特高压输电线分裂导线表面电场及起晕分析

输电导线起晕的重要判别条件是导线表面电场强度是否达到临界值。为研究分裂导线表面电晕分布情况,根据单相八分裂导线起晕电压试验值,先运用模拟电荷法计算了1 000 kV特高压八分裂子导线表面每个匹配点的电场强度值,然后与用经验公式计算出的临界场强对比,找出子导线表面的电晕分布区域,并计算出了该域内的起晕点个数、起晕角度、占导线表面比等数据以及子导线半径、导线高度对起晕分布的影响。分析计算表明:每根子导线在表面有限范围内起晕,且占整个导线表面积的30%～40%;对地高度越高子导线表面起晕范围越大,子导线半径对起晕范围也有一定影响。通过研究工作,期望对分析导线的电晕损耗等问题提供有力的帮助。     

Three-dimensional (3-D) model of electric field and space charge inthe barbed plate-to-plate precipitator

A finite-element/method-of-characteristics model of three-dimensional (3-D) electrode geometries with corona discharge is used to predict space charge density, current density, electric potential and electric field in point-to-plane, single-barb plate-to-plane, and hexagonal multiple-barbed plate-to-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) geometries. Although a modification of Peek's formula for the hyperboid-to-plane was initially used to establish a boundary condition at the edge of the corona, predicted total current did not agree with measured values. As a result, it was necessary to use measured current-voltage characteristics to establish the space charge density at the outer surface of the corona sheath. An additional problem in modeling point discharges is specification of shape and size of the corona sheath. Both the authors' results and much earlier work by Trichel suggest that the thickness of the corona sheath cannot be automatically neglected     

±800 kV管母线的电晕起始特性研究

目前我国向家坝-上海±800 kV特高压直流输电工程正在紧张的设计和建设中,作者拟通过试验和仿真计算对±800kV直流工程用管母线的直流起晕特性进行系统研究。首先在北京、西宁和拉萨3地进行了多种直径模拟管母线的可见电晕对比试验,然后利用模拟电荷法对不同直径管母线表面电场分布进行仿真计算,并结合气体放电理论得到管母线负极性电晕的起晕电压。将试验数据和仿真结果进行对比,两者较为吻合。且由试验和仿真数据均可看出,母线起晕电压随着对地高度和母线直径呈线性变化关系;仿真计算还表明,随着对地高度和母线直径的进一步增加,母线起晕电压呈现出饱和的趋势。文中还针对海拔对管母线起晕电压的影响进行了讨论,给出了工程适用的海拔校正方法。     

不同海拔下电晕笼分裂导线起晕电压的计算分析

为了研究海拔高度对电晕笼分裂导线起始电晕电压特性的影响,建立电晕笼钢芯铝绞线起始电晕电压的计算模型,并开展相应试验研究。采用模拟电荷法计算钢芯铝绞线的空间电场强度。依据极不均匀电场下自持放电判据,建立不同海拔高度电晕笼分裂导线电晕起始电压的计算模型。在超/特高压人工环境气候试验室内,以500 m海拔高度为间隔,系统开展19~4-000-m海拔高度范围内六分裂导线起始电晕电压的试验研究。试验获得超高压电晕笼不同海拔高度下6-LGJ—400/50、6-LGJ—500/45分裂导线的起晕电压。计算获得不同海拔高度、分裂间距、导线分裂数及绞线表面粗糙系数下的导线起晕电压曲线族,以及不同绞线半径及最外层铝绞线股数的表面粗糙系数计算结果。分析结果表明:计算模型能够较好地计算电晕笼内绞线的起晕电压;在350~500-mm分裂间距范围内,分裂导线起晕电压随着分裂间距的增大而降低,随着导线分裂数的增加而升高;绞线表面粗糙系数与绞线最外层铝线半径与绞线半径之比相关。     

空间介质颗粒对交流导线电晕特性影响规律

为了研究空间介质颗粒对导线交流电晕特性的影响,基于小电晕笼,应用Fi Lin?6紫外成像仪记录存在介质颗粒时模拟导线交流电晕放电发生、发展的过程,实验结果表明:空间介质颗粒会对导线交流电晕发生、发展过程产生影响,球径越大、距离导线越近则导线的起晕电压越低;存在多球时,由于颗粒间的相互影响,导线的起晕电压和放电过程会受到影响,其中垂直排列的颗粒之间对放电发展过程和起晕电压影响相对较大。将偏心偶极子模型应用到存在介质颗粒时电场计算中,结合模拟电荷法对导线周围存在颗粒时空间电场分布进行分析,仿真结果表明:导线表面的最大场强以及导线和颗粒间场强的均值随着颗粒尺寸的增大、颗粒导线距离的降低和颗粒相对介电常数的增大而增大;空间存在多个颗粒时,由于球间的相互影响使导线表面场强进一步增大,其中球间连线和电场方向一致时的影响更大。     

Application of a corona onset criterion to calculation of corona onset voltage of stranded conductors

The conditions under which corona first occurs for any set of electrodes are an important design consideration since corona can limit the performance of any given configuration of electrical conductors. Here, the 60 Hz ac corona onset voltage for a stranded wire in air is calculated. The criterion involves the characteristics, i.e. composition and pressure, of the gas in which the conductor is immersed and the electric field in the vicinity of the conductor surface. It is found that the calculated corona onset voltage agrees reasonably well with experimental data and that its behavior as a function of overall conductor radius and number of strands is as expected.     

基于脉冲电流法判断输电线电晕放电研究

对输电线电晕放电的起晕电压、电晕脉冲电流、起晕场强进行了研究。采用基于脉冲电流法判断电晕笼内单根输电线起晕电压。通过局部放电检测回路中的检测阻抗,获取电晕脉冲电流波形。当脉冲电流持续出现时,此时导线所加电压,即为电晕起始电压。根据实验得到的起始电晕电压,借助有限元法计算笼内导线表面及其附近场强,结果与通过皮克经验公式得到的较为接近,验证了脉冲电流法判断输电线路起晕电压的合理性。     

直流电压下导线起晕电压计算方法

通过数值计算方法并结合气体放电理论研究了架空输电线路导线的起晕电压计算方法,并进一步研究计算了高海拔下的起晕电压。首先采用模拟电荷法精确计算了光滑导线周围的电场分布,然后基于气体放电理论,采用数值模拟的方法,以自持放电为判据,得到了起晕电压;根据高海拔修正公式,计算了高海拔地区的光滑导线的起晕电压。同时对不同海拔地区导线的起晕电晕进行了试验研究,并把数值计算的起晕电压和试验结果进行了比较,发现二者吻合得很好。最后,对光滑导体起晕电压的有影响的各种因素进行了讨论。     

Calculation of corona onset voltage for duct-type precipitators

A pure theoretical method for calculating the onset voltage of corona in duct-type electrostatic precipitators that is independent of the arrangement of discharge wires relative to the collecting plates is described. This method is based on a criterion for self-recurring single electron avalanches in a known electric field distribution in the ionization zone surrounding the discharge wire. The results computed by this method are in reasonable agreement with those measured experimentally     

A Calculation Method for the Electric Field Under Double-Circuit HVDC Transmission Lines

A calculation method for the electric field over the ground surface under double-circuit HVDC transmission lines is proposed to satisfy the engineering design requirement. A comparison of the calculation results with the experimental measurement results finds that the maximal values and lateral distributions of the electric field over the ground surface under this type of line are obviously affected by different pole arrangement schemes and unequal corona onset electric fields of the positive and negative poles, and the maximal values and lateral distributions of the electric field over the ground surface under this type of line with diversified pole arrangement schemes can be predicted by using this method.     

Induction of Waves on a Horizontal Water Film by an Impinging Corona Wind

The electric wind produced by corona discharge of a high-voltage electrode in air is employed for destabilizing a horizontal water film. In wire-to-plane geometry, the phenomenon is characterised by current versus voltage curves and visual observations of the onset of free-surface oscillations. The effect of the following parameters is examined for both positive and negative coronas: distance between the wire and the film (S), film thickness (h), wire diameter (phi) and composition, applied voltage (HV), and relative humidity (RH). The free-surface destabilisation is retarded by increasing d and phi and is insensitive to h in the tested range. The onset of corona discharge is predicted by Peek's law and compared with the experimentally observed threshold. In negative corona discharge, the current values are higher and the film is destabilised at lower HV than in positive polarity. Humidity tends to decrease the corona current at a given HV. Correlations are proposed for the current-voltage curves, in terms of the mean electric field in the inter-electrode gap and of RH, satisfactorily agreeing with the experimental data. Both positive and negative corona currents turn out to be stable for days of operation. The power loss by corona discharge is in any case lower than 12 W. Wave induction on the liquid-gas interface can effectively enhance heat and mass exchange between the two phases.     

表面电荷积聚对冲击电压下绝缘子沿面放电的影响

绝缘子的表面缺陷会导致表面电荷积聚，使绝缘子表面的电场发生畸变，影响冲击电压下绝缘子的沿面放电。研究了表面电荷对绝缘子沿面放电进程的影响，发现表面电荷积聚可以降低绝缘子沿面放电的起始电压。外施冲击电压的极性与绝缘子表面电荷极性是否相同会影响绝缘子的电晕起始时刻、由流注向先导的转变时间间隔和流注电晕电流。表面电荷对GIS支撑绝缘子的50％冲击闪络电压和伏秒特性也有一定的影响。     

特高压直流导线在单双极电晕笼中的可听噪声测量与分析

利用国家电网公司特高压直流试验基地直流电晕笼,对特高压直流导线在正极、负极、正负双极电晕笼中的可听噪声测量方法进行了研究。对单双极电晕笼内直流导线的表面电场进行了有限元仿真计算。计算结果表明,若施加相同等级的电压,单双极电晕笼中直流导线表面的平均最大标称电场相对差值在0.4%之内,采用单、双极电晕笼试验对导线表面场强的影响可以忽略不计。对单双极电晕笼中的特高压直流正极、负极、正负双极导线的可听噪声进行了全电压测量与分析。结果表明,对于我国现有的直流线路来说,利用正单极电晕笼代替正负双极电晕笼进行可听噪声试验是可行的。     

基于矩量法和蝴蝶交配优化算法的甚低频发射天线顶线绝缘子均压环优化设计

针对甚低频发射天线顶线绝缘子串电压分布不均匀极易产生电晕的问题,采用矩量法(method of moments,MOM)研究了不同均压环管径、半径、抬高距以及绝缘子串配置位置对瓷支柱绝缘子串电压分布的影响,提出了一种应用矩量法和蝴蝶交配优化算法(butterfly mating optimization,BMO)协同优化顶线绝缘子串均压环的新方法。该方法首先建立顶线绝缘子串MOM天线优化模型;然后,提取仿真得到的分压和天线效率并计算目标函数;利用BMO迭代得到顶线绝缘子相对位置和均压环结构参数。仿真结果表明:顶线绝缘子高压侧的均压环半径和抬高距对绝缘子电压分布影响较大,低压侧配置均压环可以使顶线绝缘子串末端绝缘子的分压降低44.5%;与优化前实测值相比,优化后顶线绝缘子串的电压百分比均方差降低了2.17%,均压环最大表面电场小于起晕电场,天线辐射效率提升1.5%。     

特高压双回直流架空线路电晕起始电压的计算分析

为研究特高压双回直流架空线路的电晕起始特性,本文考虑线路排列方式和绞线的实际结构,结合气体放电理论建立了特高压双回直流线路的起晕电压计算模型。根据正负极起晕的不同机理,在利用优化模拟电荷法对绞线表面空间电场求解的基础上,计算了各极子导线的起晕电压。分析并讨论了导线布置、温度与气压及绞线参数等因素对起晕电压的影响。计算结果表明：-+/-+排列方式时线路起晕电压值较高。另外,导线半径的增大、气压的升高、分裂数的增加都能显著提高起晕电压。导线对地高度、极间距、上下层导线高度及分裂间距也都会不同程度影响起晕电压。绞线绞入率逼近于0时,绞线起晕电压接近光滑导线的起晕电压。     

基于支持向量机的棒-板空气间隙击穿电压预测方法及其应用

空气间隙的击穿电压与放电起始前的电场分布特征存在多维非线性关系。为了实现空气间隙的击穿电压预测,以电场特征集作为输入,以间隙在加载电压下是否击穿作为输出,采用支持向量分类机建立击穿电压预测模型。针对极不均匀电场空气间隙的击穿特性受电晕影响的问题,提出两种修正方法:通过增加受电晕影响的训练样本数据,提高预测模型的泛化性能;或基于"电晕云"的思想进行二次电场计算及特征量提取,对预测模型的输入特征进行修正。采用修正后的模型对极不均匀电场下棒-板间隙的工频击穿电压及棒-板长空气间隙的操作冲击放电电压进行预测,预测值与试验值吻合良好。该方法有利于减少试验次数,降低试验成本。     

导线全面工频起晕电压测量新方法

电晕放电会带来诸多危害,起始电晕电压的测量对于改进电气设备绝缘结构,提高起晕电压具有重要的意义,为此提出了一种测量导线起始电晕电压的新方法,即在导线附近安装非接触式电压传感器。导线发生电晕放电时电极表面出现的电离层改变了传感器分压比,因此利用分压比导数最大值可确定起始电晕电压。在介绍传感器测量的基本原理并通过工频试验验证传感器的测量精度后根据电晕套理论设计工频起晕试验,借助光子数切线法进行了对比研究。结果表明传感器可以准确测量导线全面起晕电压值,且通过传感器分压比的变化可以描述工频电晕的伏库特性。该方法简单便捷,易于实现,适合进行电晕试验研究。     

动车组车顶高压电器箱的电场计算及优化设计

集成化的动车组车顶高压电器箱,其箱内电气设备布局非常紧凑,可能造成某些设备的金具表面电场集中,导致电晕放电。建立动车组高压电器箱的三维有限元计算模型:在正常工况(额定工作电压)下,基于静电场分析箱内整体电场的分布规律;在异常工况(标准雷电冲击电压)下,基于瞬态电场分析箱内整体电场分布及其随时间的变化规律。针对高压电器箱内表面场强较集中的金属部件,分别进行电场调整:采用改变电极形状的方法,调整高压隔离开关的表面电场;采用包裹绝缘护套的方法,调整电压互感器汇流排的表面电场;采用增设开口均压环的方法,优化真空断路器上/下刀片的表面电场,并借助正交化实验设计方法,确定开口均压环的最佳设计参数。最后,通过悬浮金属的电位测量试验,验证有限元计算的正确性。文中的分析计算和结构优化方法可为高压电器箱的工程设计提供参考。     

Influence of ground and corona currents on dielectric behavior of small air gaps

This paper investigates the influence of grounding on the field distribution and on the dielectric behavior of small rod-plate and rod-rod air gaps. This effect can be attributed to the grounding of one electrode. In the different arrangements with one electrode grounded or with the electrodes symmetrically charged the experimental results of the corona and breakdown are recorded and compared to the simulation results of the field distribution. It is resulted that the grounding influences significantly the electric field distribution, the dc corona and the dc breakdown. The field is less inhomogeneous in grounded rod - plate air gaps and in rod-rod air gaps with symmetrically charged electrodes, and consequently the values of the corona onset and the breakdown voltage are higher. In longer air gaps the corona current influences the field distribution and consequently the dc breakdown. The effect of grounding on the breakdown is weakened when the dc polarity of the voltage is negative, otherwise it is enhanced. In air gaps with lengths > 3 cm (negative dc polarity) or >8 cm (positive dc polarity) it is overlapped by the effect of the corona current. Relations between the field strength, the corona current, the corona onset and the breakdown voltage arise. The principle of action-reaction is valid.     

超/特高压交流输电线路电晕损失的数值仿真研究

电晕决定输电线路的电磁环境特性。采用模拟电荷法计算交流输电线路的电晕损失,交流导线用多根线电荷表示,导线表面场强超过起晕场强时令一定量电荷由导线表面发射到空间中。将交流周期分为若干时段,在每一时刻都考虑了导线表面电荷发射、空间电荷运动、空间电荷复合等效应,重复计算若干周期直至离子流场稳定。在已有方法的基础上改进了起晕条件和电荷发射的计算方法,考虑了导线表面电场不均匀性对电晕放电的影响,从而可以对多相多分裂导线离子流场进行仿真计算,进而计算得到线路电晕损失。对三相8分裂特高压交流线路电晕损失计算结果与试验结果有较好的一致性。