纯化油田油井结垢防治新技术的应用

本文针对纯化油田结垢现状,通过对比水质改性前后的结垢状况,找出油井结垢的主要原因,并在此基础上,进行了阻垢剂筛选和研发,提出了三种防腐防垢实施工艺,现场进行了40口井的实验。实施结果表明:油井结垢情况有了明显的减弱,水中的钙镁离子含量明显增加。对于解决纯化油田油井腐蚀和结垢具有一定的指导意义。     

油田污水水质改性技术应用现状

油田污水有机物、悬浮物、细菌含量和成垢离子含量高,容易造成注水系统结垢、腐蚀严重和堵塞地层。对油田污水水质进行改性研究,降低了水中有机物、悬浮物、细菌含量,减轻水质结垢和腐蚀速率,防止注入水水质恶化,提高注入水的水质。水质改性技术在国内油田应用效果显著,可进一步推广应用。     

天然气加热炉腐蚀及结垢原因分析

通过对新疆某油田采油厂水套加热炉附着物的分析,发现加热炉炉套(水侧)存在严重的腐蚀现象,并伴有结垢现象存在.经理论分析及实验室验证,造成加热炉炉套(水侧)腐蚀的主要原因为:氧腐蚀、促进腐蚀性离子对氧腐蚀的促进作用、局部腐蚀、铁垢腐蚀、干湿线腐蚀以及碱腐蚀.造成加热炉炉套内结垢的主要原因是:炉水中重碳酸盐受热分解后,与硬度成分结品析出,与加热炉金属腐蚀产物粘合在一起形成结垢.     

中原油田产出水集输中的无机垢预测

油田开发中产生无机垢不仅阻碍油气生产,降低经济效益,还可能造成生产事故。中原油田文侧215-5井产出水中SO42-和HCO3-含量分别为1734mg/L和2343mg/L;文215-2和文侧215-4井产出水中Ca2 和Sr2 含量分别在11100mg/L和630mg/L以上;文215-10井产出水离子成份复杂。如果这四口井产出液集输,很可能产生无机垢。预测结果表明:随着文侧25-5井产出水所占比例的增加硫酸盐和碳酸钙的结垢趋势和程度增强。室内实验和现场应用证实这四口产出水混合时有大量白色垢生成,经X衍射分析为硫酸钙、硫酸锶和碳酸钙垢,结垢程度和类型与预测结果基本一致,证明了预测结果的准确性。     

沸石用于饮用水氟含量控制的研究

饮水中氟化物的含量对人体的健康有重大影响。通过对新型氟试纸和沸石除氟的性能分析，提出在对饮用水中氟含量进行氟试纸动态监测的基础上，配合以离子选择电极法进行准确检测，采用沸石进行除氟，从而控制饮用水中氟含量的方法是有优越性的。     

石化装置机泵冷却水改造

热油泵冷却方式以前采取的是循环水冷却,水中钙、镁等离子含量高,长期使用下来有的机泵水道因结垢而堵塞,冷却效果下降,会造成轴承箱超温及机封超温泄漏.为了保证机泵长周期安全运行,采用了除盐水循环冷却装置,使高温机泵冷却得到了有效保障.     

高矿化度体系碳酸钙结垢动力学研究

研究了高矿化度油田模拟水中各离子初始浓度、pH值对成垢量的影响。结果表明,钙离子、硫酸根离子初始浓度的增加会增加结垢量,碳酸氢根离子、pH值对结垢量的影响较小,氯离子的增加会溶解部分垢量。碳酸钙过饱和溶液中,电导率法能直观测量碳酸钙过饱和溶液的离子浓度,电导率与离子浓度具有良好的线性关系。CaCO3结垢过程中,晶核生成与晶粒长大的活化能分别为32 072 J和13 177 J。     

矿化度对硫酸钙溶解度的影响

含油污水在油田开发生产中不可避免。不同来源含油污水的水质差别较大。在转运、处理与回注或外排过程中,不同类型的污水相互混合,其中的离子容易发生沉淀反应而结垢,严重影响油田开发效益。对含油污水开展了大量的结垢规律实验研究,并对硫酸钙的形成机理有了比较深入的认识,通过了解污水中硫酸根与碳酸氢根、碳酸根含量的范围,设定一定的梯度(硫酸根离子、碳酸氢根离子、碳酸根离子、钙离子)含量进行实验。结果表明,盐含量的增加,硫酸钙的溶解度在逐渐增大。     

高含盐采油污水特性研究

研究了盐质量浓度为5×104～2×105mg/L的高含盐采油污水的油水乳化、腐蚀、结垢特性.结果表明,溶解盐的含量和离子价态、水质结垢趋势等因素影响油水乳化情况;温度、盐含量、溶解氧浓度对采油污水腐蚀性有影响;由于伴生可溶性盐垢,高含盐采油污水结垢情况比理论推导情况严重.     

国内外除硬技术现状研究

硬度离子容易在管道、锅炉中形成沉淀而引起生活及工业用水及水处理过程中的许多问题,如膜脱盐过程(反渗透)就因结垢和堵塞问题在使用上受到了限制.目前,除了石灰软化和阳离子交换法外,还出现了不少新的去除水中硬度的方法,为此对各种除硬技术进行了总结,并对其效果进行了评价,以期解决用水及水处理过程中由于硬度导致的一系列问题.     

Electrochemical water disinfection Part III: Hypochlorite production from potable water with ultrasound assisted cathode cleaning

A new type of electrochemical reactor for use in electrochemical water disinfection was tested. To solve the problem of the formation of calcium carbonate scales on the cathode surface a cathode which simultaneously acts as a sonotrode was used. This sonotrode is an efficient means for in situ cleaning the cathode surface from calcareous deposits formed during hydrogen evolution from potable water. The production rate of active chlorine from potable water in the new reactor in dependence on current, ultrasound intensity, and flow-through velocity was measured. The production of active chlorine is not significantly changed by the effect of ultrasound.     

LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production

Environmental impact assessment will soon become a compulsory phase in future potable water production projects, especially when alternative treatment processes such as desalination are considered. An impact assessment tool is therefore developed for the environmental evaluation of potable water production. The evaluation method used is the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The quick and easy assessment of energetic and environmental performances contributes to determine the weak points of potable water production processes or the best suited treatment in a specific context. Studies of some potable water supply scenarios (groundwater treatment, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, seawater reverse osmosis and thermal distillation associated to water transfer) are presented in order to illustrate the environmental information drawn from this tool. The main source of impacts is shown to be electricity production for plant operation. Improvement levers are presented for impact reduction and for the objective comparison between alternative and conventional water treatment processes.     

四羟基醌--硫酸钡滴定法测定生活饮用水中硫酸盐

对四羟基醌——硫酸钡滴定法测定生活饮用水中硫酸盐进行了探讨，对方法的精密度、准确度进行了实验，并与国家标准方法进行了对照。本法简便快速，精密度、准确度良好，适合于农村生活饮用水中硫酸盐的测定。     

Optimization of fluoride removal from brackish water by electrodialysis

The study showed that desired potable water can be easily obtained by electrodialysis from fluoride-rich brackish water. Studies have been performed to defluoridate brackish water containing 3000 ppm of total dissolved solids (TDS) and 3 ppm of fluoride using electrodialysis. The behaviour of water parameters (ion contents, TDS, pH, total hardness) with electrodialysis parameters (duration, flow rate, temperature, voltages) is followed. Optimal operational conditions for obtaining desired potable water have been proposed.     

Ozone Treatment of Secondary Effluent at U.S. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Ozone is a strong oxidant used to treat a variety of constituents in potable water, wastewater, water reuse, and industrial water treatment applications. Ozone is effective at oxidizing a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds and disinfection. Well-known in potable water treatment, with about 400 US installations and 3,000 world-wide, ozone has limited application at wastewater treatments, with less than 10 operating facilities in the US. The ability of ozone to significantly reduce low level concentrations of trace organic compounds, including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and other emerging contaminants have increased interest in applying ozone in potable water and wastewater treatment. Treating at the point source discharge rather than the water supply intake may be more effective. A recent American Water Works Research Foundation (AwwaRF) report indicated high removals of many EDCs and PPCPs at typical disinfection doses. Several wastewater utilities have installed or are in the process of installing ozone to treat secondary effluent. These utilities are using ozone in a variety of ways: as a primary disinfectant, for treatment of microconstituents, and in combination with other processes (e.g. membranes and UV) to produce high-quality water for indirect potable reuse (IPR). The different applications, treatment goals and basis of process selection are compared and contrasted. Secondary benefits of ozone treatment of secondary effluent, including the use of off-gas in biological treatment is also discussed.     

Influence of Preozohation on Clarification by Flotation for Drinking Water Treatment

A preozonation study has been done at the potable water treatment plant of Moulle, in the North of France. The water is particularly rich in organic matter, with also algal blooms every, year, so the coagulan t treatmen t dose which is necessary for an optimal treatment, is very high. Previous laboratory tests have shown the importance of a preoxidation step, before the coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation industrial treatment line. It is also well known that flotation permits a significant reduction of coagulant dose. In addition, prechlorination of a water containing a large amount of organic matter induces the formation of a relatively high concentration of haloforms.     

Valving system for a waste-heat still

A pressure-differential system is described for controlling the flow of water between chambers of a waste-heat still used to generate potable water from brackish water or sea water.     

Optimization of Portable Water Treament Lines With a View To Halogenous Compounds Reducation

The problem of haloforms in drinking water treatment has made necessary to investigate new treatment methods capable of reducing the amount of halo-compounds formed when chlorination must be maitained in particular for disinfection, in the network. In laboratory test, as well as in pilot and industrial studies, different treatment lines have been tested. The measurement of precursorsand humic acids, and the use of chlorine as a decomplexing agent for humic matter give the possibility to determine the kinetic conditions for haloforms appearance during potable water treatment and to define a treatment line avoiding halogenous compound formation.     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵在原水处理中的应用及机制研究进展

对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)在原水处理中的应用及作用机理研究进展进行了综述。在介绍PDMDAAC结构与性质基础上,综述了近年来PDMDAAC在原水处理中作为混凝助剂的应用,强化混凝机制,和用于供水处理时的安全性问题等方面的研究进展。强调了PDMDAAC通过与无机混凝剂制得复合混凝剂用于原水强化混凝处理制取饮用水的方法的优势。指出结合机理研究展开复合混凝剂针对不同地表水水质特点的应用工艺研究,以提高其应用性能,是今后工作的方向。     

The Use Of High Concentration Ozone For Water Treatment

The use of high concentration ozone (HCO) in potable water treatment has been examined at laboratory scale with a gaseous concentration of 19% w/w. This has been compared with conventionally generated ozone at 1.5% w/w. The results of the study have shown that greater transfer efficiencies and higher ozone residuals are possible with HCO. In addition, faster rates of atrazine removal and significantly greater reductions in color and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were observed with HCO.