Motivational orientation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone managers.

Explored similarities and differences between Francophone (persons from French-Canadian backgrounds) and Anglophone (persons from English-Canadian backgrounds) managers with respect to perceived importance of and levels of satisfaction with various job factors. Questionnaire data were collected from 219 Francophone and 115 Anglophone lower to middle level managers of 1 Anglophone and 1 Francophone corporation. Results reveal that Francophones tended to consider certain job factors such as security, promotion opportunity, and technical supervision to be more important. Anglophones, however, tended to emphasize other job factors such as recognition, achievement, and interpersonal relations. Francophones tended to express a higher level of satisfaction with their job outcomes than Anglophones. There was some evidence of organizational selection and/or socialization of Francophone employees in the Anglophone organization. Results are interpreted in terms of the cultural differences that exist between the 2 groups in Canada. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Job motivation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone hospital employees.

R. N. Kanungo et al (see record 1976-23130-001) found differences in job motivation between Francophone (F's) and Anglophone (A's) managers in the city of Montreal. The present study of 216 employees of 2 hospitals replicated their results: (a) Interesting work was the most important job outcome for both A's and F's. (b) A's were more concerned with autonomy and achievement than were F's. (c) F's were more concerned with security and fringe benefits than were A's. (d) F's felt more job satisfaction than A's. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individual and cultural differences in adaptation to environmental risks.

Constructing environmental and health policies appropriate across diverse communities is challenging. Group differences in the circumstances of exposure and in responses to environmental risk are common. Consequences of this variability may become more apparent given recent calls for more deregulation and an increased use of participatory strategies to manage environmental risks. Approaches requiring active public participation will be successful only if diverse groups can be engaged. Psychological studies of individual differences in risk behaviors can provide policymakers with insights about why responses vary in risk situations and how effective certain participatory strategies may be across a multicultural society. Responses of Mexican immigrant farmworkers to pesticide risk illustrate how the broader context of exposure can contribute to variability among communities in risk adaptation and affect the implementation of innovative policies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Latin American, Asian, and American cultural differences in perceptions of spousal abuse

College students (20 Latin American exchange students, 18 Asian exchange students, and 20 students born in the United States) participated in a study of the effects of culture on attitudes and perceptions of spousal abuse. Subjects completed a 23-item questionnaire developed to ascertain subjects' attitudes about spousal abuse, retaliatory behaviors, and the legal implications of those behaviors. Analyses showed many significant differences in attitudes towards and perceptions of spousal abuse. This suggests that attitudes and perceptions of spousal abuse are culturally related.     

Children's perceptions of parental work.

249 3rd and 4th graders and both of their parents were asked about the nature of the parents' work, their attitudes toward it, and a variety of other work-related questions. The children knew in general what their parents did, where, and when. They were also somewhat aware of their parents' satisfaction with their work. Mothers who were homemakers were perceived by their children to be less satisfied with their work than were mothers in the paid labor force. However, the children were equally satisfied with the work of both groups. Children were dissatisfied with their parents' work only when their mothers worked evening or night shifts. Results are discussed in terms of the role played by parental work in the process of socialization of children regarding work. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clients' perceptions and evaluations of similarities to and differences from their counselors.

Forty-seven community mental health clients were asked in an open-ended format to describe the ways in which they were similar to and different from their counselors; rate how significantly these similarities and differences affected the counseling relationship; and categorize the type of effect on the counseling relationship as being either good, bad, or neutral. Results revealed that personality traits were most frequently cited as similarities. Demographic variables and personality traits were most frequently cited as differences. Both similarities and differences were rated as having primarily positive effects on the counseling relationship, with similarities having a stronger perceived impact on the relationship than differences. Methodological considerations for exploring personality-trait and demographic similarities and differences between counselors and clients are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex differences in perceptions of desirable body shape.

Using a set of 9 figure drawings arranged from very thin to very heavy figures, 248 male and 227 female undergraduates indicated their current figure, their ideal figure, the figure that they felt would be most attractive to the opposite sex, and the opposite sex figure to which they would be most attracted. For men, the current, ideal, and most attractive figures were almost identical. For women, the current figure was heavier than the most attractive figure, which was heavier than the ideal figure. Both men and women erred in estimating what the opposite sex would find attractive. Men thought women would like a heavier stature than females reported they like, and women thought men would like women thinner than men reported they like. Results suggest that, overall, men's perceptions serve to keep them satisfied with their figures, whereas women's perceptions place pressure on them to lose weight. The sex differences reported are probably related to the greater incidence of dieting, anorexia, and bulimia among American women than among American men. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories.

A new measure of implicit theories or beliefs regarding the traitedness versus contextuality of behavior was developed and tested across cultures. In Studies 1 (N = 266) and 2 (N = 266), these implicit beliefs dimensions were reliably measured and replicated across U.S. college student samples and validity evidence was provided. In Study 3, their structure replicated well across an individualistic culture (the United States; N = 249) and a collectivistic culture (Mexico, N = 268). Implicit trait and contextual beliefs overlapped only modestly with implicit entity theory beliefs and were predicted by self-construals in ways that generally supported cultural psychology hypotheses. Implicit trait beliefs were fairly strongly endorsed in both cultures, suggesting that such beliefs may be university held. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ten considerations in addressing cultural differences in psychotherapy.

As the United States population grows more culturally diverse, it is increasingly likely that psychologists will treat patients from dissimilar cultural backgrounds. Psychologists are often undecided about whether it is therapeutically appropriate to address cultural differences. Ten clinical considerations regarding the appropriateness of discussing cultural differences with patients are described. Examples are provided of how these suggested guidelines may apply to clinical practice. The literature that has supported addressing differences, including selected theoretical models, is cited in the context of these recommendations. All psychotherapy cases are distinct; therefore, these general guidelines should be adapted to the requirements of the individual patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individual differences in students' perceptions of routine classroom events.

144 Ss (72 males and 72 females) in Grades 1–5, who differed in classroom adjustment (according to teachers' judgments), were presented with 3 written vignettes portraying inappropriate student behavior. Interviews probed Ss' predictions of their teacher's motivation and response to the 3 vignette characters. Results show that Ss' reports varied across vignettes and differed primarily by grade level. Older Ss' responses were more elaborated and differentiating. Younger Ss' constructs tended to be more global, emotional, and value-laden. Females evidenced a more elaborate understanding of their teacher's motivation and behavior than males. Nonproblem Ss' working knowledge of the classroom, including discussion of their teacher, the vignette characters, and their reaction to them, did not differ from that of Ss who had a range of difficulties in the classroom. Of the troublesome Ss, only those diagnosed as hyperactive were notable for their differential responses. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Shiftwork and environment as interactive predictors of work perceptions.

Evidence suggests that the work environment may play a role in the elevated risk of adverse health outcomes among shiftworkers compared with dayworkers. Perceived work environment measures (physical stressors, job demand, job control, skill discretion, supervisor support, and safety perceptions) from UK oil industry personnel (N=1,867) were analyzed in relation to shiftwork (day/night rotation vs daywork) and objective work environment (onshore vs offshore). Age, education, job type, and negative affectivity were also included. The Environment × Shiftwork interaction was significant in multivariate tests and in 5 of the 6 univariate analyses. Onshore, shiftworkers perceived their environment significantly less favorably than dayworkers, but differences were less marked offshore. Results are discussed in relation to the demand-control-support model of work stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individual differences affecting interviewee expectancies and perceptions of self-disclosure.

40 college students who differed on defensiveness and anxiety (as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and Shimkunas's Uncertainty Anxiety Scale) predicted, and in a later experimental interview evaluated, their verbal exploration and subjective comfort following a role-induction exercise. Behavioral measures also included content ratings, speech duration, silence quotient, and reaction time. Low-defensive, low-anxious Ss were most successful in their overall participation, whereas low-defensive, high-anxious Ss comprehended role requirements but were restrained in their approach. High-defensive, low-anxious Ss failed to acquire an accurate impression of their role behavior. Contrary to expectation, high-defensive, high-anxious Ss were motivated to comply with situational demands and were not most avoidant. Alternative role-training procedures are discussed in relation to individual differences. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age differences in adolescents' perceptions of their peer groups.

This study employed social psychological theories of group formation to conceptualize and predict age differences in peer groups. Adolescents were administered questionnaires about the characteristics of their peer groups. Early and middle adolescents reported placing more value on being in a popular group and perceived more group conformity and leadership within their groups than pre- and late adolescents. Early and middle adolescents also reported more antagonist interactions and fewer positive interactions with group members and more antagonistic interactions with those not part of their peer groups. Girls reported having more positive group interactions, being more bothered by negative interactions, and having more permeable group boundaries. Boys reported more negative interactions with those outside their groups. Results are discussed in the context of adolescent development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hostility, social support, and perceptions of work.

The aim of this study was to determine whether hostility and perceived availability of social support are related to perceptions of the work environment. The W. W. Cook and D. M. Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale; the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (S. Cohen, R. Mermelstein, T. Kamarzk, & H. Hoberman, 1985); and measures of collegiality, time pressure, and job dissatisfaction were completed by 204 attorneys (159 men and 45 women). After controlling for age, gender, and other job characteristics, high Ho scores were related to lower perceived supportive collegiality at work. Low perceived availability of social support was related to greater job dissatisfaction. Neither hostility nor social support was associated with perceptions of time pressure at work. These findings suggest that hostility and availability of social support may be an important pathway linking certain job characteristics to cardiovascular disease and other illnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age differences in the performance of computer-based work.

Investigated the extent to which age had an impact on the performance of computer-based work. Three simulated real-world computer-interactive tasks that varied in complexity and pacing requirements were evaluated. Ss included 65 women, ranging in age from 25 to 70 yrs. The methodology encompassed physiological, subjective, and objective performance measures. Data indicated that previous computer experience and age had a significant impact on the performance of the 3 tasks. Increased age was associated with longer response times and a greater number of errors for all 3 tasks. Age also influenced perceptions of fatigue and task difficulty. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for training and job design. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes.

This study was based on a sample of 139 employees. The results support the hypothesis that proactive personality (PAP) predicts work perceptions (procedural justice perception, perceived supervisor support, and social integration) and work outcomes (job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and job performance) positively among individuals with high situational judgment effectiveness (SJE) but negatively among those with low SJE. The findings on the disordinal SJE = PAP interaction effects show that high levels of PAP may be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the individual's level of SJE, and these findings caution against direct interpretations of bivariate associations between PAP and work-relevant criteria. Limitations and implications of the study as well as future research directions on the study of PAP and situational judgment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental health providers' perceptions of cultural variables in evaluating ethnically diverse clients.

The study assessed anonymously the perceptions of 107 mental health providers concerning the importance of considering cultural variables in the assessment of mental disorders in ethnic minority individuals. Although the providers overwhelmingly reported a belief in the importance of cultural variables, a relatively small percentage considered themselves highly successful in assessing the degree of the clients' assimilation and acculturation. Additionally, 73% of the respondents reported a high degree of need for more culturally focused training. The results indicate the need to increase such training in order to better serve minority individuals and the possible need to increase the numbers of mental health providers serving minority clients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.

We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgment of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interaction patterns in crisis negotiations: Persuasive arguments and cultural differences.

This research examines cultural differences in negotiators' responses to persuasive arguments in crisis (hostage) negotiations over time. Using a new method of examining cue-response patterns, the authors examined 25 crisis negotiations in which police negotiators interacted with perpetrators from low-context (LC) or high-context (HC) cultures. Compared with HC perpetrators, LC perpetrators were found to use more persuasive arguments, to reciprocate persuasive arguments in the second half of negotiations, and to respond to persuasive arguments in a compromising way. Further analyses found that LC perpetrators were more likely to communicate threats, especially in the first half of the negotiations, but that HC perpetrators were more likely to reciprocate them. The implications of these findings for our understanding of intercultural interaction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)