煤粉富氧燃烧特性及动力学分析

 利用热分析法研究了富氧条件下高炉喷吹煤粉的燃烧特性。结果表明,富氧气氛可以改善煤粉燃烧特性,使煤粉着火点、失重峰提前,失重峰值增大,燃尽温度降低,综合燃烧特性指数明显提高,燃烧特性得到改善。当氧的体积分数小于40%时,煤粉燃烧特性改善幅度较大;氧的体积分数大于40%时,煤粉燃烧特性改善趋势变缓。同时采用非等温模型Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)对富氧之后煤粉燃烧过程进行动力学分析,当氧的体积分数由21%增加到100%,煤粉燃烧活化能从95. 15kJ·mol-1增加到169. 99kJ·mol-1。     

MnO2对煤粉燃烧的助燃作用及机理

研究考察了添加ＭｎＯ２对不同种煤粉燃烧率的影响，并对ＭｎＯ２提高煤粉燃烧率的机理进行了理论分析和试验探讨。得出（１）煤粉燃烧率随ＭｎＯ２添加量的增加而显著上升：添加５％ＭｎＯ２可使无烟煤（挥发分８％）燃烧率提高１８％，使烟煤（挥发分３３％）提高８％；（２）ＭｎＯ２提高煤粉燃烧率的机理在于ＭｎＯ２受热分解释放出活性氧，加快了煤粉着火初期的火焰传播速度；（３）ＭｎＯ２与富氧技术并用可以进一步提高煤粉燃     

Preparation of Ca- Fe oxygen carrier using metallurgical dust

Chemical chain combustion technology is a new combustion technology that achieves efficient and low energy separation for CO2 capture. CaSO4- Fe2O3 oxygen carrier was prepared by sol- gel method from blast furnace slag containing iron, and X- ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X- ray (SEM- EDX) were used to characterize the oxygen carrier particles. The results show that the CaSO4- Fe2O3 oxygen carrier prepared from iron metallurgical dust has a mass fraction of 93. 58%, a specific surface area of 10. 37cm2/g and a conversion rate of 67. 47% after reaction?? with coal powder, which has good reactivity. Combined with SEM and EDS analysis, the main cause of the decrease of carrier activity is the accumulation of coal ash during the cycle combustion process, resulting in complex and diversified carrier components, chemical reactions and agglomeration effects, and then carrier activity is reduced.     

二次燃烧技术在70 t超高功率电弧炉上的应用

介绍了淮钢采用二次燃烧氧枪向70t超高功率电弧炉的一定区域内吹入低纯氧气进行二次燃烧，理论计算了二次燃烧的供氧流量和节能效果，并与已获得的工业效果进行了比较，结果表明了在超高功率电弧炉上应用二次燃烧技术效果较好。     

O2/N2与O2/CO2气氛下Fe2O3与K2CO3对无烟煤催化燃烧反应性的影响

利用综合热分析仪研究了O2/N2与O2/CO2气氛下Fe2O3与K2CO3对无烟煤催化燃烧反应性的影响。结果表明,在O2/CO2气氛下,Fe2O3与K2CO3均可以催化无烟煤粉的燃烧,但其催化作用要弱于O2/N2气氛,且在低氧气浓度的O2/CO2气氛下对Fe2O3与K2CO3的抑制作用大于高氧气浓度。氧气浓度为20%~80%时,K2CO3在O2/N2气氛下催化煤粉前期燃烧使燃烧由反应控制转变为扩散控制,Fe2O3则只在氧气浓度为20%时能改变煤粉前期燃烧的控制步骤;而Fe2O3与K2CO3在O2/CO2气氛下均只能在氧气浓度为20%时改变煤粉前期燃烧的控制步骤,由反应控制转变为扩散控制。     

转炉应用CO2技术

 通过对转炉顶吹CO2的热力学分析,结合实验室模拟转炉顶吹O2＋CO2混合气体试验结果,确立了CO2在转炉中应用的关键参数。得出在转炉中顶吹纯CO2虽可脱碳,但温降较大,顶吹CO2供气强度为3.0 m3/(t·min)时,钢液温降速率为15.1 ℃/min;通过喷吹O2＋CO2混合气体可实现温度平衡,但CO2配比的最大理论比例为79.1%;随着混合气体中CO2比例增大,吹炼终点钢液碳氧积降低,当[φ(CO2)∶][φ(O2)＝1][∶]1时可控碳氧积为(25～32)×10－8。     

转炉喷吹CO2+O2混合气体基础研究

通过对转炉喷吹CO_2+O_2混合气体的热力学分析,结合实验室模拟转炉吹炼末期喷吹CO_2+O_2实验结果,探讨了在顶吹转炉中应用CO_2+O_2进行脱碳抑氧的可行性。得出结论,混合气体中CO_2比例增大,碳氧积降低,枪位对碳氧积的影响减弱,但回磷量增加,当CO_2比例增大到CO_2:O_2=1:1时,顶吹转炉碳氧积可控制在0.23×10-6~0.25×10-6,平均回磷量0.001%,混合气体中CO_2最大理论比例可增加到79.1%。     

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Experiments of combustion and granularity analysis as well as infrared spectroscopy were carried out on the investigation of raw and microwave irradiated pulverized coal (PC). It is indicated in the results that combustion properties of PC under different heating rates are ameliorated after irradiation. Meanwhile, a small decrease in granularity of PC is noticed after microwave treatment, which can prove to be invalid in optimizing the combustion performance of PC in the combustion of devolatilized PC. Simultaneously, radicals of high activity in PC are found to be increased, namely the superior combustion of irradiated PC is due to the activation of volatiles by microwave. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) model is adopted to investigate the kinetics of PC combustion, it is indicated that the activation energy of irradiated PC is lower than that of raw PC under the conversion rate of 50%. After microwave treatment, the activation energy of Yungang and Yangquan PC is reduced by 20. 37 and 26. 91J??mol-1 respectively at the conversion rate of 20%. However, the difference in activation energy between raw and irradiated PC is reduced with the increasing of conversion rate. The activation energy of Yungang and Yangquan irradiated PC respectively returns to the level of raw PC at conversion rate of 50% and 60%. When conversion rate of two PC exceeds this level, the activation energy of irradiated PC becomes slightly higher than that of raw PC while the extent was not that significant.     

高炉煤粉燃烧率通用模型

建立了煤粉燃烧率通用模型,模型可以根据煤粉的工业分析值计算燃烧动力学参数并预测煤粉燃烧率.通过对比前人的实验数据,验证了模型的准确性,同时研究了影响高炉煤粉燃烧率的若干因素.研究结果表明:在高炉喷煤过程中,煤粉颗粒在2 ms左右就可以达到热风速度,由于煤粉颗粒在直吹管内停留时间短并且温度较低,因此在直吹管内煤粉不会发生燃烧.煤粉进入风口回旋区后,挥发分瞬间全部析出,并且颗粒粒径越小,挥发分开始析出时间越早.降低煤粉粒径和增加氧气体积分数均有利于提高煤粉燃烧率.氧气体积分数每增加1%,燃烧率提高2%.随着喷煤量的增加,煤粉燃烧率逐渐降低.当提高煤粉喷吹量时,为了保证较高的燃烧率,实际操作过程中应提高富氧率并适当降低煤粉粒径.      

Pulverized Coal Combustion of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace

 The efficiency of coal combustion is an important factor for the blast furnace process. The influence of low xO/xC on coal combustion performance under nitrogen free blast furnace condition was researched through the self-developed pulverized coal burning device. The results show that the coal combustion rate reduces with xO/xC decreasing, and the combustion rate of bituminous coal is higher than that of anthracite. The coal combustion rate ascends with the rise of volatile matter, but when volatile matter of pulverized coal is more than 18%, the combustion rates will not increase correspondingly. Small amount of CaCO3 and CO2 additions can promote coal combustion, and the effect of CaCO3 is more apparent, which can increase the pulverized coal combustion rate by 15%-18% or so.     

Oxidation of molten impurities in converters by means of combustion flames: Thermodynamic principles. 2. Interaction of flame with metal and slag in converter bath

Thermodynamic analysis is applied to the physicochemical processes in the converter bath when intensifying bath heating by means of gas–oxygen burners. In the converter’s working space, when the combustion flames interact with the liquid bath, the oxygen and natural gas supplied through the burners and the oxygen supplied through the tuyere interact in a bubbling slag–metal emulsion. As a result, iron and the impurities are oxidized. The use of such burners changes the gas composition: not only O₂, CO, and CO₂ are present, but also H₂ and H₂O, which changes the oxidative capacity of the gas phase. The presence of solid carbon (for example, pulverized coal) in the burner flame may be used to control and intensify the combustion process. Combustion is most effective in the oxidation of carbon to CO when the oxygen excess is less than 1.0. The oxidation conditions of carbon in the melt change with variation in its activity as a function of its concentration and the temperature. The equilibrium in the M–O–C system may be described by the oxygen partial pressure \({P_{{O_2}}}\), which may be regarded as a universal characteristic. In addition, the equilibrium may be assessed on the basis of the associated ratios \({P_{CO}}/{P_{C{O_2}}}\) and \({P_{{H_2}}}/{P_{{H_2}O}}\) It is found that iron may be oxidized by oxygen and, to some extent, by carbon dioxide. At 1600–2000 K, there is practically no oxidation of iron by steam. The carbon dissolved in the steel is oxidized relatively effectively by oxygen and carbon dioxide until its concentration is less than 0.1% C. Steam oxidizes carbon very poorly and is not much more effective with manganese and silicon. With increase in temperature, the rate at which carbon dissolved in steel is oxidized by oxygen increases, while the oxidation rate of manganese and silicon falls. Above 1800 K, superoxidized slag with a high FeO content actively oxidizes silicon (to <2% Si), manganese (to <1% Mn), and carbon (to <1.5% C).     

Methods of increasing blast temperature at the chusovoi metallurgical plant

Conclusions A method was devised to calculate the theoretical combustion temperature of the gas-air mixture and estimate the temperature of the blast with allowance for the heat lost in the stoves and the hot-blast line. The method was used to perform calculations in order to determine if the heating of the blast by the stoves could be improved by using a mixture of blast-furnace gas and natural gas as stove fuel, adding oxygen to the combustion air, and preheating the gas-air mixture. For the conditions which exist at the Chusovoi Metallurgical Plant, the most economically and technically expedient method of heating the blast is the use of a mixture of blast-furnace gas and natural gas. The addition of up to 2% natural gas to the blast-furnace gas delivered to the stove burners should increase the temperature of the hot blast by at least 50°C. Chusovoi Metallurgical Plant and the AMI Company. Translated from Metallurg, No. 7, pp. 15–17, July, 1999.     

Carbon dioxide inhibition of yeast growth in biomass production

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown under aerobic and substrate-limiting conditions for efficient biomass production. Under these conditions, where the sugar substrate was fed incrementally, the growth pattern of the yeast cells was found to be uniform, as indicated by a constant respiratory quotient during the entire growing period. The effect of carbon dioxide was investigated by replacing portions of the nitrogen in the air stream with carbon dioxide, while maintaining the oxygen content at the normal 20% level, so that identical oxygen transfer rate and atmospheric pressure were maintained for all experiments with different partial pressures of carbon dioxide. Inhibition of yeast growth was negligible below 20% CO2 in the aeration mixture. Slight inhibition was noted at the 40% CO2 level and significant inhibition was noted above the 50% CO2 level, corresponding to 1.6 X 10(-2)M of dissolved CO2 in the fermentor broth. High carbon dioxide content in the gas phase also inhibited the fermentation activity of baker's yeast.     

炼铁过程富氧及混煤对燃料燃烧性能的影响

 高炉喷吹用燃料的燃烧性能对于高炉冶炼过程来说是非常重要的,使用燃烧性能较好的高炉喷吹燃料更有利于提高煤比、降低焦比,从而降低高炉冶炼成本。为响应节能减排政策,对一些钢铁企业采取了煤粉的限制采购和使用等措施,使得兰炭成为高炉喷吹用燃料的有效替代品。通过工业分析、元素分析和热重分析试验比较了烟煤、无烟煤和兰炭3种高炉喷吹燃料的差异,并研究了不同混合方案以及不同富氧率条件下兰炭燃烧性能的变化。研究结果表明,燃料的综合燃烧特性与其初始燃烧温度、最终燃烧温度和燃烧反应时间均有一定的相关性。3种燃料中,烟煤的综合燃烧特性最好,无烟煤次之,兰炭的综合燃烧特性最弱。为了提高兰炭的燃烧特性,对兰炭和烟煤进行混合燃烧试验,发现随着混合燃料中烟煤含量的增加,混合燃料的综合燃烧特性参数呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,并且在兰炭和烟煤的混合燃烧试验中发现存在协同效应。在研究富氧率对兰炭燃烧性能影响时发现,随着富氧率的增加,兰炭的燃烧性也呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,但是增加的幅度较小。当富氧率由0增加至20%时,兰炭的综合燃烧特性参数从4.53×10-14增加至6.05×10-14 min-2·℃-3。综上所述,烟煤的添加以及富氧率的提高均对兰炭的燃烧性能有明显的改善效果。     

Oxidation of molten impurities in converters by means of combustion flames: Thermodynamic principles. 1. Thermodynamic analysis of processes in natural-gas combustion

In the production of steel, as the productivity rises and the resource and energy consumption declines, improvements in converter design are required to ensure preliminary scrap and batch heating and to intensify redox processes in the liquid bath and exhaust-gas combustion above the bath, without impairing the durability of the injection systems and the converter lining. The use of fuel–oxygen combustion flames in the converter resolves numerous technological problems. The hydrodynamics in the reaction zones and in the liquid bath may be greatly changed by fuel combustion in the converter’s working space with jet formation or by means of submersible combustion flames. In the present work, thermodynamic methods are used to analyze the dynamics of gaseous-fuel combustion and the oxidation of elements in the converter bath on interaction with high-temperature combustion products. The interaction of the combustion flame and chemical elements in the converter bath is calculated for equilibrium conditions. The use of the combustion flames is found to change the composition of the gas phase in the converter’s working space (above the bath), which contains H₂ and H₂O in addition to the traditional components associated with oxygen injection: O₂, CO, CO₂. The presence of H₂ and H₂O changes the thermal conditions and oxidative properties of the gas phase. In the combustion of gas–oxygen fuel, the optimal composition of the initial gas mixture (natural gas + oxygen) must correspond to the ratio 100% CH₄ + 69% O₂. The oxidation product is gaseous phase consisting of 40% CO₂ + 60% H₂O. The total enthalpy of combustion of the gas–oxygen fuel at converter temperatures, with an oxygen excess greater than 1.0 (up to 2.0), is about 200 kJ per mole of the initial reagents. In the oxidation of methane by carbon dioxide, the total enthalpy of combustion is between–7 and–14.5 kJ/mol of initial reagents at 1800 K. The process becomes endothermal at temperatures above 2000 K: ΔH ₂₂₀₀ = 7.7–15.4 kJ/mol. In the oxidation of natural gas by water vapor, ΔH ₁₈₀₀–2200 = 19.5–70 kJ/mol. Thus, flame temperatures above 1800 K may only be attained in the oxidation of methane by oxygen. The use of air, carbon dioxide, or water vapor as the oxidant does not yield the required thermal effect.     

颗粒结构对焦粉燃烧性能的影响

在日本铁矿烧结中每年排放约32MtCO2,占总排放量的2.6%。由于烧结废气中含有一定量的CO,因此如果焦粉能够完全燃烧就可减少其消耗量。为明确焦粉在烧结过程中的燃烧机理,目前的研究主要是基于焦粉在铁矿石、石灰石和氧化铝等各种烧结物料颗粒间的位置对其着火温度和燃烧速率的影响。对粗焦粉颗粒来说,铁矿石和石灰石的附着会降低其着火温度,加快燃烧速率。除焦粉和石灰石形成的复合小球状颗粒外,细焦粉颗粒则会黏附于其他物料颗粒表面或者与其他物料颗粒共存形成的复合颗粒,既不会改变焦粉的着火温度,也不会改变其燃烧速率。石灰石对加快焦粉燃烧速率似乎具有催化作用。     

Considering Carbon Capture and Storage for Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste

Modern waste management practices encourage the recovery of energy from municipal solid waste after efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle appropriate materials. Energy can be recovered through direct mass burn in a waste-to-energy (WTE) facility or through the collection and combustion of biogas generated in sanitary landfills. Many comparisons have been made although rarely using best practice assumptions for both technologies; WTE proponents tend to assume low collection efficiency while landfill proponents tend to assume low electrical conversion efficiency. In general, WTE plants can be considered to have a better environmental performance (reduced emissions) with landfill having lower total costs (social and environmental). Both strategies have similar costs when considering 77% collection efficiency and a high efficiency (30% electrical conversion) WTE plant that displaces electricity from coal. The introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to waste management changes the landscape by increasing the capital costs and improving the environmental performance. The air emissions are significantly reduced, practically eliminated with oxygen combustion, as the capture of CO2 requires significant flue gas scrubbing. The introduction of CCS results in a net environmental benefit for WTE plants with a turnaround electricity price of $7/MWh, as compared to landfill gas with capture. The largest environmental cost for WTE plants is the classification of fly ash as chemical waste, which is reduced with oxygen combustion. The net cost of capturing CO2 from WTE facilities is estimated at $39/t CO2, one-third of the cost of CO2 capture from landfills.     

Performance of isolated rat hearts perfused with helium- or nitrogen-containing, gas-saturated solutions

Effects of helium on the isolated perfused rat heart were studied employing the Langendorff technique. The perfusate consisted of Krebs-Henseleit solution saturated with one of three gas mixtures: 1) 95% O2-5% CO2, 2) 50% O2-45% He-5% CO2, and 3) 50% o2-45% N2-5% CO2. Contractile indices measured revealed the performance of hearts with the helium mixture to be equivalent to those perfused with the 95% O2-5% CO2 mixture. Those perfused with the nitrogen gas mixture exhibited contractile activity lower than that in the other two groups. It was concluded that helium exerts a direct effect on the coronary vasculature of the isolated rat heart by reducing its resistance to flow. A greater oxygen delivery to hearts perfused with the He-saturated solution compared to the N2-perfused hearts may account for the difference in performance.     

废塑料与煤粉升温过程中的燃烧特性

试验研究废塑料燃烧特性。在空气和氧气的不同条件下,研究了不同品种废塑料颗粒和对比煤粉的燃烧特性。结果表明：在氧气条件下,不同品种废塑料升温时尾气中CO含量明显升高的温度都比在空气中的低30℃,CO2含量比在空气中的显著升高;在空气或氧气同一条件下,废塑料的CO2最大含量都比煤粉大幅提高,废塑料完成燃烧的温度比煤粉的低300~500℃。     

Electronically driven transport of oxygen from liquid iron to CO + CO2 gas mixtures through stabilized zirconia

Transport of oxygen in the following electrochemical system was investigated;O (liquid iron) Oⁱⁿ²⁻ (in ZrO₂2−CaO) O₂ (CO + CO₂) An alumina crucible was charged with liquid iron containing 580 ± 10 ppm oxygen. A calcia-stabilized zirconia tube (closed at one end) was immersed in the liquid iron. The inside of the zirconia tube was flushed with a stream of CO + CO2 gas mixture. Oxygen was removed from liquid iron to the CO + COO₂ gas mixture without application of an external current. Kinetics of oxygen transport in this system are discussed in terms of mixed ionic and electronic conduction of the zirconia, and also diffusion of oxygen in liquid iron. The rate controlling step for this oxygen removal process was found to be transport of oxygen across a boundary layer in the melt at the melt/electrolyte interface. M. IWASE, on leave from the Department of Metallurgy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan M. TANIDA, Formerly Graduate Student at Kyoto University