Evaluation of T‐stresses in multiple crack problems of finite plate

This paper provides a solution for T‐stresses for multiple cracks in a finite plate. The results for stress intensity factors (SIFs) are also presented. The case of two cracks in a rectangular plate is taken as an example. In the problem, the crack faces are applied by some loadings, and tractions are free along edges of a rectangular plate. The whole stress field is considered as a superposition of three particular stress fields. The first and second stress fields are initiated by loadings on the first and second crack faces in an infinite plate. The third field is chosen in a polynomial form of complex potentials. After discretization, the loadings on two cracks and the undetermined coefficients in the complex potentials become the unknowns. The relevant algebraic equations are formulated. The solution of algebraic equations will lead to the results of SIFs and T‐stresses at the crack tips. Several numerical examples are presented, which were not reported previously.     

An effective numerical method for an interfacial crack in a finite bi-material plate

In this paper an effective numerical method is presented for analyzing the stress intensity factors associated with the stress field near a partially debonded interface in a finite bi-material plate. The strees functions are assumed such that they can represent the stress singularity at the crack tips, satisfying not only the equilibrium equations in the domain, but also the stress and displacement conditions on the crack surfaces and across the interface. Therefore, only the boundary conditions of the plate need be considered, and they can be satisfied approximately by the Boundary Collocation Method. Numerical examples demonstrated that the proposed method gives satisfactory results and has many advantages compared to other methods.     

General case of multiple crack problems in an infinite plate

General case of multiple crack problems in an infinite plate is a case that the tractions applied on two edges of each crack are arbitrary, generally, are not in equilibrium. Two elementary solutions are present to solve the proposed problem. The first (second) elementary solution is defined as a solution that two pairs of normal and tangential concentrated forces are applied at a point of both edges of a single crack in an infinite isotropic elastic medium, with same magnitude and opposite direction (with same magnitude and same direction). Using the two elementary solutions and the principle of superposition, we found the proposed problem can be converted into a system of Fredholm integral equations. Finally, the system is solved numerically and SIF values at the crack tips can be easily calculated. In order to explain our study, one numerical example is given in this paper.     

On a mixed finite element method for clamped anisotropic plate bending problems

The paper deals with a new mixed finite element method of solution of the bending problem of clamped anisotropic/orthotropic/isotropic plates with variable/constant thickness. This new mixed method gives simultaneous approximations to displacement u and bending and twisting moment tensor (ψ_ij)_{1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2}. Computer implementation procedures for this mixed method are given along with results of numerical experiments on a good number of interesting problems.     

Eigenfunction expansion variational method for the solution of a cusp crack problem in a finite plate

Summary. In this paper, the EEF (eigenfunction expansion form) for the cusp crack in a finite plate is obtained, and the EEVM (eigenfunction expansion variational method) is used to solve the cusp crack problem in a finite plate. Each term in the EEF satisfies the governing equation of elasticity and the traction free condition along the cusp crack. As a result of using EEVM, the final solution for complex potentials is obtainable. It is found that the slenderness of the cusp crack has a significant influence to the SIF (stress intensity factor) at the crack tip. Particular attention is paid to a compression loading applied in the direction of the cusp crack axis. This can make an explanation for the rupture of rock with cusp crack under compression. Finally, numerical examples with the calculated results are presented.     

A finite element stress analysis of a crack in a bi-material plate

A stress analysis is presented for the problem of a crack in one material of a bi-material plate located perpendicular to the material interface. A numerical solution using the finite element techniques to determine the force displacement relationships is used. Knowing this, a work integral method is used to determine the stress intensity factors for the crack. Since the work integral is independent of path, the path of integration can be chosen far enough away from the crack tip to avoid the complications of the crack tip singularity. The problem is studied for a number of cases where the crack length to plate width ratio, distance from crack tip to material interface, and the ratio of material constants were varied as parameters.     

A mixed finite element formulation for plate problems

A mixed triangular finite element model has been developed for plate bending problems in which effects of shear deformation are included. Linear distribution for all variables is assumed and the matrix equation is obtained through Reissner's variational principle. In this model, interelement compatibility is completely satisfied whereas the governing equations within the element are satisfied ‘in the mean’. A detailed error analysis is made and convergence of the scheme is proved. Numerical examples of thin and moderately thick plates are presented.     

Solution of multiple crack problem in a finite plate using an alternating method based on two kinds of integral equation

This paper investigates a solution of multiple crack problem in a finite plate using an alternating method. The finite plate with cracks is an overlapping region of two regions: namely the infinite region exterior to the cracks and the finite region interior to finite plate without cracks. It is assumed that the cracks are applied by some loading and edges of the finite plate are of traction free. Governing equations for the problem and an alternating method are suggested. In the iteration, we need to solve two boundary value problems. One is the multiple crack problem in an infinite plate, and the other is the boundary value problem for the finite plate without crack. Several numerical examples are provided to prove the effectiveness of the suggested method.     

Solution of two-dimensional elastic crack problems using a localized finite element method

Two-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis of the opening-mode crack problem is carried out, in order to use a localized finite element method. The stress distribution near the crack-tip is stated in the form of eigensolutions obtained by a classical separation variables technique.     

A finite element method for stability problems in finite elasticity

In this paper a finite element method is developed to treat stability problems in finite elasticity. For this purpose the constitutive equations are formulated in principal stretches which allows a general representation of the derivatives of the strain energy function with respect to the principal stretches. These results can then be used to derive an efficient numerical scheme for the computation of singular points.     

A direct traction boundary integral equation method for three-dimension crack problems in infinite and finite domains

This paper presents a direct traction boundary integral equation method (TBIEM) for three-dimensional crack problems. The TBIEM is based on the traction boundary integral equation (TBIE). The TBIE is collocated on both the external boundary and one of the crack surfaces. The displacements and tractions are used as unknowns on the external boundary and the relative crack opening displacements (CODs) are introduced as unknowns on the crack surface. In our implementation, all the surfaces of the considered structure are discretized into discontinuous elements to satisfy the continuity requirement for the existence of finite-part integrals, and special crack-front elements are constructed to capture the crack-tip behavior. To calculate the finite-part integrals, an adaptive singular integral technique is proposed. The stress intensity factors (SIFs) are computed through a modified COD extrapolation method. Numerical examples of SIFs computation are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our method.     

Anti-plane shear problem for an edge crack in a finite orthotropic plate

The problem of an edge crack in a finite orthotropic plate under anti-plane shear is considered. The boundary collocation method is used to calculate the mode III stress intensity factor (SIF). For the case in which the material is isotropic, the present results agree very well with those obtained by using the integral equation method. Furthermore, the method can be extended readily for general cases with arbitrary geometrical and boundary loading conditions and material properties.     

The stress intensity factor for a deep surface crack in a finite plate

A stress intensity factor solution has been determined for the case of a surface crack in a finite width plate. This solution is for tension or bending and includes a finite area correction factor. It has been shown that using this new stress intensity factor solution it is possible to correlate fatigue crack growth data measured on surface cracked plate specimens with conventional through crack data.     

Stress distribution,crack shape and energy for a penny-shaped crack in a plate of finite thickness

The shape of a penny-shaped crack located at the center of an elastic plate of finite thickness is related to the arbitrary axisymmetrical internal pressures applied to the crack surfaces in the form of a Fredholm integral equation, without using the methods of dual-integral equations. General expressions for the stresses in the plane containing the crack are written as the sums of the associated infinite solid stresses and the integrals accounting for the effect of plate thickness. The crack shape due to uniform crack pressures and the fracture criterion for brittle plates subjected to uniform stresses are obtained for various plate thicknesses.     

Orthogonal meshless finite volume method applied to elastodynamic crack problems

An orthogonal meshless finite volume method has been presented to solve some elastodynamic crack problems. An orthogonal weighted basis function is used to construct shape function so there is no problem of singularity in this new form. In this work, for three-dimensional dynamic fracture problems, a new displacement function is used at the tip of the crack to give a new OMFVM. When the new OMFVM is used, the singularity of the stresses at the tip of the crack can be shown to be better than that in the primal OMFVM. High computational efficiency and precision are other benefits of the method. Solving some sample crack problems of thin-walled structures show a good performance of this method.     

Penny-shaped crack in a transversely isotropic plate of finite thickness

The effects of the material anisotropy on the stress intensity factor and on the crack shape are investigated for a penny-shaped crack in a transversely isotropic plate of finite thickness. The surfaces of the crack are subjected to uniform pressures. The plate surfaces are free from stresses for case I while smooth-clamp conditions are prescribed on the plate surfaces for case II. The techniques of Hankel transforms are used to obtain solutions for both cases. The solutions are largely written in terms of the sum and difference of the characteristic roots so that the results can easily be seen as real-value functions for both real and complex roots.Exact expressions for the stress intensity factor and the crack-shape function are obtained as products of dimensional quantities and nondimensional functions which are the stress intensity correction factor and the normalized crack shape function. The nondimensional functions were calculated numerically for three different typical materials which involved both real and complex characteristic roots. The numerical results clearly reveal the effects of the material anisotropy on the stress intensity factor and on the opening of the crack.

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Résumé On a étudié les effets de l'anisotropie du matériau sur le facteur d'intensité de contrainte et sur la forme d'une fissure dans le cas d'une fissuration en demi-lune située dans une plaque transversalement isotrope d'épaisseur finie. Les surfaces de la fissure ont été soumises à des pressions uniformes. Les surfaces de la plaque étaient libres de contrainte dans le cas I tandis que l'on prévoyait des conditions correspondant à un clamage léger sur les surfaces de la plaque dans un cas II. Les techniques de transformées de Hankel ont été utlisées pour obtenir les solutions dans les deux cas. Les solutions ont été exprimées en terme de somme et de différence de racines caractéristiques, de sorte que les résultats peuvent aisément être déduits comme des fonctions à valeur réelle de racine réelle et de racine complexe.Les expressions exactes pour le facteur d'intensité de contrainte et pour la fonction de forme de la fissure ont été obtenues comme les produits de fonctions à quantité dimensionnelle et non dimensionnelle qui sont le facteur de correction de l'intensité de contrainte et une fonction de forme de la fissure normalisée. Les fonctions sans dimension ont été calculées par voie numérique dans le cas de trois matériaux différents et typiques, mettant en oeuvre des racines caractéristiques réelles et des racines caractéristiques complexes. Les résultats numériques ont montré clairement les effets de l'anisotropie des matériaux sur le facteur d'intensité de contrainte et sur l'ouverture de la fissure.

     

Analysis of an internal crack in a finite anisotropic plate

In this paper the boundary collocation method is presented for computing the stress intensity factors for an internal crack in a finite anisotropic plate. The stress functions are assumed such that they can represent the stress singularity at the crack tips, satisfying not only the governing equations of the anisotropic plate theory in the domain, but also the stress-free conditions on the crack surfaces. Therefore, only the boundary conditions of the plate need to be considered, and they can be satisfied approximately by the Boundary Collocation Method. Numerical examples demonstrated that the proposed method gives satisfactory results compared with the existing solutions.     

A finite element method for non-self-adjoint problems

This paper presents a general theory and application of the finite element method for some special class of non-self-adjoint problems. The formulation employed here is based on the Galerkin method for linear boundary value and eigenvalue problems described by the partial differential equations of elliptic type, and it can be regarded as an extension of the usual displacement method formulated by the use of the principle of minimum potential energy. In order to illustrate its validity and feasibility, the method is applied to the problems of the two-group neutron diffusion equations and of the stability of a non-conservative system.