Cleaning stainless steel for use in accelerators—Phase 1

Particle accelerators such as the SRS at Daresbury Laboratory generally require pressures lower than 10⁻⁹ mbar for satisfactory stored electron beam lifetimes. To achieve this requires that particular attention be given to the cleanliness of the stainless-steel vacuum vessels and other components of the vacuum system. Pre-installation cleaning is an important step in the process.Currently, trichloroethylene is employed at Daresbury Laboratory as the primary cleaning solvent of choice, having been chosen as the outcome of earlier studies of the effects of various cleaning techniques on outgassing and electron- stimulated desorption from stainless steel [Herbert JD, Reid RJ, Groome AE. J Vac Sci Technol A 1994; 12(4): 1767; Herbert JD, Reid RJ. Vacuum 1996; 47(6-8): 693].However, in light of the re-classification of trichloroethylene by the European Union as a class two carcinogen, with consequent stringent and expensive safety precautions required in order to continue using it, a suitable, more economical, replacement is sought after.This paper, details the assessment of different cleaning agents against the two criteria important to particle accelerator vacuum systems. The criteria being room temperature thermal outgassing rates and electron-stimulated desorption yields. A variety of different cleaning agents, ranging from halogenated solvents to aqueous-based cleaning agents have been tested. A comparison of the performance of a selection of such cleaning agents is presented and a satisfactory alternative to trichloroethylene is proposed.     

不同处理方法下铁氧体出气性能的研究

为减少加速器束流快引出元件铁氧体材料真空出气量,对铁氧体材料进行真空除气、镀膜以及烘烤工艺处理。采用旁路切换法(SPP)测量不同处理条件下的出气率。结果表明,铁氧体材料经真空除气后镀TiN膜,在测试罩中经烘烤,冷却后充氮气测得的出气率最低。     

Zuverlässige Prozesse durch Vakuumkomponenten mit definierten Ausgasraten

Reliable processes by use of vacuum components with specified outgassing rates Contamination of vacuum components cannot be avoided in the manufacturing process. In order to significantly reduce particulate and organic impurities, a multi-stage cleaning process and proof of cleanliness are essential. In order to guarantee a reproducible quality of the cleanliness of vacuum components, uniform standards for defined outgassing rates are necessary. The development of Vacom Purity Classes serves the generally accessible specification of components and characterises their vacuum and cleanroom suitability. Vacom Vacuum Classes guarantee the suitability of vacuum components for use in UHV/XHV. In this article, the importance of cleaning of vacuum chambers and components is examined as well as the need to establish a uniform method for the quantitative measurement of the outgassing rate is highlighted. The systematic division into Vacom Purity and Vacuum Classes provides the basis for a cross-industry standard for the defined quality of vacuum processes.     

Dynamisches Handling im Vakuum

Dynamic handling in vacuum The usage of dynamic systems in vacuum requires unusual solutions. To ensure a long durability the selection of materials and components and just as much their design have to be done very carefully. Often the drive has to be inside the chamber. In etching processes the repeatability of dynamic motions is of prime importance, in coating processes the accuracy it is. Rotary feedthroughs mostly are not applicable. The particle emission und the outgassing of used materials and components inside the chamber should be well noticed and attended. Clever constructions, experience and knowledge perform developement and production of modular systems.     

真空钎焊系统内材料出气对压升率的影响研究

随着微电子封装向小型化、高密度化、高可靠性的方向发展,各行业对钎焊技术提出了高钎透率、高钎焊接头质量、材料具备高净化度等需求.高真空钎焊技术也随之日益普及、加速发展.该技术通过保障真空室的洁净度及焊接真空度,进而保障元器件的焊接质量及寿命.高真空钎焊技术要求真空钎焊炉具备高真空度、低压升率.高温下材料出气是高真空状态下...     

Microparticle acceleration for hypervelocity experiments by A 3.75MV van de Graaff accelerator and a 100KV electrostatic accelerator in Japan

In-situ dust detectors have been calibrated by dust electrostatic accelerators that can accelerate projectiles to expected mass and velocity ranges of space debris and micrometeoroids. Unfortunately, In Japan, there was no such a facility dedicated to space science research until our research group was established a few years ago. Therefore, we have developed two high voltage accelerators. One is a modified 3.75MV Van de Graaff accelerator operated by High Fluence Irradiation Facility, Research Center for Nuclear Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo (HIT), and the other is a 100kV accelerator dedicated to dust experiment at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). The particle velocity using the HIT Van de Graaff accelerator is higher than those reported in other accelerator facilities under the same particle mass conditions and encompasses the desired velocity range of micro-meteoroid. Time-Of-Flight dust mass spectrometer and Hybrid dust detector which are under development in Japan have been investigated using HIT dust accelerators. We have also constructed a 100kV electrostatic accelerator designed for easier handling and lower cost operation which is dedicated to dust acceleration, because the HIT Van de Graaff accelerator is being used for ion beam experiments mainly.     

Monte Carlo method implemented in a finite element code with application to dynamic vacuum in particle accelerators

Modern particle accelerators require UHV conditions during their operation. In the accelerating cavities, breakdowns can occur, releasing large amount of gas into the vacuum chamber. To determine the pressure profile along the cavity as a function of time, the time-dependent behaviour of the gas has to be simulated. To do that, it is useful to apply accurate three-dimensional method, such as Test Particles Monte Carlo. In this paper, a time-dependent Test Particles Monte Carlo is used. It has been implemented in a Finite Element code, CASTEM. The principle is to track a sample of molecules during time. The complex geometry of the cavities can be created either in the FE code or in a CAD software (CATIA in our case). The interface between the two softwares to export the geometry from CATIA to CASTEM is given. The algorithm of particle tracking for collisionless flow in the FE code is shown. Thermal outgassing, pumping surfaces and electron and/or ion stimulated desorption can all be generated as well as different surface properties. The method is used to determine the pressure profile after breakdown in the Compact Linear Collider accelerating structures. Preliminary results are presented in this paper.     

On the vacuum design of vacuum web coaters

The main features which determine the vacuum design of a vacuum web coater are reviewed. Measurements on the outgassing of polymer and paper web rolls as well as on the conductance of the slit configurations usually employed in production roll coaters are presented. On this basis the vacuum design of an advanced web coater concept for coating video type is discussed in some detail. The discussion includes the concept of additional buffer chambers between the deposition chamber and the winding chamber to minimize the gas flow into the deposition chamber.     

同步加速器装置中多丝束流剖面探测结构材料出气率测量

简要阐述了基于小孔流导法的SPP方法测量实验样品材料出气率的实验方法及装置,测量了同步加速器中多丝结构材料在常温及100、150、200℃的烘烤温度下保温48 h的出气速率,并测量了不同烘烤温度下保温结束降至室温48 h后多丝结构的出气速率,确定了该多丝结构材料的适宜烘烤温度为150℃,为多丝结构材料在真空系统中的使用提供了设计依据。     

Materials and processing of vacuum components for the high-intensity proton beam accelerator, J-PARC

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) project of the proton beam accelerator, involving a 400-MeV linac, a 3-GeV rapid-cycling synchrotron and a 50-GeV synchrotron, started in 2002. Materials used as vacuum components, such as electroformed copper, titanium, stainless steel and alumina ceramics, were examined from the point of view outgassing and electrical breakdown. The mechanical characteristics of a hydro-formed titanium bellows and a quick-disconnect flange system were also investigated.     

Reinigung von Vakuumbauteilen für UHV‐ und UCV‐Anwendungen

Cleaning of vacuum components for UHV and UCV applications Ultra‐clean vacuum components and assemblies are fundamental to some cutting edge high‐tech sectors like semiconductor industry, particle accelerators, and surface analytics. Exceptionally critical for these applications are particles that stick at the vacuum facing surfaces as well as desorption of water and hydrocarbons from the surfaces into the system, because this may interfere with the sensitive ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) and ultra‐clean vacuum (UCV) processes. In this contribution, some established cleaning methods and surface treatments are discussed with respect to their effect on reducing particle contamination and outgassing of water and organic compounds from stainless steel surfaces. It is clarified that the resulting cleanliness severely depends on the detailed steps during the surface treatment and subsequent cleaning. As a consequence, the discussed methods should be chosen and adapted with great care according to the specific demands of the final application area.     

无定形碳薄膜的二次电子发射特性研究

新一代粒子加速器向着高能量和高亮度方向发展,而储存环中的电子云效应极大地阻碍了粒子束的稳定性,是限制加速器进一步发展的主要制约因素。因此,对于新一代的高能粒子加速器来说,寻找低二次电子发射系数(SEY)的储存环真空室表面材料是至关重要的。研究发现,储存环真空室表面沉积无定形碳薄膜是一种很有潜力的加速器真空室表面处理方法。采用直流磁控溅射的方法,在管道表面沉积了高质量的无定形碳薄膜,并对二次电子发射特性进行了研究,发现在入射电子密度为1×10^-8C/mm^-2的条件下,薄膜的SEY为1.132,说明无定形碳薄膜可以很好地降低二次电子发射,从而抑制电子云效应。     

Injection and dynamics of accelerated beams

This paper is a summary of the discussions undertaken by the working group on injection and accelerated beam dynamics at the 1st ICFA Novel and Advanced Accelerator Workshop on Second Generation Plasma Accelerators. The second generation of work on plasma accelerators is aimed to bring the accelerated beams up to the quality needed for applications such as high-energy physics linear colliders. To begin, first generation, or proof-of-principle, experiments and concepts were reviewed. To map the work needed in the second generation of development, the demands of the applications were examined, and an improved framework for discussing the viability of plasma accelerators was constructed. In particular, the issues scaling applications to the short wavelengths characteristic of plasma accelerators was discussed, as was the appropriate characterization of the beam quality in these devices, and the connection between plasma accelerator and conventional accelerator design. Within this framework, the working group discussed electron sources and injectors, the effects of drive beam evolution on accelerated beam dynamics, this effects of nonlinear plasma wave fields on beam phase space, stochastic processes, spatial and temporal beam-plasma wave matching, and future second-generation experimental goals and techniques.     

Material and surface processing in J-PARC vacuum system

All systems comprising the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), namely, the 400 MeV linac, 3-GeV rapid-cycling synchrotron, and 50-GeV synchrotron, were completed in 2009 and are now being used to supply high-power proton beams to secondary particle users. In order to minimize maintenance and shorten the pump-down and conditioning period, an ultra-high vacuum of 10⁻⁵ Pa or lower is required for the vacuum system. Here we present a review of the surface processing methods employed and the results of outgassing measurements for the components used in the vacuum system made from the following materials: electroformed copper, alumina ceramic, titanium, and stainless steel. The vacuum performance of these materials during accelerator operation is also reported.     

A study on low magnetic permeability gas tungsten arc weldment of AISI 316LN stainless steel for application in electron accelerator

Low magnetic permeability is an important criterion in selection of the material of construction of beam pipes and vacuum chambers of electron accelerators for safeguarding against distortion of the magnetic field. In the modified design of new 20 MeV/30 mA Injector Microtron for the existing synchrotron radiation sources Indus-1 and Indus-2, AISI 316 LN stainless steel has been identified as the material of construction of its vacuum chamber. Welding of AISI 316LN stainless steel with conventional filler alloys like ER316L and ER317L of AWS A5.9 produces duplex weld metal with 3–8% ferro-magnetic delta ferrite to avoid solidification cracking. The results of the study has demonstrated that GTAW of AISI 316LN SS with high Mn adaptation of W 18 16 5 N L filler produced a crack free non-magnetic weld with acceptable mechanical properties. Moreover, AISI 316LN stainless steel is not required to be solution annealed after the final forming operation for obtaining a low magnetic permeability, thereby avoiding solution annealing of large vacuum chamber in vacuum/controlled atmosphere furnace and associated problems of distortion. Besides Injector Microtron, the study also provides useful input for design of future indigenous accelerators with vacuum chambers of austenitic stainless steel.     

Development of an RF Conditioning System for Charged-Particle Accelerators

Charged-particle accelerators use various vacuum windows on their accelerating radio-frequency (RF) cavities to throughput very high RF power. Before being placed on the cavities, the windows should be cleaned, baked, and fully RF conditioned to prevent a poor vacuum from outgassing, as well as other forms of contamination. An example is the coaxial fundamental power coupler (FPC) with an annular alumina ceramic window for each of the 81 superconducting RF cavities in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linear accelerator. The FPCs needed to be tested up to 650-kW peak in a traveling wave and 2.6 MW with standing wave peaks in 1.3 and 60 pulses/s at 805 MHz. In this paper, an Experimental-Physics-and-Industrial-Control-System-based RF conditioning system for the SNS RF test facility is presented. This paper summarizes the hardware and software design strategies, provides the results obtained, and describes the future research scope.     

固定流导法校准真空漏孔方法研究

固定流导法采用的是分压力测量技术,对质谱分析室的漏放气率的指标要求不高.通过实验得到四极质谱计的非线性引起的测量误差可达38%,在具体校准过程中能够很好调节稳压室中的气体压力,使通过小孔的气体流量与待校真空漏孔漏率非常接近,从而避免了四极质谱计的非线性影响.稳压室中的气体压力比较大,所以稳压室不需要特别严格的材料处理工艺,具体校准过程中也不需要彻底的烘烤出气就能得到纯净的单一气体.固定流导法校准真空漏孔的不确定度的评定值为2.6%,可以通过精确校准电容薄膜规和控制温度来进一步降低漏孔校准的不确定度.     

Static expansion vacuum standard with extended low pressure range

The main factor to affect lower limit of static expansion vacuum standard is outgassing of the inner surface. A new method has been demonstrated to extend the lower limit by using a non-evaporable getter pump (NEGP) to eliminate the outgassing influence. Because NEGP has no pumping speed for inert gases, it can maintain the ultra-high vacuum background without changing gas quantity in the calibration chamber when an inert gas is used as the test gas, which makes the standard pressure accurately calculable by Boyle’s law. By this method, the lower limit of static expansion vacuum standard has been extended to 10⁻⁷ Pa.     

Radiological risk analysis of particle accelerators

Considering the growing use of high-current accelerators in medicine, industry and research, there is a need for evaluating the hazard potentials of new accelerator systems from the design stage itself. The present paper discusses the factors taken care of in a radiological safety analysis of accelerators. Possible hazards identified are beam loss, target rupture, faulty components and personnel being trapped in an active area. Human error is one of the major factors leading to accelerator hazard. How radiation dose to both occupational workers and general public is reduced and taken care of are discussed.     

离子源放电电流对真空室压力影响机理研究

揭示了真空室压力随离子源放电电流增长，而且在不同的气流速率时的增长率不同这一现象，并对其机理进行了分析，认为真空室压力随放电电流的增长主要是离化粒子束流密度的增长引起的，当然离化粒子的平均能量的增长也起了作用，而在不同气流速率时该压力增长率的不同则主要是因为在不同的气流速率时离化率不同。