厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

反硝化除磷菌的培养及驯化

针对广州地区城市污水碳量严重偏低、碳氮磷比例失调的特点,以模拟的广州污水为处理对象,采用SBR反应器,对以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌的培养及驯化进行研究。试验结果表明：反硝化除磷菌存在于传统生物除磷体系中。经过两个阶段试验的培养驯化,反硝化除磷菌在聚磷菌中的比例从29．8％上升到852％。稳定运行的反硝化除磷系统具有良好的反硝化脱氮除磷性能,系统出水磷〈1．0mg／L,COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为90％,82％,97％。     

反硝化聚磷菌在污水处理中的应用

综合国内外反硝化除磷技术的最新研究,着重分析反硝化聚磷菌的脱氮除磷机理和对反硝化除磷工艺有较大影响的各种因素,介绍反硝化聚磷菌在污水处理中的应用及目前反硝化除磷技术在工艺上的研究进展。     

活性污泥法脱氮除磷数学模型的发展

利用聚磷菌在缺氧条件下的吸磷和反硝化作用,实现氮、磷的同时去除,是具有实用前景的城市污水处理方法,而建立活性污泥法脱氮、除磷的数学模型则有利于该项技术的推广应用。文中对ASM2d模型、BarkerandDold模型、Delft模型作了较为详细的介绍,提出了由聚磷菌引起的缺氧吸磷和反硝化作用中需要解决的2个问题:反硝化聚磷菌浓度的确定和由反硝化聚磷菌吸磷所引起的磷的减少量。     

脱氮除磷新途径--反硝化除磷

介绍反硝化除磷的原理和两种反硝化除磷新工艺。反硝化除磷缓解了传统脱氮除磷工艺中存在的碳源紧张的矛盾 ,反硝化菌利用硝酸盐替代氧气作为电子受体进行聚磷 ,可节省曝气量、降低运行成本 ,是一种有前途的脱氮除磷途径     

A2O工艺缺氧生物磷去除

A lab-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process used to treat a synthetic brewage wastewater was investigated. The objectives of the study were to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in A2O bioreactors. Sludge analysis confirmed that the average anoxic P uptake accounted for approximately 70% the total amount of P uptake, and the ratio of anoxic P uptake rate to aerobic P uptake rate was 69%. In addition, nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase and different organic substrate introduced into the anaerobic phase had significant effect on the anoxic P uptake. Compared with conventional A2O processes, good removal efficiencies of COD, phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen (92.3%, 95.5%, 96% and 79.5%, respectively) could be achieved in the anoxic P uptake system, and aeration energy consumption was saved 25%. By controlling the nitrate recirculation flow in the anoxic zone, anoxic P uptake could be enhanced, which solved the competition for organic substrates among poly-P organisms and denitrifiers successfully under the COD limiting conditions. Therefore, in wastewater treatment plants the control system should be applied according to the practical situation to optimize the operation.     

Evaluation of the parameters affecting nitrogen and phosphorus removal in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) biological nutrient removal systems

Considerable research has been performed on biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems which remove the problematic nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, that cause eutrophication. This research focussed on setting up two laboratory‐scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) systems and investigating their reliability while undergoing various parameter changes. Pump failure, in the first trial, R1, led to a decrease in pH, exposure of the sludge to relatively low nitrate concentrations and reduction of the suspended solids concentration within the system. This adversely affected the phosphorus removal efficiency. Shock loading the system with increased influent phosphate concentrations for 56 days was shown to aid remediation of the phosphorus removal efficiency to values between 65 and 70% (w/w). The second trial, R2, highlighted the presence of bacteria capable of P‐uptake under anoxic conditions (in the presence of nitrate). The characteristic anaerobic P‐release was also evident. The bacteria responsible for phosphate uptake under anoxic conditions are thought to be the denitrifying phosphate removing bacteria (DPB). However, the presence of higher nitrate concentrations retarded the P‐removal efficiency to some extent. Secondary release of P was evident in the clarifier of the A/A/O system during the R2 trial and especially during times of increased nitrate concentrations in the system. Between 20 and 40% (w/w) of the P taken up in the oxic stage of the system was released in the clarifier at various stages throughout the trial. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

改进型分段进水厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺强化营养物去除

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (SFA²/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q₁)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA²/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q₁ was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61% in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62% in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q₁=0.45Q_total) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58mg·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.     

一株短程反硝化除磷菌的鉴定与生物学利用

依据短程反硝化除磷原理,在SBR装置中加入厌氧池污泥,采用厌氧/缺氧工艺,投入亚硝酸盐以富集短程反硝化除磷菌（SDPB）,并进行SDPB的筛选、分离,采用传统与现代分子生物学鉴定相结合手段确定其分类地位,同时进行不同营养条件和环境条件下菌的生物学利用研究。结果表明：该菌株为一株新的兼性厌氧菌株,具有同步短程反硝化和除磷功能。通过细菌形态、生理生化指标、培养特征和16S rDNA序列进行同源性比较,鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌属,相似性高达99.3%,该种尚未见文献报道。Gi菌的最佳碳源为乙酸钠。此菌不仅可以利用NO^-₂也可以利用NO^-₃为电子受体。Gi菌的最佳pH值为7。温度为25℃时的反硝化除磷效果最好,适宜的温度为20～35℃。当温度为10℃时微生物生长受到抑制,温度高于35℃时活性下降。磷、氮的最高去除率分别可达82.94%和82.99%。     

A2O工艺中反硝化除磷及过量曝气对生物除磷的影响

如何有效提高城市污水厂除磷效率一直是研究的热点,而反硝化除磷菌可以在碳源不足的条件下,通过“一碳两用”的方式同时实现反硝化脱氮和吸磷作用,是一种新型高效的技术.试验以啤酒废水为研究对象,验证了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A²O）工艺中反硝化除磷现象的存在及其对系统脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,A²O系统稳定运行时,反硝化聚磷菌在缺氧区可利用在厌氧段储存的PHB大量吸磷,同时氮也得到去除,计算表明缺氧除磷量可占厌氧总释磷量的71.3%,另外可节约曝气能耗25%.无论系统进水COD浓度从200 mg•L^-1变化为400 mg•L^-1,COD、总氮和总磷去除率总能保持较高水平,平均出水总氮和总磷浓度分别小于10 mg•L^-1和0.30 mg•L^-1.另外发现,过量曝气对系统除磷具有明显的影响,导致除磷效率降低,甚至会产生不吸磷现象,系统需要经过约一个污泥龄时间才能恢复其吸磷能力,所以应加强系统曝气的控制.     

A2N反硝化除磷脱氮工艺的影响因素分析

A2N(厌氧/缺氧和硝化)反硝化除磷脱氮工艺是基于反硝化聚磷菌缺氧吸磷理论开发的新工艺。介绍了A2N工艺的原理和特点,对其影响因素诸如水力停留时间、溶解氧、NO3-和NO2-的浓度、原水中COD与TN的质量比、容积交换比及出水SS等进行讨论和分析,并综合国内外的研究结果给出工艺关键影响参数的设定范围。     

A_2SBR工艺反硝化除磷系统的快速启动与稳定运行

为了实现废水同时脱氮除磷的目的,采用A2SBR工艺进行了长期的实验室实验,考察反硝化除磷系统的启动与运行效果。结果表明:在进水COD质量浓度200 mg/L,磷酸盐质量浓度4—11 mg/L,缺氧段硝酸盐质量浓度从25 mg/L提高到55 mg/L的条件下,采用"厌氧(2.5 h)-沉淀排水(1 h)-缺氧(3.5 h)-沉淀排水(1 h)"的周期性运行方式,可在31 d内成功启动A2SBR反硝化除磷系统,厌氧段COD、硝态氮和磷酸盐去除效率分别为77%,90%和84.96%。稳定运行后硝态氮和磷酸盐去除效率分别达到92%和91%,COD去除率高于80%,其出水磷酸盐质量浓度接近于0,表现出良好的反硝化脱氮和除磷性能。     

复合SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化现象及其脱氮效果

研究了复合SBR系统对有机物和氮的去除过程及其效果。结果表明:在有氧条件下,存在着反硝化现象,即同步硝化反硝化作用。在试验条件下,当溶解氧为3～5mg/L时,总氮去除率可达80%,同时CODCr的去除率达95%。     

生物反硝化除磷技术研究进展

综述了反硝化除磷技术的基本理论,各种反硝化除磷工艺的特点,反硝化除磷微生物学的研究情况以及对其机理与数学模型研究的发展。     

厌氧序批式反应器处理青霉素制药废水

为研究厌氧序批式反应器(AnSBR)处理青霉素制药废水的效能与机制,依次考察了不同进水浓度(1、10、100、1 000 mg/L)青霉素G钠盐对AnSBR有机物去除、甲烷转化和污泥特性的影响。结果表明,低浓度(1、10 mg/L)青霉素G钠盐对有机物去除和甲烷转化无显著影响,100 mg/L青霉素G钠盐产生了短期负面但可逆影响,1 000 mg/L青霉素G钠盐产生了持续负面且不可逆影响,青霉素G钠盐主要影响厌氧污泥沉降性。在容积负荷2.5 g COD/(L·d)和进水青霉素G钠盐不超过100 mg/L的条件下,AnSBR的有机物去除率和甲烷转化率可达到85%和0.25 L/g COD,出水青霉素G钠盐低于检测限。甲烷杆菌属和甲烷八叠球菌属等具有耐受高浓度青霉素G钠盐环境的相对优势,使得AnSBR处理青霉素制药废水具有良好的应用潜力。     

ASBR颗粒污泥培养及去除有机物的研究

采用厌氧序批式活性污泥法（ASBR）处理高浓度有机废水,通过接种不同体积的城市污水厂好氧污泥和下水道厌氧污泥成功实现反应器的启动.反应器对COD的平均去除率达到了94.79％,并且系统中脱氮效果较好,TN的平均去除率可达到64.52％,反应器在第39天即形成了颗粒污泥.在此基础上考察了不同污泥浓度对COD去除的影响,试验结果表明反应器中COD的去除率随着污泥浓度的增大而升高,颗粒污泥对COD有很高的去除率并且适应一定范围内的COD污泥负荷的变化.     

序批式生物反应器工艺脱氮除磷过程控制参数

为了实现序批式生物反应器(SBR)的自动控制,利用SBR工艺厌氧-好氧-缺氧(AOA)的运行方式处理模拟废水,考察溶解氧(DO)、p H值及氧化还原电位(ORP)作为各反应阶段终止(包括厌氧释磷、好氧硝化、曝气、好氧吸磷和缺氧反硝化)控制参数的可行性。结果表明:厌氧段,p H值与ORP曲线下降至平台的转折点对应厌氧释磷的终点;好氧段,p H值曲线的最低点对应硝化作用的终点,p H值、DO与ORP在硝化结束后均上升至一个稳定的平台,三者结合来判断曝气时间的结束以及好氧吸磷的终点;缺氧段,ORP曲线的最低点对应反硝化作用的终点。DO,p H值与ORP的特征点可以作为SBR工艺脱氮除磷的过程控制参数。     

AB-ASBR工艺机理及动力学分析

通过反应器内COD浓度的变化,研究了AB-ASBR工艺中A段反应器和B段反应器吸附动力学和再生动力学,并计算了其半饱和常数。结果表明,该工艺在吸附阶段,反应器内的颗粒污泥对有机物的吸附过程可以用伪二级方程来描述,其主要限速步骤是膜传质阶段。A段反应器在再生阶段的半饱和常数KS(1.83mmol)远远大于B段反应器在降解阶段的KS(0.05mmol),说明A段反应器内颗粒污泥以甲烷八叠球菌为优势菌,B段反应器以甲烷丝菌为优势菌,这将有利于AB-ASBR工艺进水负荷的增加和出水水质的提高。     

Process Control of an Alternating Aerobic‐Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Nitrogen Removal via Nitrite

Nitrogen removal via nitrite is a novel technology and is becoming popular for engineering applications since it results in a saving of the aeration energy required for nitritation and external carbon sources for denitritation. An alternating aerobic‐anoxic (AAA) operational pattern was applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and achieve partial nitrification via nitrite from industrial wastewater with influent alkalinity deficiencies. The results showed that the online monitoring of the pH‐time variations during nitrification could indicate if the alkalinity was sufficient and when the ammonia nitrogen was completely oxidized. Under conditions of deficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process reduced the external alkalinity and the carbon sources addition and improved the effluent quality with ammonia nitrogen concentration below the detection limits. Half of the alkalinity previously consumed during aerobic nitrification could be recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. If the cycles of alternating aerobic/anoxic were repeated more than twice, the first nitrification cycle was stopped when the pH decreased by 0.4–0.5. The middle nitrification was terminated when the pH decreased by 0.8–1.0, and the final nitrification duration was controlled by the dissolved oxygen (DO) breakpoint and ammonia valley on the pH profile. Each anoxic time‐scale for denitrification was determined by the nitrate knee on the oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP) profile and the nitrate apex on the pH profiles. In comparison to the conventional SBR process, the AAA process with a real‐time control strategy resulted in an improved nitrogen removal efficiency of greater than 97 % under conditions of deficient influent alkalinity. Moreover, nitrogen removal via nitrite was achieved with a nitrite accumulation rate above 95 %.     

A2/O厌氧池污泥同步反硝化聚磷菌增殖、特性诱导及单菌株研究

研究了A2/O厌氧池中具有同步反硝化聚磷功能菌的增殖及诱导前后种群和功能变化。结果表明:经过增殖,设备中反硝化聚磷菌的数量由4.1×103个/mL增加为2.7×106个/mL,磷酸盐的去除率也由38.5%提高到95.1%;诱导后分离到4株假单胞菌属、2株肠杆菌科、1株气单胞菌属、1株葡萄球菌属和1株土壤杆菌属;假单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和葡萄球菌属都是DPB菌,但假单胞菌属的反硝化聚磷功能最强,肠杆菌科的聚磷功能较强,而葡萄球菌属最弱,气单胞菌属和土壤杆菌属既是聚磷菌又是反硝化菌,但不是DPB菌;作为DPB菌应同步具有硝酸盐还原和聚磷的双重生化特性。