量次级用户对主用户的影响的,没有考虑干扰强度的影响,仅适合同构频谱环境;在不同位置次级用户有不同接入机会的异构频谱环境中,并不能最大化频谱利用率。为此,该文首先定义了吞吐量降,并提出在异构频谱环境下采用吞吐量降作为一种新的感知度量。吞吐量降是指由于次级用户占用授权频谱而导致主用户吞吐量下降的百分比。在衡量次级用户对主用户的影响时,它综合了主次用户的碰撞概率和干扰强度两个因素;其次,研究了以吞吐量降为约束的次级用户吞吐量优化问题。最后,数值仿真证实了该方案比目前几种传统方案的频谱利用率显著提高。