尾砂胶结充填应用粉煤灰的机理及试验研究

文章分析了矿山尾砂胶结充填的工艺特点和强度特性，进行了尾砂胶结充填掺用粉煤灰的强度试验和工业试验，证明粉煤灰能够显著提高尾砂胶结充填体力学性能。在此基础上，探讨了粉煤灰胶凝作用、充填作用、稳定作用、减水作用对尾砂胶结充填体力学性能影响的物化机理。理论和试验表明：尾砂胶结充填应用粉煤灰技术可行、经济合理，是矿山胶结充填节约水泥、降低成本的有效途径。     

Properties and mechanism of CFBC fly ash-cement based stabilizers for lake sludge

Circulating fluidized bed combustion(CFBC) fly ash was mixed with cement or lime at a different ratio as a stabilizer to stabilize lake sludge.In order to understand the influences of stabilizers on the lake sludge properties,tests unconfined compressive strength,water stability and SEM observation were performed.The experimental results show that with the increase of the curing time,the strength of all the stabilized specimens increase,especially the samples containing cement.The strength of the specimens is decreased with the increasing of the CFBC fly ash/cement ratio,the optimum ratio between CFBC fly ash and cement is 2:3.The water stability of CFBC fly ash-cement based stabilizers is higher than those of cement and lime.Moreover,the lake sludge stabilization mechanism of CFBC fly ash-cement based stabilizers includes gelation and filling of the hydration products,i e,C-S-H gel and the AFt crystal,which act as benders to solidify those particles together and fill in the packing void of the aggregates.     

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craftwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage (the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum) is 1:1:6–1:1:8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%–63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7×10⁶ yuan (RMB), only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system. Foundation item: Project (2006BAB02A03) supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program; Project (08MX16) supported by Mittal Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Central South University during 2008     

Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine (SCM), Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a compos-ite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is I(cement):4(fly ash): 15(coal gangue), with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, theological paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 Yuan/t, good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.     

Performance of cemented coal gangue backfill

Possibility of cemented gangue backfill was studied with gangue of Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong, and fly ash of nearby thermal power plant, in order to treat enormous coal gangue on a large scale and to recovery safety coal pillars. The results indicate that coal gangue is not an ideal aggregate for pipeline gravity flow backfill, but such disadvantages of gangue as bad fluidity and serious pipe wear can be overcome by addition of fly ash. It is approved that quality indexes such as strength and dewatering ratio and piping feature of slurry can satisfy requirement of cemented backfill if mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gangue is 1：4：15 and mass fraction of solid materials reaches 72%-75%. Harden mechanism suggests that the cemented gangue fill has a higher middle and long term comprehensive strength.     

纳米SiO2超高强高流态混凝土及改性机理

通过正交试验提出纳米超高强高流态混凝土的胶凝材料配合比设计参数,并研究了纳米SiO₂的掺入对传统掺硅灰、粉煤灰超高强水泥基胶凝材料强度及工作性能的影响。在保证水胶比不变的条件下,开展了混凝土配合比试验,并研究了纳米SiO₂对混凝土抗压强度的影响及其微观机理。结果表明：超高强高流态混凝土中胶凝材料最优比例为：纳米SiO₂：硅灰：粉煤灰：水泥=1：8：20：71;在胶凝材料用量为600~1 000 kg/m³范围内,随着其掺量的增加,混凝土流动度不断增加,抗压强度先增大后减小,当其掺量为800 kg/m³时,抗压强度最大。分析认为,纳米SiO₂、硅灰与粉煤灰形成的三元多尺度堆积体系能优化粉体材料在混凝土中的微集料密实填充效应,纳米SiO₂的二次水化反应也有效改善了硬化水泥石的微观结构,并优化其形态分布,进一步增大其强度。     

Influence of fly ash on early-age cracking behavior of high-flowing concrete

The effects of quality and content of fly ash on the early-age cracking behavior of high-flowing concrete (HFC) were investigated. The early-age cracking behavior of the HFC was analyzed by combining the tests of evaporation capacity and electrical resistivity of the HFC. In these tests, a modified flat-type specimen was adopted. The results show that the HFC will have a lower evaporation capacity when it is mixed with fine fly ash, while it will have a higher evaporation capacity when grade III fly ash is used as mineral admixture. And the electrical resistivity rate of HFC reduces with the increase of the content of fly ash. A nonlinear relationship exists between the cracking time of HFC and the minimum electrical resistivity. The early-age cracking behavior of HFC with fly ash can be enhanced by appropriately increasing the fine particle content and MgO, K₂O, and SO₃ contents of fly ash. The optimal content of fly ash, which makes a satisfied early-age cracking behavior of HFC, is obtained. And when the content of fly ash exceeds a critical value, the early-age cracking behavior of HFC will rapidly decrease. Foundation item: Project(50478003) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2002F007) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China     

Effect of MSWI fly ash and incineration residues on cement performances

The activities of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash and incineration residues were studied contrastively, through the component analysis and the activity ratio tests. The mechanical properties, hydration mechanism and leaching toxicity of the hardened cement paste mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the active constituents (CaO+Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃) in MSWI fly ash were higher than those in incineration residues. Therefore the activity ratio of MSWI fly ash was 43.58%, twice as much as that of incineration residues. Meanwhile, the hydration of cement was delayed by mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues, which also reduced the cement strength markedly. By adding with exceeding 20% MSWI fly ash, the specimens expanded and microcracks appeared. The leaching toxicities of cement pasted mixed with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were lower than the Chinese national standard. Accordingly the cement mixed by MSWI fly ash and incineration residues can be considered as the environment-friendly materials.     

粉煤灰混合料的力学特性

以细磨粉煤灰、水泥和粉细沙为主要材料组成混合料,采用正交试验方法,研究胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期对混合料的抗压强度和抗拉强度等力学性能的影响.研究表明,灰胶比对混合料的抗拉强度有显著影响;其次是龄期和胶沙比,但二者影响不显著.各因素对粉煤灰混合料抗压强度的影响程度按自大到小的顺序依次为胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期,但均无显著影响.采用低胶沙比和灰胶比组合确定混合料的配合比,既可满足强度要求,又能达到经济性目的.     

Composition Design for High C3S Cement Clinker and Its Mineral Formation

A new composition of Portland cement clinker was studied, in which KH, SM and IM was 0.98,2.4 and 2.4 respectively as well as its meal added 1%CuO （in mass）. Fired at 1 200℃,1 350℃,1 400℃ and 1 450℃ for 30 min, the resultant mineral phases component and mineral morphology were analyzed. The performances of the cement which was made of clinker burned at 1 450℃ and fly ash were determined. By means of QXRD, XRD and optical microscopy, it is shown that the clinker burnt at 1 450℃ has the larger size crystals and distinct crystal interface, in which the C3S content is 73.37% and the mineral phases is dominantly C3S, following by minor C2S, C3A and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The results reveal that a new type of high C3S content clinker can completely be made by traditional temperature-time schedule. The performances of the cement produced from this clinker with addtion of 50% fly ash and 5% gupsum were in agreement with the 32.5 strength grade of Portland fly-ash cement. The results also show that the clinker has a significant effect of saving energy and utilizing waste slag.     

Determination of trace multi-elements in coal fly ash by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, As, Cd and Pb in coal fly ash were determined by a high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. The sample digestions were performed in closed microwave vessels with HNO3, HClO4 and HF. The optimum conditions for the determination were obtained. The applicability of the proposed method was validated by the analysis of coal fly ash reference material (NIST SRM 1633a). The results show that most of the spectral interferences can be avoided by measuring in the high resolution mode (maximum mass resolution R=9 000). The detection limit is from 0.05 to 0.21 μg/g, and the precision is fine with relative standard deviation less than 4.3%.     

湿磨处理对粉煤灰物化性能及胶砂强度的影响

对于化学反应活性较低的矿物掺合料，颗粒细化程度对其掺舍料效应的发挥有重要影响。因研磨效率较高，采用搅拌磨对矿物掺合料进行湿磨处理，制备了一种浆状掺合料，主要探讨湿磨对粉煤灰物化性能及胶砂强度的影响。研究表明，在湿磨及放置过程中，粉煤灰玻璃体表面可向低聚度方向转化，结构变疏松，可促进其二次水化反应。激光粒度分析结果显示，湿磨的粉煤灰粒径分布较窄，有利于改善胶凝材料粒子的初始紧密堆积效果。强度实验结果也显示，干、湿磨处理的同等细度粉煤灰胶砂强度差别不大，均较原灰有一定提高；而且干、湿磨粉磨时间数据也表明，湿磨处理更适合粉煤灰的超细化处理，有利于其掺合料效应的发挥。     

Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced calcined kaolin-fly ash based geopolymer

To improve the environmental benefits and solve the problems of large shrinkage and high brittleness, the partial replacement of calcined kaolin by fly ash as a raw material for geopolymer synthesis and the influences of polypropylene (PP) fiber on the mechanical properties and volume stability were investigated. The results show that compressive strength of the geopolymer containing 33.3%(mass fraction) fly ash by steam curing at 80 °C for 6 d is improved by 35.5%. The 3-day compressive strength, flexural strength and impacting energy of geopolymers containing 0.05%PP fiber increase by 67.8%, 36.1% and 6.25%, while the shrinkage and modulus of compressibility decrease by 38.6% and 31.3%, respectively. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the appearances of crack growths confirm that PP fiber can offer a bridging effect over the harmful pores and defects and change the expanding ways of cracks, resulting in a great improvement of strength and toughness. Foundation item: Project(2006AA06Z225) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China     

高电压技术对粉煤灰活性的超激发作用

粉煤灰属于重点治理的固体废弃物之一 ,目前国内外建材行业已综合利用粉煤灰的这一废物资源 ,生产出粉煤灰硅酸盐系列建材如粉煤灰水泥等。而粉煤灰硅酸盐建材具有许多优良特性 ,但最大的缺点是早期凝结强度低。若能释放粉煤灰的潜在活性 ,就可以大量使用粉煤灰。经过特制相应的粉煤灰活性激发剂 ,应用现代高电压技术 ,生产活性粉煤灰 ,解决了释放粉煤灰的潜在活性这一问题 ,为高掺量粉煤灰水泥的配制开辟新前景     

石嘴山电厂粉煤灰在混凝土中的应用研究

采用赛马普通硅酸盐水泥和石嘴山电厂细磨粉煤灰,激发剂,开展了高掺量粉煤灰混凝土的试验研究。分析了粉煤灰混凝土的强度机理.结果表明:粉煤灰掺量为50％时,粉煤灰混凝土的工作性和强度均能满足C20～C30混凝土的要求;粉煤灰掺量≤40％时,粉煤灰混凝土强度明显地优于纯水泥的混凝土.     

粉煤灰掺量对磷酸镁水泥基复合材料力学性能影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量对磷酸镁水泥基材料的抗压强度、抗折强度、耐磨性和膨胀性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,磷酸镁水泥净浆的抗压强度先增大后下降,粉煤灰掺量为胶凝材料质量的10%时,抗压强度最大;而材料的抗折强度和耐磨性能随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而下降。其膨     

陶粒泡沫混凝土强度及其影响因素研究

着重研究了陶粒掺量，泡沫参量，水泥掺量，砂率，用水量，粉煤灰掺量对陶粒泡沫混凝土强度的影响。并确定了各组分的最佳掺量。研究结果表明：陶粒泡沫混凝土在配制时，陶粒掺量，泡沫掺量，砂率都有其最佳值，而增加水泥用量并不能显著增加该混凝土的强度。从降低陶粒泡沫混凝土的成本出发，应以粉煤灰代替部分水泥，且应采用超量取代法。     

外掺材料对多孔水泥混凝土胶浆强度的影响研究

文章采用超细粉煤灰与硅灰的复合技术配制多孔水泥混凝土水泥浆体试件.通过与双掺硅灰和减水剂、双掺粉煤灰和减水剂以及复合掺粉煤灰、硅灰和减水剂的情况对比,系统研究了硅灰粉煤灰作为外掺挤对多孔水泥混凝土水泥浆体的强度的影响.实验结果表明,由于硅灰与超细粉煤灰的复合,在水泥浆体形成过程中,这2种材料充分发挥了各自的功能效应,使得多孔水泥混凝土水泥浆体的强度性能显著提高.文章通过扫描电镜试验,剖析了超细粉煤灰与硅灰复合效应的机理,论证了用超细粉煤灰和硅灰以及减水剂复合配制多孔水泥混凝土水泥浆体的可行性.     

利用垃圾焚烧飞灰固化污染底泥的实验研究

为探讨利用垃圾焚烧飞灰代替水泥进行污染底泥固化的可行性,研究了不同配比的底泥、水泥、垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化体抗压强度及浸出毒性.结果表明：固化剂中用20%的垃圾焚烧飞灰替代10%的水泥配置的固化体7.d,其抗压强度可达0.24.MPa,重金属浸出浓度低于毒性标准,固化体可进入固废填埋场填埋处置.     

Effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar

The effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar was studied by testing on the strength, expansion and hydration products of the specimens stored in MgSO₄ solution at certain periods. The experimental results show that the strength of mortar stored in MgSO₄ solution increases a little before 28 d, but decreases fast subsequently. The more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the strength losses. Mortar swells in the MgSO₄ solution with the soaking time. And the more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the expansion rate is. The expansion or strength loss of mortars results from the expansion of gypsum, as well as the loss of Ca(OH)₂ and other hydration products of cement. The magnesium sulfate resistance of the mortars containing limestone powder and fly ash is high.