Measurement of solid circulation rate in a circulating fluidized bed

A method using an optical mouse sensor was developed to monitor the moving velocity of a solid mass. Calibration was carried out using a rotating plate. Results clarified that the developed method is useful to monitor the velocity up to some limit (v < 0.3 m/s), which depends on the optical mouse sensor used. A solid circulation rate in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was measured using this method. Results obtained using this method show agreement with those of visual observations.     

CFB煤燃烧／热解双反应器立管内气固流动模型分析

在循环流化床（CFB）煤燃烧／热解双反应器冷态实验装置上,以硅胶和电厂锅炉灰为实验物料,考察了立管内的气固流动特性,其中立管的内径44mm、高3m。研究结果表明,立管内的气固流动形态为移动床流动,Leung的立管流动模型适合对该系统中立管内移动床流动的描述,经拟合分别得到了立管内气、同速率以及气同相对速率与固体速率之间的经验方程,对热态实验过程中判断立管内的气固流动型态以及料封的稳定性均具有一定的参考价值。     

Hydrodynamics of a dual fluidized bed gasifier. Part II: simulation of solid circulation rate, pressure loop and stability

This paper focuses on the determination of the solids circulation of a CFB gasification system with a dual fluidized bed concept, and the distribution of the solid hold up under different fluidization conditions. A mathematical model of the riser was designed and implemented in a model of a dual fluidized bed system. This model contains routines for calculation of each section of the dual fluidized bed system. The behaviour of the system was analysed regarding changes in solid inventory and variations of geometry. A diagram is presented which allows an illustration of the influence of changes in the dual fluidized bed system configuration on the resulting stable operation points. Analysis concerning the effect of counter pressure on the combustion and gasification side confirms the role of the seal loop in stabilizing the operation of the gasification system.     

Improvement of continuous solid circulation rate measurement in a cold flow circulating fluidized bed

A method is described to independently estimate the solids velocity and voidage in the moving bed portion of the NETL circulating fluidized bed (CFB). These quantities are used by a device that continuously measures the solids circulation rate. The device is based on the use of a rotating Spiral vane installed in the standpipe of a circulating fluid bed (CFB). Correlations were developed from transient experiments and steady state mass balance data to correct the solids velocity and solids fraction in the standpipe as a function of standpipe aeration rate. A set of statistically-designed experiments was used to establish the need for these corrections and to verify the accuracy of solid circulation rate measurements after correction. The differences between the original and corrected measurements were quantitatively compared.     

Solid circulation characteristics in an internally circulating fluidized bed with orifice-type draft tube

Effects of superficial gas velocities to a draft tube, to an annulus section and particle size on the solid circulation rate (G,) have been determined in an internally circulating fluidized bed (0.28 m I.D. × 2m high) with an orifice type draft tube. The solid circulation rate from the draft tube to an annulus section increases with increasing gas velocities to the draft tube(U _d ) and annulus section (U_a) and consequent increase in pressure drop across the orifice (ΔP_or). However, the values ofG _s decrease by 7–21% with increasing particle size from 86 to 288 μm. The pressure drop across the orifice increases with increasingU _d andU _a . However, ΔP_or decreases by 5–23% with increasing particle size. To predictG _s in an internally circulating fluidized bed, a correlation is proposed as a function of ΔP_or This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement Korea University.     

CFB用旋风分离器内气相流场的数值研究

采用RSM非稳态湍流模型对循环流化床锅炉用旋风分离器内气相流场进行了数值模拟。计算值与实验值比较吻合。数值计算的结果表明:排气管下口存在明显的短路流,排尘口附近存在明显的返混现象;排气管直径增加,分离空间切向速度值降低,上行流轴向速度减小。用CFD方法计算的旋风分离器内流场可为高效CFB锅炉用旋风分离器的设计提供参考依据。     

Effect of solid circulation rate on coating efficiency and agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed type coater

Circulating fluidized bed was proposed to be used as a coater, and coating experiments of glass beads with silica powder were performed in a circulating fluidized bed. Glass beads and silica powder were chosen as model particles, because their shape was almost spherical. The respective effects of gas flow rates supplied from a distributor and from an air nozzle for solid circulation, feed rate of powder suspension and particle content in the bed on coating efficiency and agglomeration are mainly discussed. Coating efficiency in circulating fluidized bed coater was correlated well with solid circulation time rather than with gas flow rates or solid circulation rate, while the agglomeration among core particles was mainly governed by solid circulation rate.     

Effects of riser height and total solids inventory on the gas-solids in an ultra-tall CFB riser

More and more CFB boilers with large capacity and ultra-tall furnaces are used for power generation. Understanding the fluid dynamics in the ultra-tall furnace is important. However, existing studies on fluid dynamics in the CFB furnace are limited to the risers with rather short height. An experimental study was conducted with a cold CFB test rig of 240 mm in I.D. and 38 m and 54 m in height respectively. The influences of total solid inventory I_v, and fluidizing gas velocity U_g on the axial voidage profile along the riser and solid circulation rate G_s were investigated. Experimental results showed that when U_g exceeded the transport velocity, an S-shaped voidage profile characterized by fast fluidization was established in the riser. In such circumstance, the voidage at top dilute section kept constant and G_s reached saturation carrying capacity (G_s = G_s^?) and inappreciably change with riser height and I_v. Moreover, G_s^? increased from 40 kg to 50 kg when the riser height increased from 38 m to 54 m. The results indicated that even for the 600 MWe supercritical CFB boiler with a 54 m tall furnace, only a modest increase of I_v and power of forced draft fans is needed to obtain high enough G_s to meet the requirements of heating surfaces arrangement in furnace and the circulation loop. The necessary conditions to form the S-shaped profile of voidage in the riser were also discussed.     

旋流器排口比对固粒轴向流场的影响

通过对ＰＤＡ测得的不同条件下的轴向场的分析，提出了水力旋流器内固相颗料向速度场的新的分析概念。并对测得的数据进行计算机拟合，得出了各区域内颗粒轴向速度的计算公式，为固相颗粒运动轨迹的计算提供了依据。     

Continuous measurement of solids flow in a circulating fluidized bed

A modified impact probe for continuous measurement of solids circulation rate in a circulating fluidized bed has been developed based on a principle similar to a momentum probe. The response curves of solid flow from the probe have been characterized and calibrated in a test column (0.05 m-I.D.x0.80 m-high). The probe was validated in situ in the downcomer of a circulating fluidized bed (0.10 m-I.D.x4.80 m-high). The solid circulation rates obtained by the modified impact probe well agree with the measured solids circulation rate by the descent time method. Presented at the Int’/Sym. on Int’l Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8–10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Solid circulation and gas bypassing in an internally circulating fluidized bed with an orifice-type draft Tube

The effects of orifice diameter in the draft tube, particle size, gas velocities and bed height on the circulation rate of solids and gas bypassing between the draft tube and annulus have been determined in an internally circulating fluidized bed (i.d., 0.3 m ; height, 2.5 m) with an orifice-type draft tube. A conical shape gas separator has been employed above the draft tube to facilitate the separation of gases from the two beds. The circulation rate of solids and the quantity of gas bypass from the annulus to draft tube show their minimums when the static bed height is around the bottom of the separator. The circulation rate of solids increases with an increase in orifice diameter in the draft tube. At fixed aeration to the annulus, gas bypassing from the draft tube to annulus sections decreases, whereas reverse gas bypassing from the annulus to the draft tube increases with increasing the inlet gas velocity to the draft tube. The obtained solids circulation rate has been correlated by a relationship developed for the cocurrent flow of gas and solid through the orifice.     

循环床锅炉炉膛压降及轴向固体浓度的计算

本文提出了循环流化床锅炉炉膛的轴向压力及固体浓度分布的计算式。当给出表观气、循环固体流率以及颗粒性质时，可准确地预测炉膛压降与轴向固体浓度分布，为炉膛设计提供了计算依据。     

涡旋内循环式反应器制备纳米碳酸钙的研究

采用涡旋内循环反应器制备出了粒径为30-40nm的纳米碳酸钙产品。探讨了设备结构、晶型控制剂、晶形调节剂、反应温度、氢氧化钙质量浓度和搅拌速度等对晶形和粒径的影响。     

旋流气升式环流反应器的局部气、固含率研究

新开发的有机玻璃制成的旋流气升式环流反应器高为2m、内径75mm,内部的导流筒(材料为PVC)高1.5m、内径30mm、壁厚1mm且装有10组扇形翅片。以空气-水为两相物系、空气-水-K树脂为三相物系,常温常压下,利用直接取样法和压差法测量了上升区局部的气含率、固含率,研究了不同底部间隙、不同固体装填体积分数下表观气速和轴向高度对上升区气含率、固含率的影响规律。结果表明:在均匀鼓泡流时上升区气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固体装载量的增加而下降;在非均匀鼓泡流时,三相物系的气含率高于两相物系的气含率。随着上升区轴向高度的增大,上升区局部气含率变化不大;底部间隙越大,气含率越小。在轴向高度较低时上升区固含率随着轴向高度的增大而减小,轴向高度较高时上升区固含率基本保持不变。     

紧凑型CFB锅炉调试运行中存在的问题分析及对策

针对茂名石化煤代油技改项目2×410t／h CFB锅炉调试运行过程中出现的一系列问题,经过分析及计算,提出解决方法并取得了较好效果,为两台CFB锅炉实现长周期安全稳定运行打下了良好基础。     

循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损原因分析和对策

分析了循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损的原因,介绍了采取的相应防磨措施。采取防磨措施后,提高了锅炉运行的可靠性,取得了良好的经济效益。     

Experimental validation of the gas-solid flow in the CFB riser

In this paper, an experimental study is performed to investigate the flow structure in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The typical core-annulus structure and small amount of back-mixing of particles near the wall of the riser were observed. The axial solid concentration distributions contain a dilute region towards the up-middle zone and a dense region near the bottom and the top exit zones. Furthermore, the solid concentration decreases with the increase of the superficial gas velocity, and increases with the increment of the circulation rate at the same height position. The total pressure drop of the main bed represents a linear relationship with the solid flux rate. In the dense phase zone, the solid concentration increases linearly with the augmentation of the solid flux, however, the change of the solid concentration is slight, even unchangeable at the up zones. In addition, based on the Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale (EMMS) method, a revised drag force model is proposed, which is coupled in the Eulerian two-fluid model for simulating the flow structure in the riser. Numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, which indicate the revised drag force model is very successful in simulating flow structure of the dense gas-solid two-phase flow.     

Hydrodynamic behaviour of solid transport for a closed loop circulating fluidized bed with secondary air injection

The aim of this work was to study the mechanism of solid circulation in a Circulating Fluidized Bed pilot as a function of secondary air flow rate A rectangular column of 7 m height equipped with a U type siphon was used for this purpose The results obtained showed that the solid circulating phenomenon depends on different limiting steps like feeding step (dense bed), siphon circulating capacity and suspension saturation capacity.     

Modeling of solid fuels combustion in oxygen-enriched atmosphere in circulating fluidized bed boiler: Part 1. The mathematical model of fuel combustion in oxygen-enriched CFB environment

The paper is focused on the idea of large-scale CFB boiler operation with oxygen/CO₂-modified atmosphere inside combustion chamber. The following main advantages can be found for this technology: reduction of pollutant emissions, possibility of high efficiency separation of CO₂ from the exhaust gases that results from increased CO₂ concentration, lower chimney loss due to the reduction of flue gases in a volume, limitation of the combustion chamber dimensions etc. The paper presents a model of coal combustion in oxygen-enriched CFB environment, where air staging, desulfurization process, NO_x formation and reduction as well as a stationary dense phase of coarse particles in the bottom part of combustion chamber and a circulating dilute phase in the upper part are included.     

小颗粒油页岩及半焦CFB锅炉燃烧适应性研究

油页岩经低温干馏可以得到页岩油,因生产工艺限制,干馏炉无法使用粒径12 mm以下的油页岩,同时会产生大量副产品(页岩半焦)。为提高副产品的利用能力,实现资源利用最大化。通过在1 MW_(th)CFB燃烧试验台对小颗粒页岩及页岩半焦进行试烧试验,研究小颗粒页岩及页岩半焦的理化特性、着火特性、燃尽特性、结焦特性。试验结果表明,控制床温在720~850℃内,由油页岩小颗粒和半焦掺混而成的设计燃料在试验台采用CFB方式能够稳定燃烧,试验各工况灰渣含碳量均低于1.81%,试验燃料较易燃尽。CFB锅炉适合油页岩小颗粒与半焦掺烧利用,且燃烧效率高,燃烧稳定性较好。