Corrosion Resistance on High Strength Bainitic Steel and 09CuPCrNi After Wet-Dry Cyclic Conditions

The accelerated wet-dry cyclic corrosion tests have been carried out of a high strength bainitic steel and 09CuPCrNi. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of 09CuPCrNi was better than that of the bainitic steel based on the mass loss measurements. The morphology and composition of the rusting products have been investigated in order to realize the mechanism of rust formation on the two steels. The rust scale on both steels was composed of a dense inner layer and a loose outer layer. The inner layer grew thicker and denser as the test proceeding. Both of inner and outer layers were mainly composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) with a small amount of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and akaganeite (β-FeOOH). The rust phase of γ-Fe2O3 was detected in a higher amount of the inner layer, resulting in a much denser inner layer. The inner rust layer of 09CuPCrNi being denser and thicker than that of the high strength bainitic steel was attributed to the alloying elements such as copper, chromium and phosphorus enriched in it. The protective inner rust layer plays an important role in the corrosion resistance of the steel.     

铁素体-马氏体钢P92在超临界水中的腐蚀行为

研究了铁素体-马氏体钢P92在400~600℃、25 MPa 超临界水中的腐蚀行为.用 X 射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-电子能谱(SEM-EDX)分析了氧化膜微观组织,对 P92在超临界水中的腐蚀动力学规律进行了分析.结果表明：温度对腐蚀速率有显著影响,600和500℃的腐蚀增重分别为400℃的5.32倍和1.59倍;400和500℃超临界水中腐蚀动力学遵循立方规律,600℃时近似遵循抛物线规律;氧化膜为双层结构,外层氧化膜为柱状 Fe3 O4相,内层氧化膜为 Fe3 O4和 FeCr2 O4相.     

Effect of Compressive Stresses on Microstructure of Scales Formed on Pure Iron During Continuous Air Cooling

The microstructure development of oxide scale on pure iron under the mutual action of compressive stress and cooling conditions was investigated. Oxide scale structure was examined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that oxide scale formed under normal cooling conditions had a structure mainly consisting of an outer magnetite and an inner wustite layer. When a compressive stress was applied, numerous magnetite precipitates formed within wustite layer homogeneously at starting cooling temperature of 900 ℃, and the wustite layer in the scale was transformed into a mixture of mostly magnetite/iron eutectoid and magnetite layer at starting cooling temperature of 700 ℃. The wustite decomposition and precipitation of magnetite in wustite under compressive stress were discussed.     

热轧奥氏体不锈钢带钢酸洗工艺机理分析

 详细分析了热轧奥氏体不锈钢带钢的表面氧化皮形成机理、退火对氧化皮特性的影响机理、酸洗工艺机理。结论是：热轧奥氏体不锈钢带钢表面氧化皮外层主要以铁氧化物为主,内层主要以交替分布的Cr2O3和FeCr2O4层为主;退火后,氧化皮结构变得疏松多孔,且易脱落,贫铬层厚度增加,带钢更加容易酸洗;酸洗时,带钢表面的氧化皮主要通过机械剥离作用去除。分析结果对热轧奥氏体不锈钢带钢酸洗技术的改进具有一定的理论指导意义。     

核能用2.25Cr-1Mo钢水蒸气氧化行为

 为了研究核电用2.25Cr-1Mo钢的抗蒸汽氧化性能,在500 ℃、0.1 MPa水蒸气条件下,对2.25Cr-1Mo耐热钢进行了600 h的氧化试验,利用分析天平测定样品氧化增重,获得氧化动力学曲线,通过扫描电镜观察分析了氧化膜的形貌和结构,结合X射线衍射和能谱分析对氧化产物进行物相分析。试验结果表明,2.25Cr-1Mo耐热钢的氧化增重曲线符合立方规律;氧化膜为双层结构,氧化膜内层较为致密的主要物相为(Fe,Cr)₃O₄尖晶石,氧化膜外层疏松多孔主要物相为Fe₃O₄和少量Fe₂O₃;腐蚀速率测定结果表明,该材料具有较好的抗蒸汽氧化性能。     

Effect of Compressive stresses on Microstructure of Scales Formed on Pure Iron Under Continuous Air Cooling

 The microstructure development of oxide scale on pure iron under the mutual effect of compressive stress and cooling conditions was investigated. Oxide-scale structure was examined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that oxide scale formed under normal cooling conditions had a structure mainly consisted of an outer magnetite and an inner wüstite layer. When a compressive stress was applied, numerous magnetite precipitates formed within wüstite layer homogeneously at starting cooling temperature of 900℃, and the wüstite layer in the scale transformed into a mixture of mostly magnetite/iron eutectoid and magnetite layer at starting cooling temperature of 700℃. The wüstite decomposition and precipitation of magnetite in wüstite under compressive stress was discussed.     

奥氏体耐热不锈钢309S高温抗氧化性能研究

采用不连续称重法测得了奥氏体耐热不锈钢309S在不同温度下的高温氧化动力学曲线,结果表明309S钢高温氧化动力学曲线遵循抛物线规律.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和XPS的方法对氧化膜表面的形貌及化学元素沿氧化膜纵深方向的分布情况进行了研究,发现各温度下的氧化膜均均匀覆盖于基体表面;500℃下氧化膜氧化产物表层主要为Cr2O3和Fe2O3,内层主要为Cr2O3和NiO;1 000℃下氧化膜表层主要成分为Cr2O3、NiO、Fe3O4或Fe2O3,氧化膜内层基本不含NiO,主要为Cr2O3、Fe3O4或Fe2O3.     

S32101双相不锈钢热轧中厚板氧化铁皮显微分析

摘要：采用EPMA、WDS和XRD对S32101双相不锈钢中厚板表面氧化铁皮显微结构进行研究，同时采用称重法测定出氧化增重曲线。结果表明：S32101双相不锈钢氧化铁皮厚度分布不均匀，氧化增重的平方值与氧化时间基本成直线关系。氧化铁皮外层物相为Fe2O3和Fe3O4，内层物相主要为FeCr2O4，局部区域存在MnCr2O4和NiCr2O4。结合热力学计算，得出了S32101双相不锈钢氧化铁皮形成的过程。     

Influence of Chromium on Mechanical Properties and CO2/H2S Corrosion Behavior of P110 Grade Tube Steel

Four kinds of P110 grade tube steels containing different chromium contents were designed to probe the in- fluence of Cr on the properties of tube steel. The microstrueture, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the four kinds of P110 grade tube steels were studied deeply and thoroughly. The analysis of the mechanical properties indicated that tensile strength and yield strength of the steel plates were improved, while transverse and longitudinal impact energy and elongation first increased and then decreased when Cr content rose. The impact energy and elonga tion reached the peak when Cr content was 1 ~. Cr precipitates were found only in 3 ~ Cr steel, with （Nb, Ti）（C, N） or Nb（C,N） as the core of precipitation and then grew up. The corrosion experiments demonstrated that the scales on the four steels had a two layer structure under the corrosion of CO2 and H2 S. The outer layer was mainly com- posed of FeS or FeS1 x and the inner layer consisted of FeCOa and Cr compounds. Cr was rich in the inner layer and the Cr content of the inner layer increased with the Cr content in matrix. The enriched Cr enhanced the compactness of the scales, further hindering the diffusion of ions from liquid to the surface of steel, thus reducing corrosion rate.     

The Oxidation behavior of an iron-chromium alloy containing yttrium or rare earth elements between 900° and 1200°C

The oxidation behavior of an Iron-15 wt pct Chromium alloy, some containing small additions of yttrium or rare earth elements, have been observed using a TG and an EPMA method at temperatures between 900° and 1200°C. Yttrium or rare earth element additions to the Iron-Chromium alloy result in a rapid initial oxidation rate, but decrease the total weight gain of the Iron-Chromium alloy at the final time of exposure. The line trace obtained indicates that the increased segregation of chromium content in the inner oxide layer of the alloy containing yttrium or rare earth elements and also shows that the enriched concentration of yttrium or lanthanum is detected within the chromium oxides which exist near the oxide scale/alloy matrix interface. Yttrium or rare earth element oxides serve as the sites for the protective chromium oxide scales.     

Effect of Yttrium on Microstructure and Hot Corrosion Preformance of Laser Clad Co-Based Alloy

The structure of the yttrium modified Co-base alloy layers formed by laser cladding on 2Cr13 and1Cr18Ni9Ti steel surfaces and its hot corrosion performance have been investigated systematically.The re-sults show that the Y-containing cobalt base clad alloy has a finer microstructure and higher corrosion re-sistance to the salt mixture of 75% Na_2SO_4+25%NaCl at high temperature.The unique properties are ob-tained with addition of 0.875% Y for the formation of a continuous and compact oxide scale.The compactscale may act as a barrier for the inward diffusion of oxygen and sulphur and also for the outward diffusionof alloying elements.     

铜含量对改良型T91钢高温氧化行为的影响

 为了研究铜元素对改良型T91钢抗高温氧化性能的影响,在650 ℃空气环境下,采用了高温氧化试验法和不连续称重法,获得了3种不同铜含量的高温氧化动力学曲线,并利用XRD、SEM、EDS对其高温氧化膜的物相、表面及截面形貌结构和特征进行了分析。结果表明,随着铜含量的增加,改良型T91耐热钢的抗高温氧化性能得到提高,表面氧化膜的晶粒增大,且更为均匀、致密;氧化膜为双层结构,外层为疏松多孔的Fe₂O₃“非保护性”氧化膜,内层则拥有连续致密的“保护性”氧化膜;铜元素在高温氧化过程中对铝、硅元素的扩散有一定的促进作用,可生成Al₂O₃和SiO₂保护性氧化膜,在与Cr₂O₃保护性氧化膜的共同作用下提高了试验钢的抗高温氧化性能。     

冷却水对H型钢表面氧化铁皮耐蚀性能的影响

采用光学显微镜对试验样品表面进行观察和分析,利用水质分析仪对氧化铁皮中残留的腐蚀性介质的浓度进行测定。通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗等电化学测试方法,研究了H型钢样品表面氧化铁皮的耐腐蚀性能变化。结果表明:水冷样品表面锈蚀严重,原因是其表层氧化铁皮中阴离子含量高,腐蚀介质易渗入氧化膜内层,导致耐蚀性能降低。     

硼微合金化对6Mo超级奥氏体不锈钢微观组织及耐蚀性影响

综述了6Mo超级奥氏体不锈钢凝固、热加工和热处理阶段的微观组织演化规律,并分析了合金元素对Mo偏析和σ相析出及耐蚀性能的影响规律.结合作者前期工作,重点分析了微合金化元素硼对其凝固阶段Mo偏析、热加工和热处理阶段σ相析出以及耐蚀性能的影响.硼抑制热加工过程中σ相的析出,减小析出相数量和尺寸,有利于热塑性提高;同时还可促...     

CSP生产700MPa级高强钢板卷氧化层分布规律

对CSP生产的700 MPa级高强钢板卷上表面氧化层进行了研究.发现钢卷沿卷长方向头部、中部氧化层主要由Fe+Fe₃O₄共析组织构成,而尾部则主要由Fe₂O₃层和Fe₃O₄层双层组织构成.沿板宽方向,边部的氧化层较厚,离边部越远,氧化层越薄.从边部到板宽中心,Fe₂O₃层和Fe₃O₄层的比例逐渐减少,Fe+Fe₃O₄共析组织逐渐增加,到距边部300 mm时氧化层几乎全部由Fe+Fe₃O₄共析组织构成.相较于CSP生产的SPHC钢,前者氧化层厚度对板卷厚度变化不太敏感.      

冷轧搪瓷钢搪烧后氧化铁皮剥落原因分析

潮湿环境下服役的热水器内胆，其外层致密附着的氧化铁皮能对钢基体起到保护作用，而外层氧化铁皮的不连续性剥落，易引起局部腐蚀，降低整个内胆使用寿命。对热水器内胆外层氧化铁皮进行分析，结果表明造成内胆外层氧化铁皮剥落的原因是搪瓷钢热轧原料卷表层粗晶遗传，导致冷轧搪瓷钢板表层粗晶，局部存在的表层粗晶在潮湿大气环境下高温搪烧，其氧化铁皮结构中，较疏松的FeO层较厚，在冷却过程中，应力作用发生裂纹扩展，造成氧化铁皮剥落。     

Cr含量对2.25Cr-1Mo钢蒸汽氧化性能的影响

对第四代核电主体结构材料2.25Cr-1Mo钢中铬含量对蒸汽氧化性能的影响进行了研究.完成了500 ℃/0.1 MPa下600h的高温蒸气氧化实验,并利用分析天平测量氧化增重,采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱和X射线衍射仪表征氧化膜的结构特征和物相.实验结果表明,Cr质量分数为1.99％和2.37％的实验钢氧化增重曲线都符合立...     

Influence of oxide scales on heat transfer in secondary cooling zones in the continuous casting process,part 2: determination of material properties of oxide scales on steel under spray-water cooling conditions

In order to model heat transfer from the slab to the cooling agent in the continuous casting process the thermophysical properties of the surface layer must be taken into account. For this purpose thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of wustite as well as of two carbon steels were measured. The oxide scale growth for six steels was measured as a function of time and at temperatures between 900 and 1200°C in air and in steam. Complex heterogeneous oxide scales were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy, by SIMS, as well as by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Segregation of alloying elements in the metal-oxide contact zone was found. Cracks due to thermal stresses result in spalling of the scale. Therefore, a straightforward use of the data for process modelling can principally not be recommended without restrictions.     

Initial Stage Oxidation and Surface Morphology of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel at High Temperatures in Air

Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel was oxidized in air at 550 and 750 °C for 25, 100, 250 and 500 h and the oxide scales formed were analysed. The surface morphology and the chemical state of the oxide scales were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The different exposure temperatures and time showed significant variations on the surface morphologies, the nature of oxide scale, and oxide constituents. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis revealed the segregation of Mn at 750 °C even for short exposure time. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) patterns revealed the scales to be enriched with haematite and less intense magnetite peaks. Detailed XPS characterization indicated the presence of mixed oxides of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in the oxide scales. The Fe–Cr spinel in the oxide scale offered resistance to oxidation of the steel, whereas Mn–Cr spinel was deleterious in nature as it promoted cracking and formation of blisters.     

Wear Resistance of CO2 Corrosion Product Scale Formed at High Temperature

 To investigate the correlation between structure characteristics and wear resistance of CO2 corrosion product scales at high temperature and high pressure, an autoclave was used to prepare CO2 corrosion product scales on N80 steel in carbon dioxide corrosion environment. The correlation between wear resistance of the scales and many other factors, such as temperature, pressure, morphology, structure, velocity of fluid medium, sand grain size, and so on, was comparatively analyzed by a self assembled wear device, and the scale morphologies before or after being worn were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). And then the surface grain size and thickness of scale were measured. The results showed that the cross section of the corrosion scale was of a double layer structure, the outer layer of which was composed of regular crystals, whereas the inner layer was a thin scale of fine grains. The outer grain size and thickness of scale varied with temperature, and the initial wear loss was consistent with the surface grain size; at the same time, the total wear loss corresponded to the thickness of scale. Compared to wear resistance in different depths of the scale, it was found that the structure of scale was a double layer structure in cross section, and the wear resistance of inner layer was better than that of the outer layer; the closer the scale to the matrix, the greater was the wear resistance of scale; and the larger the size or the higher the rotary speed of solid grain in multiphase flowing medium, the more was the wear loss of scale.