CO2 capture by double metal modified CaO-based sorbents from pyrolysis gases

High-temperature pyrolysis technology can effectively solve the problem of municipal solid waste pollution. However, the pyrolysis gas contains a large amount of CO₂, which would adversely affect the subsequent utilization. To address this problem, a novel method of co-precipitation modification with Ca, Mg and Zr metals was proposed to improve the CO₂ capture performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the two inert supports MgO and CaZrO₃ were uniformly distributed in the modified calcium-based sorbents. In addition, the XRD results indicated that CaZrO₃ was produced by the reaction of ZrO₂ and CaO at high temperatures. The effects of doping ratios, adsorption temperature, calcination temperature, CO₂ concentration and calcination atmosphere on the adsorption capacity and cycle stability of the modified calcium-based sorbent were studied. The modified calcium-based sorbent achieved the best CO₂ capture performance when the doping ratio was 10:1:1 with carbonation at 700 ℃ under 20% CO₂/80% N₂ atmosphere and calcination at 900 ℃ under 100% N₂ atmosphere. After ten cycles, the average carbonation conversion rate of Ca-10 sorbent was 72%. Finally, the modified calcium-based sorbents successfully reduced the CO₂ concentration of the pyrolysis gas from 37% to 5%.     

Enhancement of CO2 capture and microstructure evolution of the spent calcium-based sorbent by the self-reactivation process

The effect of self-reactivation on the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent calcium based sorbent was investigated in a dual-fixed bed reactor.The sampled sorbents from the dual-fixed bed reactor were sent for XRD,SEM and N_2 adsorption analysis to explain the self-reactivation mechanism.The results show that the CaO in the spent sorbent discharged from the calciner absorbs the vapor in the air to form Ca(OH)_2 and further Ca(OH)_2·2 H_2 O under environmental conditions,during which process the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent sorbent can be self-reactivated.The microstructure of the spent sorbent is improved by the self-reactivation process,resulting in more porous microstructure,higher BET surface area and pore volume.Compared with the calcined spent sorbent that has experienced 20 cycles,the pore volume and BET surface area are increased by 6.69 times and 56.3% after self-reactivation when φ=170%.The improved microstructure makes it easier for the CO_2 diffusion and carbonation reaction in the sorbent.Therefore,the CO_2 capture capacity of the spent sorbent is enhanced by self-reactivation process.A self-reactivation process coupled with calcium looping process was proposed to reuse the discharged spent calcium based sorbent from the calciner.Higher average carbonation conversion and CO_2 capture efficiency can be achieved when self-reactivated spent sorbent is used as supplementary sorbent in the calciner rather than fresh CaCO_3 under the same conditions.     

钙循环捕集CO2后CaO的水合/脱水热化学储热性能

提出了基于CaO的钙循环捕集CO₂与CaO/Ca(OH)₂体系热化学储热耦合新工艺，在双固定床反应器上，研究了循环捕集CO₂中煅烧条件和碳酸化条件对CaO储热性能的影响，探究CaO循环捕集CO₂过程和循环水合/脱水储热过程的相互作用。研究表明，多次循环碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂后CaO仍具有较高储热性能，10次循环捕集CO₂后再经10次储热循环，CaO水合转化率可达0.66mol/mol。与苛刻煅烧条件相比，温和煅烧条件下经历多次循环捕集CO₂后CaO的储热性能更高。在碳酸化气氛中加入水蒸气对经历多次循环捕集CO₂后CaO储热性能的影响不大。钙循环捕集CO₂过程和水合/脱水循环储热过程能够相互促进。该工艺有望同时实现CO₂捕集和储热，具有一定的应用前景。     

The maximum capture efficiency of CO2 using a carbonation/calcination cycle of CaO/CaCO3

The use of natural calcium carbonates as regenerable CO₂ sorbents in industrial processes is limited by the rapid decay of the carbonation conversion with the number of cycles carbonation/calcination. However, new processes are emerging to capture CO₂ using these cycles, that can take advantage of the intrinsic benefits of high temperature separations in energy systems. This work presents an analysis of a general carbonation/calcination cycle to capture CO₂, incorporating a fresh feed of sorbent to compensate for the decay in activity during sorbent re-cycling. A general design equation for the maximum CO₂ capture efficiency is obtained by incorporating to the cycle mass balances a simple but realistic equation to estimate the decay in sorbent activity with the number of cycles.     

掺杂Ce、Zr对CO2钙基吸附剂循环特性的影响

利用湿法混合-煅烧法将元素Ce、Zr掺杂到CO₂钙基吸附剂中,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究了24种改性钙基吸附剂吸附CO₂的循环特性。研究发现:CeO₂散布在CaO晶粒之间可抑制晶粒融合,对吸附剂烧结有一定的阻碍作用;CeO₂可明显提高吸附剂在扩散控制阶段对CO₂的吸附速率,原因在于CeO₂中丰富的氧空位可促进CO₂以离子迁移的方式穿过表面产物层到达内部与CaO反应;吸附剂中CeO₂含量越高,稳定性越强;ZrO₂与CaO高温化合成具有高塔曼温度的CaZrO₃,均匀分散在CaO晶粒间,构成稳固的支撑骨架,有效抑制了吸附剂烧结。     

镁负载CaO基吸附剂捕集CO2性能及抗烧结机理

复合钙基吸附剂制备成本过高是限制其工业化应用的主要瓶颈问题。本文以不可溶的CaCO₃和Ca(OH)₂作为钙源,通过燃烧合成法制备钙镁复合吸附剂,在双固定床反应器上研究了其循环捕集CO₂性能。结果显示：制备得到的钙镁复合吸附剂具有更发达的孔隙结构,吸附剂表面Ca和Mg分散均匀,MgO均匀分布于CaO晶粒之间,有效提高了钙镁复合吸附剂的抗烧结特性,因此钙镁复合吸附剂循环反应过程中具有高捕集CO₂活性。以Ca(OH)₂作为钙源时,燃烧合成过程中Ca和Mg均匀同时析出,分散更加均匀,有效避免了CaCO₃作为钙源时Mg的团聚问题,因此得到的钙镁复合吸附剂循环捕集CO₂性能最优。最佳的Ca/Mg摩尔比为(8∶2)~(7.5∶2.5)。本研究以不可溶钙源制备得到高活性钙镁复合吸附剂,有效控制了吸附剂成本,具有更好的工程应用前景。     

Cl含量对钙基吸收剂微观结构以及动力学性能的影响

通过浸渍法向分析纯CaCO₃中添加Cl,在双固定床反应器系统和热重分析仪上研究了其对钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO₂性能的影响,利用离子反应模型对添加Cl后吸收剂化学反应控制阶段进行动力学分析。结果显示：Cl对钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO₂性能具有不利影响。当Cl/Ca摩尔比大于0.25%后,随Cl/Ca摩尔比增加,化学反应控制阶段反应速率和持续时间均减小,导致在该阶段最终碳酸化转化率降低。对添加Cl前后吸收剂孔隙分布特性进行分析发现,添加Cl导致煅烧后吸收剂烧结加剧,比表面积降低,10~120nm范围内孔分布减少,导致CO₂在吸收剂内部扩散阻力增加,同时能与CO₂反应的CaO量减少,这是导致吸收剂化学反应控制阶段碳酸化反应速度较慢、最终碳酸化转化率较低的主要原因。鉴于Cl的不利影响,在选择钙基材料作为CO₂吸收剂或合成高活性复合吸收剂时,应避免吸收剂中Cl含量过高。     

循环捕集CO2后煅烧石灰石的硫化特性

ZEC(zero emission coal)系统中,粗煤气进入碳酸化/重整炉前需先脱除H₂S,提出利用经过多次碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂循环的煅烧石灰石(CaO)脱除H₂S,并研究循环碳酸化/煅烧次数、硫化温度、H₂S浓度和微观结构对循环CaO硫化特性的影响。结果表明,多次循环碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂后CaO仍具有较高H₂S吸收性能。前20次循环,CaO硫化转化率随循环次数增加迅速降低;20次循环后,CaO硫化转化率缓慢下降。硫化120 min后,未循环CaO的硫化转化率接近100%,而经历1、20和100次循环后CaO的硫化转化率分别为94%、81%和74%。H₂S浓度对循环CaO硫化性能影响较大。硫化温度(800～1000℃)对循环CaO的硫化性能影响较小,最佳硫化温度为900℃。随循环次数增加,CaO颗粒发生高温烧结,导致比表面积降低和20～150 nm内孔隙减少,而这是与H₂S吸收密切相关的孔隙,导致CaO硫化转化率降低。     

Parametric study and effect of calcination and carbonation conditions on the CO2 capture performance of lithium orthosilicate sorbent

The world is currently facing the challenges of global warming and climate change. Numerous efforts have been taken to mitigate CO_2 emission, among which is the use of solid sorbents for CO_2 capture. In this work, Li_4SiO_4 was synthesised via a sol–gel method using lithium nitrate(LiNO_3) and tetraethylorthosilicate(Si C8 H20 O4) as precursors. A parametric study of Li:Si molar ratio(1-5), calcination temperature(600–800 °C) and calcination time(1–8 h) were conducted during sorbent synthesis. Calcination temperature(700–800 °C) and carbonation temperature(500–700 °C) during CO_2 sorption activity were also varied to confirm the optimum operating temperature. Sorbent with the highest CO_2 sorption capacity was finally introduced to several cyclic tests to study the durability of the sorbent through 10 cycles of CO_2 sorption–desorption test. The results showed that the calcination temperature of 800 °C and carbonation temperature of 700 °C were the best operating temperatures, with CO_2 sorption capacity of 7.95 mmol CO_2?(g sorbent)-1(93% of the theoretical yield). Throughout the ten cyclic processes, CO_2 sorption capacity of the sorbent had dropped approximately 16.2% from the first to the tenth cycle, which was a reasonable decline. Thus, it was concluded that Li_4SiO_4 is a potential CO_2 solid sorbent for high temperature CO_2 capture activity.     

高温下改性钙基吸附剂固定床反应器从烟气中捕捉二氧化碳(英文)

Four kinds of Ca-based sorbents were prepared by calcination and hydration reactions using different precursors: calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium oxide. The CO2 absorption capacity of those sorbents was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 350-650℃. It was found that all of those sorbents showed higher capacity for CO2 absorption when the operating temperature higher than 450℃. The CaAc2-CaO sorbent showed the highest CO2 absorption capacity of 299mg·g-1. The morphology of those sorbents was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the changes of composition before and after carbonation were also determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicated that those sorbents have the similar chemical compositions and crystalline phases before carbonation reaction [mainly Ca(OH)2], and CaCO3 is the main component after carbonation reaction. The SEM morphology shows clearly that the sorbent pores were filled with reaction products after carbonation reaction, and became much denser than before. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated that the CaAc2-CaO and CaCO3-CaO sorbents have higher specific surface area, larger pore volume and appropriate pore size distribution than that of CaO-CaO and Ca(OH)2-CaO.     

间歇氯化对电石渣循环捕集CO2性能的影响

提出在碳酸化气氛中间歇加入HCl（间歇氯化）提高电石渣在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应中捕集CO₂性能的新思路。在双固定床反应器上,在不同循环次数加入HCl、碳酸化温度、CO₂/HCl体积比等条件下,研究HCl间歇加入对电石渣循环碳酸化特性的影响。结果表明,在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应中间歇加入HCl使电石渣间歇氯化能提高其循环捕集CO₂性能。在前N次循环碳酸化时加入0.1% HCl,当N=4时能使电石渣获得最优CO₂捕集性能,第10个循环时的CO₂吸收量比无HCl时提高了51%。HCl与CaCO₃发生氯化反应,破坏致密产物层对CO₂扩散的阻碍,提高了电石渣的碳酸化转化率。在碳酸化气氛加入HCl时,最佳碳酸化温度仍为700℃。随CO₂/HCl体积比增大,HCl对电石渣捕集CO₂性能的促进作用减弱。     

HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPTURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REVERSIBLE REACTION BETWEEN CaO(s) and CO2(g)

The reversible reaction between CaO(s) and CO₂(g) may ultimately find application in a high temperature process to control CO₂ emissions from advanced power generation processes. At appropriate temperature and pressure combinations, CO₂(g) is removed from the gas phase and captured as CaC₃(s). At higher temperature and/or lower pressure, the reaction is reversed to produce a gas stream having high CO₂(g) concentration suitable for use or ultimate disposal. Both the calcination and carbonation reactions have been studied in an electrobalance reactor as a function of temperature, pressure, and gas composition. Multicycle tests have provided preliminary information on sorbent durability. Solid structural property characteristics have been measured as a supplement to the reaction studies.

Rapid and complete calcination of CaCO₃ can be achieved at temperatures as low as 750°C under one atmosphere of N2. Higher pressure reduces the calcination rate while the presence of CO₂ in the calcination atmosphere requires the use of higher temperature. Mild calcination conditions produce a CaO product which is most reactive during the carbonation phase. Carbonation is characterized by a rapid initial reaction rate followed by an abrupt transition to a quite slow rate. Significant reduction in CO₂ capacity between the first and second carbonation cycles, ranging from 15% under favorable reaction conditions to more than 30% at severe conditions, was found. However, the capacity loss tended to moderate as the number of cycles increased.     

Efficient MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets for high temperature CO2 capture

Novel MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets were prepared by gel-casting and wet impregnation. The effect of Na⁺ and MgO on the structure and CO₂ adsorption performance of CaO sorbent pellets was elucidated. MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets with the diameter range of 0.5-1.5 mm exhibited an excellent capacity for CO₂ adsorption and adsorption rate due to the homogeneous dispersion of MgO in the sorbent pellets and its effects on the physical structure of sorbents. The results show that MgO can effectively inhibit the sintering of CaO and retain the adsorption capacity of sorbents during multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. The presence of mesopores and macropores resulted in appreciable change of volume from CaO (16.7 cm³∙mol⁻¹) to CaCO₃ (36.9 cm³∙mol⁻¹) over repeated operation cycles. Ca2Mg1 sorbent pellets exhibited favorable CO₂ capture capacity (9.49 mmol∙g⁻¹), average adsorption rate (0.32 mmol∙g⁻¹∙min⁻¹) and conversion rate of CaO (74.83%) after 30 cycles.     

基于钴改性的钙基吸附剂污泥富氢气化

基于钙基吸附剂的污泥蒸汽气化制取富氢合成气是一种高效环保的污泥处理方式。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co改性、Al₂O₃为载体的钙基吸附剂。借助热重分析仪测定不同钙基吸附剂在多个碳酸化和煅烧循环中的CO₂吸附能力和循环稳定性,并在固定床上进行污泥蒸汽气化实验。结果显示：煅烧过程中,以Al₂O₃为载体的钙基吸附剂中的Al₂O₃与CaO生成七铝酸十二钙(Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃),并表现出优异的孔隙结构的和CO₂吸附能力,其中,Co质量分数为10%的吸附剂在30次循环（700℃碳酸化35min,850℃煅烧5min）中碳酸化率稳定在70%左右;提高气化温度及Co的添加量可促进焦油裂解和甲烷重整反应,显著提高了合成气中H₂的浓度和产量及污泥气化的冷煤气效率,有利于富氢气体的制取;在650℃下,相比于纯CaO,添加Co质量分数为15%的吸附剂时,H₂产量提高了102%,H₂体积分数提高到85%。     

失活钙基吸收剂环境中自活化机理

将经历多次循环后失活的钙基吸收剂置于环境中吸水自活化,通过XRD分析了自活化过程吸收剂物相演变规律,在双固定床反应器系统上分析了吸水率对失活钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO₂性能的影响规律, 通过SEM和N₂吸附分析了自活化提高钙基吸收剂循环碳酸化转化率的机理。结果表明：失活钙基吸收剂首先吸收环境中水分生成Ca(OH)₂,当吸水率达到100%后继续吸水生成Ca(OH)₂?2H₂O,自活化极限为170%;自活化可以提高失活钙基吸收剂循环碳酸化转化率,自活化后钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO₂性能与吸水率呈线性比例关系,重复自活化可再次提高吸收剂循环碳酸化转化率;自活化过程中,失活钙基吸收剂颗粒表面重新生成孔隙,比孔容和比表面积增加,有利于吸收剂中CO₂的扩散,因此自活化后钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO₂性能提高。     

不同钙基吸附剂捕集CO2后的硫酸化反应特性研究

钙基吸附剂进行多次CO₂捕集后,碳酸化效率会大幅衰减,此时的吸附剂能否高效脱硫利用是值得重点关注的问题。鉴于此,筛选了高性能合成钙基吸附剂和天然石灰石吸附剂,通过热重分析仪分析对比其在多循环CO₂捕集后的碳酸化和硫酸化反应性能,采用微粒模型研究其硫酸化反应动力学特征。结果发现,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的碳酸化反应速率和CO₂吸附能力明显高于石灰石吸附剂。在长达500循环的CO₂捕集试验后,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的CO₂吸附能力比石灰石高10倍以上,其SO₂吸附能力相较于石灰石提升约40%。经历多次CO₂捕集反应循环后,2种吸附剂的硫酸化能力均有提升:其中,石灰石吸附剂的提升幅度更大,硫酸化转化率从26%提升到35%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化转化率则从38%提升到43%。通过微粒模型计算发现,2种吸附剂的硫酸化反应均是与SO₂浓度相关的一级反应,多循环捕集CO₂反应后,石灰石吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能下降接近30%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能只下降了5%。研究结果说明2种不同钙基吸附剂在进行循环CO₂捕集后,脱硫能力得到了不同程度的提高,且均可以较好地应用于SO₂的脱除。     

A comparative process simulation study of Ca—Cu looping involving post-combustion CO2 capture

This work presents a simulation study of several Ca—Cu looping variants with CO₂ capture, aiming at both parameter optimization and exergy analysis of these Ca—Cu looping systems. Three kinds of Ca—Cu looping are considered: 1) carbonation-calcination/reduction-oxidation; 2) carbonation-oxidation-calcination/reduction and 3) carbonation/oxidation-calcination/reduction. A conventional Ca looping is also simulated for comparison. The influences of the calcination temperature on the mole fractions of CO₂ and CaO at the calciner outlet, the CaCO₃ flow rate on the carbonator performance and the Cu/Ca ratio on the calciner performance are analyzed. The second kind of Ca—Cu looping has the highest carbonation conversion. At 1 × 10⁵ Pa and 820 °C, complete decomposition of CaCO₃ can be achieved in three Ca—Cu looping systems, while the operation condition of 1 × 10⁵ Pa, 840 °C is required for the conventional Ca looping system. Furthermore, the Cu/Ca molar ratio of 5.13-5.19 is required for the Ca—Cu looping. Exergy analyses show that the maximum exergy destruction occurs in the calciner for the four modes and the second Ca—Cu looping system (i.e., carbonation-oxidation-calcination/reduction) performs the highest exergy efficiency, up to 65.04%, which is about 30% higher than that of the conventional Ca looping.     

钙基吸收剂循环吸收CO2技术的研究进展

阐述了对钙基吸收剂循环吸收CO₂技术的研究现状,包括各个可能因素对CaO碳酸化反应的影响,如吸收剂成分、颗粒特性、反应温度、反应时间、CO₂浓度等,并总结了各种CaO吸收CO₂反应动力学模型。同时对钙基吸收剂循环吸收CO₂技术未来的研究方向作了简述。     

温度对精炼渣碳酸化效果影响分析

为了有效改善精炼渣的安定性及致密性问题,采用正交试验探讨精炼渣碳酸化过程,以温度为单一影响因素,考察碳酸化粒度分布,结合XRD,SEM,FT-IR,TG-DTA等手段对精炼渣碳酸化效果进行探讨。结果表明,精炼渣碳酸化各因素主次关系为:粒径>CO₂通气量>反应温度>转速>液固比;碳酸化后精炼渣中f-CaO、Ca₂SiO₄、Ca₃SiO₅、12CaO·7Al₂O₃消失,CaCO₃晶型增加明显,且以方解石为主;不同温度(20 ℃、40 ℃、60 ℃、80 ℃)碳酸化后精炼渣总的热分解失重百分率分别为:35.26%、35.24%、34.36%和27.29%。     

Economical assessment of competitive enhanced limestones for CO2 capture cycles in power plants

CO₂ capture systems based on the carbonation/calcination loop have gained rapid interest due to promising carbonator CO₂ capture efficiency, low sorbent cost and no flue gases treatment is required before entering the system. These features together result in a competitively low cost CO₂ capture system. Among the key variables that influence the performance of these systems and their integration with power plants, the carbonation conversion of the sorbent and the heat requirement at calciner are the most relevant. Both variables are mainly influenced by CaO/CO₂ ratio and make-up flow of solids. New sorbents are under development to reduce the decay of their carbonation conversion with cycles. The aim of this study is to assess the competitiveness of new limestones with enhanced sorption behaviour applied to carbonation/calcination cycle integrated with a power plant, compared to raw limestone. The existence of an upper limit for the maximum average capture capacity of CaO has been considered. Above this limit, improving sorbent capture capacity does not lead to the corresponding increase in capture efficiency and, thus, reduction of CO₂ avoided cost is not observed. Simulations calculate the maximum price for enhanced sorbents to achieve a reduction in CO₂ removal cost under different process conditions (solid circulation and make-up flow). The present study may be used as an assessment tool of new sorbents to understand what prices would be competitive compare with raw limestone in the CO₂ looping capture systems.