人乳及婴儿配方食品中的低聚糖

本文详细地论述了人乳中存在的低聚糖的种类、组成、结构以及低聚糖的生理意义。同时，系统地阐述了乳基婴儿配方食品中低聚糖的来源、组成及种类，以及低聚糖为婴儿食品组成的必要性。最后，对一些将来有可能用于婴儿配方食品的低聚糖及特性简要地进行了论述。     

母乳低聚糖的体内代谢与体外合成研究进展

母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides，HMOs）是母乳中独特的营养成分，结构复杂，种类繁多，不同的HMOs可能具有不同的功能。本文在HMOs的个体差异性、结构多样性与功能活性方面介绍了HMOs的最新研究进展，重点阐述了HMOs在人体内的代谢途径以及体外的合成途径，最后阐述了HMOs在婴儿配方粉中的应用现状，提出了研究及应用中面临的问题。HMOs的应用是婴儿配方奶粉发展中的重大突破，缩小了配方奶粉喂养儿在肠道菌群组成、免疫功能以及认知等方面上与母乳喂养儿的差距。HMOs的深入研究为新型婴儿配方奶粉的开发提供理论依据。     

人乳中蛋白质的生理功能特性

论述了人乳中蛋白质的种类及其生理功能，以及人乳与牛乳在这些方面的差异，以期为婴儿配方食品的生产提供参考。     

母乳低聚糖与婴儿肠道菌群相关性研究进展

母乳中含有丰富的母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）,可以刺激新生儿肠道中有益细菌的生长从而起到益生元的作用。目前我国允许添加到婴幼儿配方奶粉中的低聚糖在结构上与HMOs不同,因此,它们无法模拟HMOs的某些结构特异性效应。本文综述了HMOs的组成、结构以及在母乳中的含量,重点阐述了HMOs及其代谢产物与婴儿肠道微生物群间的关系,最后探讨了HMOs配方奶粉喂养对婴儿肠道菌群产生的有益作用,为推进HMOs在婴幼儿配方食品中的应用提供理论支持。     

4 种哺乳动物乳中低聚糖的定性和定量分析研究进展

低聚糖是乳中的一类生物活性成分,具有益生元、抗病毒、抗炎及免疫调节等功能,可作为一种新型食品组分添加至特殊医学用途配方食品或功能性食品中,近年来受到了人们的广泛关注。哺乳动物乳是低聚糖的主要来源,前人围绕哺乳动物的初乳及成熟乳中的低聚糖种类及含量开展了相关研究,但是不同物种间低聚糖种类和含量的对比还鲜有报道。本文对4 种哺乳动物乳（山羊、牛、猪、骆驼）中的低聚糖种类和含量进行了总结及对比,旨在为动物乳源低聚糖的应用提供参考。     

功能性低聚糖的开发现状及在食品中的应用

论述了功能性低聚糖发展的背景、我国主要开发的功能性低聚糖的种类在食品中应用的状况。讨论了我国一些企业开发和生产功能性低聚糖的情况及市场前景。     

人乳中非蛋白含氮化合物及其生理重要性

本文论述了人乳中非蛋白含氮化全物的种类及其生理功能，以期为婴儿配方食品的开发提供指导。     

母乳低聚糖的结构与功能研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides, HMOs)是人乳中仅次于乳糖和脂肪的第三大营养物质,是母乳的独特成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。每种母乳低聚糖可能具有不同的功能。本文阐述了母乳低聚糖结构组成、功能作用机理以及应用现状,为婴幼儿配方食品的设计、开发提供理论支持。     

低聚糖的生理功能及在食品中的应用

论述了低聚糖的种类、生理功能及其在食品中的应用。     

时讯

卫生部明确牛初乳禁令范围 2012年8月13日，卫生部有关负责人进一步明确了不得使用牛初乳婴幼儿配方食品的范围，包括婴儿配方食品、较大婴儿和幼儿配方食品、特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品这三类。除这三类配方食品外，其他食品中可以添加牛初乳。     

Quantification of major milk oligosaccharides in a range of formulated milk powder products using high performance liquid chromatography-multi reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry

In formulated milks for infants and children, oligosaccharides such as galacto-oligosaccharides and/or fructo-oligosaccharides are commonly added. This paper, however, discusses the determination of the concentration in infant and follow-on formulations of the major acidic oligosaccharides: 3′-sialylactose (3′SL), 6′-sialylactose (6′SL), 6′-sialyllactosamine (6′SLN) and disialyllactose (DSL) that are endogenous to bovine milk. These oligosaccharides were measured in infant, follow-on and growing up formulas purchased in the Chinese and Malaysian markets. Of these oligosaccharides, 3′SL was the most abundant, followed by 6′SL and 6′SLN, but DSL was not quantifiable due to its concentration being lower than the limit of quantitation in most samples. We observed little or no differences in the levels of 3′SL or 6′SL in Malaysian and Chinese formulas, but the levels of 6′SLN in all Malaysian samples were found to be higher than those in the samples from China.     

Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross‐flow ultrafiltration

Goat milk shows similarities with human milk in terms of their oligosaccharides composition. However, the supplementation of goat milk protein in infant formulae is not allowed, which demands a previous separation of oligosaccharides from protein. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transmembrane pressure on the fractionation of oligosaccharides, protein, lactose and calcium in the diafiltration of caprine milk through a 50 kDa tubular ceramic membrane. Permeates with more than 99% of the original oligosaccharides were obtained after four diavolumes. It was seen that transmembrane pressure had a great influence on filtration time and protein transmission.     

Permeate from cheese whey ultrafiltration is a source of milk oligosaccharides

Previously undescribed oligosaccharides in bovine cheese whey permeate were characterized by a combination of nanoelectrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (nESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Oligosaccharide composition was elucidated by collision-induced dissociation within the ICR cell. In addition to sialyllactose (the most abundant oligosaccharide in bovine colostrum), we identified 14 other oligosaccharides, half of which have the same composition of human milk oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides could potentially be used as additives in infant formula and products for the pharmaceutical industry. Because whey permeate is a by-product from the production of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and is readily available, it is an attractive source of oligosaccharides for potential application in human nutrition.     

高效离子色谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中单糖及功能性低聚糖的研究

目的 建立高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测同时测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中4种单糖和9种功能性低聚糖的方法 .方法 样品经提取、乙酸沉淀蛋白、净化处理后,外标法定量.淋洗液为乙酸钠和氢氧化钠,流速0.4 ml/min,梯度洗脱,洗脱时间50 min.采用高效阴离子交换色谱,色谱柱为CarboPacTM PA20(3 mm×15...     

HPLC Determination of Sugars, Starch and Oligosaccharides in Infant Formulas using Resin-Based, Fixed-Ion Columns

A more detailed pattern of the available carbohydrates in infant formulas, i.e., sugars, starch and total oligosaccharides (measured as oligosaccharide-derived glucose) was obtained using ion-moderated partition chromatography with fixed-ion, resin-based HPLC columns. Twenty-five infant formula products were analyzed. Lactose, the main sugar in standard infant formula, was often associated with its non-absorbed isomer, lactulose. Soy-based formulas contained sucrose and many had substantial amounts of oligosaccharide-derived glucose. Formulas for premature infants had less than half the lactose of standard formulas with oligosaccharide-derived glucose supplying 35 to 57% total carbohydrate. Protein hydrolysate formulas had the highest amounts of starch.     

Health promoting aspects of milk oligosaccharides

Human milk contains a large variety of oligosaccharides (HMOs) with the potential to modulate the gut flora, to affect different gastrointestinal activities and to influence inflammatory processes. Human intervention or clinical studies are still missing as the large amounts of milk oligosaccharides needed are not yet available. Therefore, there is great interest in sources of oligosaccharides other than those from human milk. Although the amount of oligosaccharides in milk of most animal species is low compared with human milk, recent data indicate significant differences among milk from farm animals. Whether some of these oligosaccharides are good candidates for human studies needs to be further investigated. Currently, there is only a limited amount of quantitative data on the total amount of oligosaccharides and on individual components in animal milk, e.g., in bovine, goat or buffalo milk. Regarding biological functions certain structural prerequisites are necessary for milk oligosaccharides to be effective in different in vitro systems. Often prebiotic oligosaccharides (PBOs) from plants are obtained by technological means and are considered to be similar or even identical to HMOs. However, there is no evidence for this speculation as PBOs are structurally quite different from HMOs. Whether PBOs exert comparable functional effects remains to be investigated. If this were the case their addition to infant formula may be useful in the context of mimicking biological functions of human milk constituents.     

低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖的肠道益生功能研究

益生元低聚糖是一种可被选择性发酵并调节肠道中有益菌群的组成和活性的食物成分。其中功能性低聚糖在人体肠道内可被双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等肠道益生菌利用,进而促进肠道益生菌的生长和增殖。采用传统体外培养与体内试验方法,以调节婴儿肠道有益菌群为目的,评价低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖的益生功能。结果表明:两种功能性低聚糖均对肠道有益菌有较好的增殖作用;能有效调节肠道菌群失衡的情况;动物试验中对照组与试验组差别较大。     

低聚糖在婴幼儿食品中的应用

介绍了母乳中的低聚糖生理特征 ,对低聚果糖及低聚半乳糖分子结构、来源、生理功能及其目前在婴幼儿食品工业中的应用状况进行了综述     

Sialyloligosaccharides in human and bovine milk and in infant formulas: variations with the progression of lactation

Several lines of research support a role for human milk oligosaccharides in the defense of breast-fed infants against pathogens. Some ofthese oligosaccharides contain at least one moiety of sialic acid and are, thus, termed sialyloligosaccharides. These constitute a significant component (>1 g/L) of human milk. It is well established that milk composition varies among species, and previous reports have indicated that one ofthe differences between human and bovine milk is precisely their contents of sialyloligosaccharides. Because most infant formulas are manufactured with bovine milk components, it follows that formula-fed and breast-fed infants ingest dissimilar quantities of these carbohydrate structures. To ascertain these differences and their impact along lactation, the contents of oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids and major sialyloligosaccharides in samples of human and bovine milk (obtained at different lactation stages) were determined. In addition, infant formulas were assayed for their sialyloligosaccharide contents. Seven sialyloligosaccharides were identified in human milk; namely, 3'-sialyl-3-fucosyllactose and sialyllacto-N-tetraoses (a and b+c), the predominant structures at all lactation stages. Five sialyloligosaccharides were identified in bovine milk, of which 6'-sialyllactosamine and 3'-sialyllactose were the most abundant. In addition, sialyloligosaccharides in human and bovine milk decreased along lactation, and infant formulas did not contain significant amounts of sialyloligosaccharides. The results point to the general conclusion that regarding both qualitative and quantitative aspects, milk from humans and cows and infant formulas have different oligosaccharide contents. In this sense, bottle-fed infants are subject to reduced sialyloligosaccharide intake as compared to breast-fed infants.