Biological evaluation of mechanically deboned chicken meat protein quality

Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) is a meat product obtained by crushing tissues after meat removal and is largely used in meat products. Protein quality of flour prepared from defatted MDCM and from fresh chicken breast meat (FCBM) was chemically and biologically evaluated by rat growth and nitrogen balance studies. Proximate chemical composition, on a dry basis, of MDCM and FCBM showed protein contents of 90.5% and 82.2%, lipid contents of 3.0% and 13.2% and ash contents of 6.1% and 4.2%, respectively. There was a relatively good balance of essential amino acids in both samples although lysine was in low concentration in MDCM being a limiting amino acid. Feeding of flour diets resulted in high protein efficiency ratio, a high net protein utilization and high nitrogen balance, thus showing a high biological value and also high true digestibility and, consistently, NPU for both samples is similar to casein.     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of chicken nuggets with washed mechanically deboned chicken meat: Research note

The effects of different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) of washed mechanically deboned chicken meat (WM) as a substitute for hand deboned chicken meat, on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of chicken nuggets were evaluated. The addition of WM increased fat content, but it was only significant (P < 0.05) when 40% of WM was added, whereas the protein content was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced as from 20%. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in L^*, a^* and b^* values with different proportions of WM, however, these differences were evidently not discerned as shown by the no significant differences (P > 0.05) in ΔE^* color scores. The addition of WM did not affect (P > 0.05) sensory attributes of chicken nuggets. From a technical viewpoint, up to 40% WM could be incorporated into nugget formulation instead of hand deboned chicken meat without affecting sensory attributes of the product. Minor changes in composition were observed but they were probably not detrimental to the product.     

Assessing the quality of mechanically and manually recovered chicken meat

The biochemical composition and histological characteristics of meat recovered mechanically by the auger/sieve (a/s) and the hollow drum/belt (hd/b) principles from two different chicken carcass parts were compared with meat recovered manually. The quality of meat recovered mechanically by the hollow drum/belt principle was equal to or higher than the quality of manually recovered meat. The degradation of muscle structure was highest in the meat recovered by the a/s principle and lowest in the manually recovered meat. For the biochemical measurements with the exception of collagen, determinations of a single sample were sufficient to achieve a repeatability of 0.9, whereas for the histological measurements at least 8 samples were necessary. It is suggested that a quality-grading scale based on biochemical composition and level of degradation of muscle fibre structure should be established for all types of minced meat regardless of whether the meat is obtained by mechanical or manual procedures and that legislation concerning the use of MRM should be based on such a scale.     

Effect of the gamma radiation dose rate on psychrotrophic bacteria, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and sensory characteristics of mechanically deboned chicken meat

Frozen samples of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) with skin were irradiated with gamma radiation doses of 0.0 kGy (control) and 3 kGy at 2 different radiation dose rates: 0.32 kGy/h (3 kGy) and 4.04 kGy/h (3 kGy). Batches of irradiated and control samples were evaluated during 11 d of refrigerated (2 ± 1 °C) storage for the following parameters: total psychrotrophic bacteria count, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), evaluation of objective color (L*, a*, and b*) and a sensory evaluation (irradiated odor, oxidized odor, pink and brown colors). No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was found amongst the TBARS values obtained for the MDCM samples irradiated with dose rates of 0.32 and 4.04 kGy/h. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the psychrotrophic bacterial count as from the 7th day of refrigerated storage, for the MDCM samples irradiated at the dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h. With respect to the attribute of oxidized odor, the samples irradiated with a dose rate of 0.32 kGy/h showed a stronger intensity and were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the sample irradiated with a dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h on days 0 and 2 of refrigerated storage. Irradiation with a dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h (3 kGy) was shown to be the best condition for the processing of MDCM according to the evaluation of all the variables, under the conditions of this study. Practical Application: The results obtained for the application of different dose rates of ionizing radiation to mechanically deboned chicken meat will provide the food industry with information concerning the definition of the best processing conditions to maximize the sensory and food quality.     

不同冻结储藏方式对河蟹感官品质的影响

目的研究不同冻结速率和保水剂处理对冻藏河蟹感官品质的影响,为河蟹加工产业的原料保存提供技术参考。方法采用冰柜慢冻(慢冻组)、风冷速冻(速冻组)、食盐水保水剂浸渍及风冷速冻(保水剂+速冻组)分别对河蟹进行冻结处理,以傅里叶变换红外光谱分析3组处理河蟹样品和新鲜河蟹肌肉蛋白质中的二级结构含量,通过质构仪测定河蟹不同部位肌肉组织的弹性、硬度和咀嚼性,扫描电镜观察肌肉组织微观结构,电子鼻技术分析风味,以及感官评定综合评价不同处理河蟹的感官品质。结果保水剂+速冻可以显著延缓冻藏河蟹品质的不良变化,蛋白质中α-螺旋结构含量相对慢冻或直接速冻处理较高,质构、肌肉纤维微结构、风味和口感都更接近新鲜河蟹。结论食盐作为安全的保水剂,结合速冻方式,有助于保持冻藏河蟹的肌肉品质,且风味无不良影响。     

桑叶蛋白的功能特性研究

采用超声波辅助提取结合盐酸沉析法提取桑叶蛋白,研究pH值、离子强度、蔗糖质量浓度和温度对桑叶蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：远离其等电点时,桑叶蛋白具有良好的持水性、溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性;桑叶蛋白的持水性、溶解度和起泡性与NaCl浓度(0～1.0mol/L)呈正相关,而过高的离子强度(NaCl浓度高于0.6～0.8mol/L)会使桑叶蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性下降;蔗糖的加入会增加桑叶蛋白的持水性,但会降低其溶解度和起泡性,对桑叶蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性影响不大;桑叶蛋白的吸油性和起泡性与温度(4～80℃)呈正相关,持水性、溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性于60℃时最好。     

苦杏仁蛋白质功能特性的研究

目的研究苦杏仁蛋白加工特性,为其应用提供理论依据。方法采用单因素变量法测定p H值、温度、氯化钠浓度、蛋白质浓度等因素对杏仁蛋白加工特性的影响。结果在蛋白等电点附近时,杏仁蛋白的持水性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均最差;在25~35℃范围内,提高温度可促进杏仁蛋白各项功能特性的提高,但超出55℃后,各项功能特性降低;低浓度的氯化钠可促进蛋白质起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性的提高,高浓度氯化钠(0.8 mol/L)对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;蛋白质的起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性随其浓度增加略有升高。结论 p H值、温度、氯化钠浓度、蛋白质浓度等因素对蛋白特性影响显著,在将杏仁蛋白应用于食品中时应考虑这些因素的影响。     

Emulsifying capacity of fish mince from several species during frozen storage

Abstract : As a functional property of protein, emulsifying capacity (EC) is of great technological interest. This article examines EC in fish mince from three species differing in fat content and in the pattern of deterioration during frozen storage—blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou R), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus L)—caught during two seasons of the year in which physiological behaviour is expected to be different (winter and summer). EC and protein solubility were determined periodically. The results indicate the existence of a direct relationship between the fat content of the species used and its EC. Furthermore, in the species studied EC was independent of protein solubility and the amount of protein in the medium, both of which decline as a result of the formation of aggregates during frozen storage. This is not therefore a suitable method for determining protein quality during frozen storage.     

Casein peptides with inhibitory activity on lipid oxidation in beef homogenates and mechanically deboned poultry meat

Bioactive peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of casein may have antioxidant activity. In this work, casein peptides were obtained using the proteolytic enzymes Alcalase and Flavourzyme. Casein was hydrolyzed for 4 h at 50 °C and pH 8, and the resulting peptides were analyzed. The enzymatic hydrolysis with Flavourzyme resulted in higher concentration of soluble protein and free amino acids, and produced peptides with lower molecular mass than those obtained with Alcalase, as observed by gel permeation chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Casein peptides obtained with Flavourzyme also exhibited greater antioxidant capacity using the ABTS radical method. Casein peptides (20 mg ml⁻¹) effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation in ground beef homogenates and mechanically deboned poultry meat. Casein peptides may be useful in meat processing as another naturally occurring antioxidant, helping to prevent off-flavor formation in meat products and increasing shelf life.     

Structure of northern snakehead (Channa argus) meat: Effects of freezing method and frozen storage

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen in the shelf-life extension of northern snakehead (Channa argus) and clarify the effects of temperature fluctuations after freezing on the quality attributes and tissue microstructure during frozen storage. The fish fillets were frozen by three methods including freezing using an ultra-low-temperature freezer (?80°C) to the core temperature of ?60°C (T1) or ?18°C (T2), or liquid nitrogen (T3) followed by storage at ?20°C for five months. Cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen postponed the decrease in pH and protein extractability. Temperature fluctuations after freezing might promote the accretion of ice crystals and resulted in the loss of tissue integrity and disorganization of myofibrils. The microstructural changes contributed greatly to the increased thawing loss and decreased resilience, as indicated by the enlarged extracellular spacing and the flakiness of myofibrils. Cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen showed no superiority in maintaining the microstructure of northern snakehead fillets, which was supposedly attributed to the cracking in tissue during freezing and the accretion of ice crystals during frozen storage.     

马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白的功能特性

以碱提酸沉法制备的马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白为原料,分别考察了pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白功能特性（溶解性、持水能力、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性）的影响。结果表明,pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白的功能特性产生不同程度的影响。在等电点（pH 4.0）时,马铃薯蛋白表现出最低的溶解性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性,而泡沫稳定性最好。在较低NaCl浓度（＜0.2 mol/L）时,蛋白溶解性、持水能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性随NaCl浓度的增加而提高,而高浓度的NaCl（＞0.2 mol/L）对上述性质具有抑制作用;蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时具有最大值。在4～80 ℃范围内,蛋白质的各项功能性质随温度的升高均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且溶解性、持水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性在40 ℃时最佳,乳化性在60 ℃最佳。     

Effect of Maillard reaction products derived from the hydrolysate of mechanically deboned chicken residue on the antioxidant,textural and sensory properties of Cantonese sausages

Protein hydrolysates as precursors of Maillard reaction were obtained via enzymatic hydrolysis of mechanically deboned chicken residue (MDCR). The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared at 90 (M1), 100 (M2), 110 (M3) and 120 °C (M4), respectively. MRPs possessed a strong reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. According to the evolution of total free fatty acids and peroxide value of Cantonese sausage with MRPs during storage, M1 and M3 had a potent antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) due to their antioxidant abilities and inhibitory action against lipolytic enzymes. Cantonese sausages treated with M1 and M2 showed good textural and sensory properties. However, M3 and M4 had a negative (P < 0.05) effect on the flavour and texture of Cantonese sausages compared to control. The results suggested that M1 was very potential to be used to improve their antioxidant, textural and sensory quality.     

Physicochemical properties and sensory analysis of duck meatballs containing duck meat surimi-like material during frozen storage

The physicochemical properties and sensory analysis of duck meatballs containing duck meat surimi-like material during frozen storage were evaluated. Properties of meatballs containing duck surimi-like material prepared by acid solubilization (ACDS), alkaline solubilization (ALDS), and conventional processing (CDS) as well as duck mince (as the control, CON) were compared. ACDS had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture and protein content and lower fat content compared with CON. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value of all samples increased as the storage time increased up to week 8 (P < 0.05), but thereafter it decreased in most of the samples. ACDS and ALDS had significantly higher TBARS values (P < 0.05), and these values remained higher than those of the other samples throughout the frozen storage period. Addition of surimi-like material to the meatballs had significant effects (P < 0.05) on springiness, gumminess, and chewiness values of all samples. Ingredients and frozen storage affected most sensory attributes in samples significantly (P<0.05). No significant increase in growth of organisms occurred during 12-wk frozen storage The results indicate that acid-alkaline solubilization methods improve both physicochemical and sensory properties of duck meatballs containing duck surimi-like material. Thus, these techniques should be applicable to product development of duck surimi-like material. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Surimi-like material from duck meat is an alternative source of meat protein to produce ready-to eat or value-added products. Little is known about duck surimi-like material and physicochemical and sensory properties of such products. Therefore, the results of this study are critical for assessing the possibility of duck meat surimi-like material for human food.     

梭子蟹TPA质构分析及不同冻藏温度下对其品质的影响

以梭子蟹为研究对象,在不同的冻藏温度条件下,对梭子蟹背部肌肉组织品质的质构特性分析,并分析不同贮藏的条件下其总挥发性盐基氮的测定结果。结果表明,蟹肉经过贮藏后硬度变化较大,但经过超低温冻藏后,蟹肉的弹性、黏性变化幅度很小,而且蟹肉的总挥发性盐基氮无明显变化,相反传统冻藏温度其弹性、黏性变化较大。因此保证蟹肉的质量,生产中应选择超低温冻藏方式。     

Protein solubility and emulsifying capacity in frozen stored fish mince

Effect of initial freshness on the relationship between emulsifying capacity and protein solubility of frozen stored fish mince was investigated. The emulsifying capacity of proteins was significantly (P <0.05) affected by the initial freshness. A positive correlation (P <0.05) between protein solubility and the ability of the soluble proteins to emulsify and stabilise an emulsion was observed. Correlation between salt-soluble proteins and emulsifying capacity revealed that myofibrillar proteins (P <0.05) are the main proteins that decide the emulsion properties.     

Improvement of the physicochemical properties of pale soft and exudative (PSE) pork meat products with an extract from mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM)

Loss of protein functionality of pale soft and exudative (PSE) meat and a surplus of mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) has negative economic impacts on the meat industry. The objective of this research was to add functional proteins from an extract of MDTM to PSE meat to create a value-added pork sausage product. Sausages manufactured from PSE incorporating an MDTM extract exhibited a 30% increase in rigidity (P<0.05) compared to those manufactured using brine alone. Sausages made from PSE and normal pork with the MDTM extract demonstrated little difference in water holding capacity (P>0.05), and reductions of 4.1 and 3.1% in cooking loss (P<0.05), respectively, compared to sausages made employing brine alone. Introducing functional proteins derived from MDTM to processed meat made with PSE pork has the potential to enhance the economic value to both of these low value raw materials.     

不同漂洗处理后冻藏对鲤鱼蛋白功能特性的影响

蛋白质氧化是引起食品加工及贮藏过程中品质发生劣变的一个主要原因。本文以鲤鱼肉为研究对象,主要研究鱼糜加工过程中经不同漂洗处理后冻藏对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。把鱼肉经不同方式漂洗[未漂洗;传统漂洗;添加抗坏血酸钠漂洗;添加没食子酸丙酯(PG)漂洗]后置于-25℃,经不同时间(0、30、60、90、120 d)冷冻贮藏后,利用质构仪、电子显微镜、流变仪等设备对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳化性、凝胶性以及流变性等指标进行测定,结果表明冻藏过程中发生的蛋白质氧化会引起鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白各项功能特性降低,在漂洗过程中加入PG处理的鱼肉功能特性改变最小,说明添加PG漂洗可以有效地抑制蛋白质氧化的发生,从而减少鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的改变。