岩石压剪断裂的模型试验研究

本文通过含中心斜裂纹砂浆试件的单轴压缩模型试验，测试并分析了裂纹扩展过程中的声发射特性和裂纹面相对位移。试验表明：岩石类脆性材料的压剪断裂破坏机理与拉剪断裂有本质的区别，裂纹面相对位移随轴压荷载的变化曲线与裂纹扩展过程中的声发射曲线具有一定的同步性，反映出中心斜裂纹压剪断裂的阶段性，以及裂纹的几何尺寸、分布规律和裂纹面物理力学性质对岩石压剪断裂的影响。     

基于离散元的岩石单轴压缩实验模拟及断裂特性分析

利用20 t级单轴实验机对大庆三肇地区深层岩石进行单轴压缩实验。基于室内实验力学得到岩石物理参数及单轴压缩所能测出的接触参数,通过离散元软件虚拟参数标定得到与室内实验相似力学性质的模拟岩石试样,并通过离散元软件EDEM对该岩石试样进行单轴压缩实验模拟,得到应力⁃应变曲线,通过对应力⁃应变曲线得到阶段性的破坏过程,研究了在单轴应力条件下岩石破坏的阶段性形态及微观的力链断裂特征及不同时刻黏结键数目与时间的关系。研究表明,在单轴压缩过程中脆性岩石没有较大的变形,力链断裂的方式为直接断裂,没有发生很大的形变。产生这种破坏的原因可能是岩石中裂隙的发生和发展的结果。     

岩石试样围压下直接拉伸试验

圆盘试样巴西劈裂是在拉压应力联合作用下破裂的,Griffith准则认为压应力小于3倍抗拉强度则对岩石拉伸破坏没有影响,这些问题都需要直接的试验验证.在50 mm×100mm试样两端粘结80 mm的拉头,置入液压缸中施加围压,拉头承受轴向载荷引起岩样拉伸;同时利用伺服试验机对拉头施加轴向压缩载荷,平衡其承受的部分拉伸载荷.通过改变轴向压缩载荷的数值,就可以得到不同围压下岩样的拉伸强度.尽管试验结果具有相当的离散性,但完全可以确认岩样拉伸强度随围压增大而减小,巴西劈裂强度低于岩石单向拉伸强度.岩石在压拉应力作用下发生的拉伸破坏可以利用应力之间的线性关系描述.     

Coupled effects of stress damage and drilling fluid on strength of hard brittle shale

During well drilling process,original stress state of hard brittle shale will be changed due to stress redistribution and concentration,which leads to stress damage phenomenon around the borehole.Consequently,drilling fluid will invade into formation along the tiny cracks induced by stress damage,and then weaken the strength of hard brittle shale.Based on this problem,a theoretical model was set up to discuss damage level of shale under uniaxial compression tests using acoustic velocity data.And specifically,considering the coupled effect of stress damage and drilling fluid,the relationship between hard brittle shale strength and elapsed time was analyzed.     

三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律

基于2种卸荷应力路径和常规三轴压缩试验,研究了加卸载条件下花岗岩的变形破坏及应力脆性跌落特征。卸荷条件下岩石变形主要是向卸荷（主）方向回弹或拉伸变形为主,而非或次卸荷方向的塑性变形很小,峰后应力应变曲线呈现明显的脆性特征。而加载条件下岩石以轴向压缩变形为主,且压缩塑性变形随围压增大而增大;卸荷条件下破坏岩石各种级别的张拉裂缝较多,张裂面一般垂直于卸荷主方向,高初始围压时双向卸荷甚至在次卸荷方向也可产生环形张拉裂缝。破坏围压较高时破裂面剪性特征相对明显,但剪性裂面一般追踪张性破裂面发展而成,并在剪切面两侧发育较多微张裂缝。而相对较高围压下常规三轴压缩岩石一般为剪切破坏,张性裂缝很少;常规三轴压缩岩石的应力脆性跌落系数随围压的增大而增大,而在卸荷条件下却随初始围压的增大而减小。相同初始围压时,卸荷条件下比加载时的应力脆性跌落系数小得多,方案Ⅱ在初始围压达到30 MPa时甚至出现负值,应力脆性跌落系数R依次为：RⅢ〉RⅠ〉RⅡ。     

Experimental and numerical study of failure behavior and mechanism of coal under dynamic compressive loads

A comprehensive understanding of the failure behavior and mechanism of coal is a prerequisite for dealing with dynamic problems in mining space. In this study, the failure behavior and mechanism of coal under uniaxial dynamic compressive loads were experimentally and numerically investigated. The experiments were conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) system. The results indicated that the typical failure of coal is lateral and axial at lower loading rates and totally smashed at higher loading rates. The further fractography analysis of lateral and axial fracture fragments indicated that the coal failure under dynamic compressive load is caused by tensile brittle fracture. In addition, the typical failure modes of coal under dynamic load were numerically reproduced. The numerical results indicated that the axial fracture is caused directly by the incident compressive stress wave and the lateral fracture is caused by the tensile stress wave reflected from the interface between coal specimen and transmitted bar.Potential application was further conducted to interpret dynamic problems in underground coal mine and it manifested that the lateral and axial fractures of coal constitute the parallel cracks in the coal mass under roof fall and blasting in mining space.     

脆性材料斜裂纹扩展的数值试验与破坏模式分析

目的分析含斜裂纹脆性材料的破坏过程，研究不同裂纹对脆性材料力学性质的影响，确定斜裂纹的破坏模式．方法利用岩石破裂过程数值分析系统rpfa^2D对含一条斜裂纹岩石和三条斜裂纹岩石的破坏过程进行数值试验。应用断裂力学的方法对破坏模式进行理论分析．结果得到了单轴压缩条件下，含一条斜裂纹和三条斜裂纹岩石的整个破坏过程，确定了斜裂纹的破坏模式．结论数值试验的结果表明，单轴压缩条件下三条斜裂纹的扩展，一开始发生在内部裂尖，内部裂尖扩展到临近的预置裂纹之后，外部的裂纹开始扩展；含单裂纹岩石的强度约为三裂纹强度的1．2倍．但三裂纹的残余强度比单裂纹高．数值试验和应力强度因子法得到同样的结论：单轴压缩条件下含一条、三条斜裂纹岩石的初始扩展为压剪破坏，当两裂纹尖端开始扩展之后。形成的翼型裂纹破坏模式为拉剪破坏．笔者提供了一种研究复合型裂纹扩展和断裂破坏模式的新方法．     

一种新的混凝土二维强度准则

混凝土破坏起因于两种不同裂缝形态,即张开型裂缝和滑移型裂缝,二维应力状态下混凝土的破坏可分为拉伸破坏和剪切破坏,由此发展了一类混凝土二维强度准则模型,其参数可通过混凝土二维受压时的最大强度和相对应的应力比及受压强度影响系数确定;同时,该模型能反映混凝土破坏特征,可分别与已有强度准则和试验结果具有相近的结果,并便于工程应用.     

大岗山水电站坝区辉绿岩流变特性的三轴试验研究

为解决大岗山水电站坝基的辉绿岩的流变力学问题,利用RLW-1000三轴流变仪进行了不同应力路径下的三轴流变试验,得到了各工况下的应力-应变-时间曲线。结果表明：辉绿岩是典型的硬脆性岩石,存在明显的流变门槛值,破坏时表现为突发性的脆性破裂。在破裂应力水平下表现出减速蠕变、等速蠕变和加速蠕变,减速蠕变和加速蠕变历时都十分短暂。临近破裂时的横向蠕变速率均不同程度的大于轴向,这是导致岩石扩容的主要原因。由于流变过程中损伤不断发展,导致岩石整体强度下降,因此流变破坏强度普遍低于常规三轴压缩试验瞬时破坏强度。辉绿岩存在一定的蚀变现象,蚀变矿物呈细鳞片状集合体。由于蚀变带的存在,使得岩块的强度受到影响,岩石破裂极易发生在结晶程度较差的矿物颗粒部位或胶结程度较差的两种矿物接触部位。     

Nonlinear criterion for strength mobilization in brittle failure of rock and its extension to the tunnel scale

As underground excavations are getting deeper and field stresses increase, the behavior of intact rock blocks plays an increasingly important role in understanding and estimating the overall rock mass strength. To model the brittle behavior of intact rock blocks, the stress–strain curve is usually idealized considering a linear strength mobilization approach (cohesion-weakening-friction-strengthening, CWFS), however, it is well recognized that rock presents a nonlinear behavior in terms of the confining stress. This study extends the strength mobilization in brittle failure of rock using nonlinear criteria. To determine the model parameters, a standard statistical method that uses the complete laboratory stress–strain curves of the intact rock is employed. Several hypotheses of linear and nonlinear models are statistically compared for different types of rock and confining stress levels. Results demonstrate that the best approach to model the brittle failure of rock is to consider a nonlinear strength envelope, such as the Hoek-Brown criterion assuming a residual uniaxial compressive strength different from zero and a m_i parameter that increases, both with simultaneous mobilization. This model helps to recreate high-confining conditions and a more realistic transition between peak and post-peak strength. The obtained parameters are discussed and compared with literature values to verify the validity and to develop guidelines for the estimation of parameters, providing an objective mobilization criterion. Finally, the nonlinear model was applied to a finite element code and extended to a tunnel scale in the brittle rock under high-stress conditions. A reasonable fit between the simulations and the in-situ overbreak measurements was found.     

大掺量粉煤灰超高性能钢纤维混凝土的静动态力学行为

研究了4种不同钢纤维掺量(体积掺量分别为0%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%)的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的单轴压缩强度、弹性模量、单轴抗拉强度、弯曲韧性、断裂韧性、断裂能等静态力学行为,以及高速冲击、压缩作用下的应力波传播规律、应力–应变曲线和破坏特征等动态力学行为.结果表明:掺加钢纤维的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的轴心抗压强度、弹性模量和抗拉强度略有增大,韧性指数、残余强度、断裂韧度和断裂能成倍提高;未能增加冲击、压缩作用下的应变率效应程度,但却增大动态应力–应变曲线下的面积,提高试件破坏的应变率阈值,使混凝土存在裂而不散的破坏现象.     

Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage简

Based on uniaxial compression experimental results on fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage, we studied the strength and deformation properties, the failure model, crack formation and evolution laws of fractured sandstone under different conditions of anchorage. The experimental results show that the strength and elastic modulus of fractured sandstone with different fracture angles are significantly lower than those of intact sandstone. Compared with the fractured samples without anchorage, the peak strength, residual strength, peak and ultimate axial strain of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increase by 64.5–320.0%, 62.8–493.0%, and 31.6–181.4%, respectively. The number of bolts and degree of pre-stress has certain effects on the peak strength and failure model of fractured sandstone. The peak strength of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increases to some extent, and the failure model of fractured sandstone also transforms from tensile failure to tensile–shear mixed failure with the number of bolts. The pre-stress can restrain the formation and evolution process of tensile cracks, delay the failure process of fractured sandstone under anchorage and impel the transformation of failure model from brittle failure to plastic failure.     

岩石的强度准则及中间主应力的影响

Drucker Prager准则和Murrell准则中包含中间主应力 ,但并没有得到真正三轴试验结果的检验 ,也难以表示应力状态对岩样强度的影响 .D P准则与Coulomb准则外接时 ,其三轴伸长的强度可以达到无限 ;与Coulomb准则内接和相切时 ,反映最小主应力的作用偏小而中间主应力作用偏大 .Murrell准则表明岩石在 2个方向承载单轴压缩强度的压应力时 ,在第三个方向还可承载单轴拉伸强度以上的拉应力 ;其反映的最小主应力作用也特别低     

Experimental investigation on the reformation and strength weakening of hard limestone by acidizing

Several derivative disasters such as ground pressure disasters and methane explosions can be caused by the hard roof in coal mines. For limestone roofs with fine integrity and extreme hardness, collapse is difficult and the effect of conventional roof control methods is limited. Acidizing reformation is an effective way to weaken the strength of roof strata based on acid-rock reaction. In this study, the rock strength damage law and acid reaction characteristics were tested by the limestone acidification experiment. Besides, the strength degradation mechanism of limestone under the acidity effect was analyzed. The results show that the acid corrosion characteristics of limestone are obvious, as numerous mineral grains generate voids under the effects of acid corrosion, and more defects are formed inside. The acid-rock reaction is the most intense at the early stage and then gradually reaches dynamic equilibrium, and the acid corrosion rate of limestone is 4.24% (10% HCl, 360 min). The hard limestone is damaged after acidification. Furthermore, the internal cracks can be induced to rapid initiation and unstable propagation under load, which reduces the strain required for rock failure by 33.33%. The failure morphology is more complicated, and the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease by 52.42% and 34.44% respectively. The strength weakening of hard roof after acidification is due to the defects such as intergranular cracking caused by the corrosion of rock crystals under acidity effect, which accelerate the initiation and propagation of internal cracks with external force. Macroscopically, acidification induced the deterioration of rock mechanical properties by reforming the roof structure. The feasibility of acidizing reformation method to control hard roof is confirmed in this study.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels -- Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass

The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plas-tic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass.     

泥质细砂岩材料破坏与强度衰减研究

为了认识真实的岩石材料破坏和强度衰减规律,通过多组常规的单轴压缩试验和不同围压下的三轴压缩试验对泥质细砂岩的材料破坏过程和抗压强度进行了实测．把前面试验破裂形成的不规则岩块浇注在混凝土制成的“剪切壳”中,运用XJ-1型携带式剪切仪进行了自行设计的压剪试验,获得了岩块在压剪过程中的剪切力一压应力关系曲线,以此来测得破裂岩块的自身材料强度．通过对比先前压缩试验得到的极限莫尔包络线,研究了破坏前完整岩样与破坏后损伤岩块间的强度变化．讨论了不同试验方法,损伤程度,尺寸效应,材料异性对岩石强度衰减的影响．结果表明,岩石在破坏过程中环向应变与体积应变在峰后近乎以直线形式增长,岩块抗剪强度表现出尺寸效应,岩样伴随着破裂演变材料强度发生衰减．     

超高应变率下岩石的破坏机理

通过对大理石的轻气炮试验进行三维数值仿真重现,探索了岩石在超高应变率下的破坏机理.大理石试样中两个高速应力计的实测应力信号被用作数值模拟的匹配目标,结果表明,在高速冲击压缩载荷下,细观静水压破坏是大理石的主要破坏机制,而不是通常认为的细观剪切或拉伸破坏.此外,为再现不同冲击速度下大理石的物理实验观测数据,提出了新的考虑...     

Experimental investigation on strength and deformation of plain high-strength concrete under multiaxial stress state

To investigate the strength and deformation behavior of plain high-strength concrete (HSC) under multiaxial stress states,a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine was employed,and multiaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubes concrete specimens.Friction-reducing pads were three-layer plastic membranes with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane.The tensile loading plane of concrete samples was processed by attrition machine,and then the samples were glued up with the loading plate with structural glue.Failure modes of specimens were described.The principal static compressive strengths,strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured,and the influence of stress ratios on them was analyzed as well.Experimental results show that the ratio of the compressive strength σ3f over the uniaxial compressive strength fc depends on brittleness-stiffness of concrete besides stress state and stress ratios.The formula of Kupfer-Gerstle’s and Ottosen’s failure criterion for plain HSC under biaxial compression and multiaxial stress state is proposed respectively.     

单轴压缩下横观各向同性岩石破裂过程 声发射特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法研究了横观各向同性岩石在不同层面倾角条件下的单轴压缩破坏过程及声发射特性。结果表明:由于层面倾角的变化,导致横观各向同性岩石破裂过程具有不同的声发射特性。声发射特性与应力存在一定的耦合关系,且声发射空间响应集中在2种岩石的交界面上。互层岩体由于层间力学属性不同,极有可能在交界面处引起应力集中,使得在交界面附近裂纹最先萌生,裂纹进一步向交界面两侧岩体中扩展,从而引起宏观裂纹的出现,最终引起岩体的破坏。随着层面倾角的增大,岩石的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量呈先减小后增大,层面倾角90°时的强度甚至超过了0°时的强度。     

新型单轴拉伸试样制备装置的研制及试验研究

针对单轴拉伸试验中试样形式与拉伸段长度能较大程度影响试验结果,以及目前在该试验中所采用试样形式与拉伸段长度均存在较大差异的问题,研制了一组可以制备不同拉伸段长度哑铃状单轴拉伸试样的制样模具,制样模具由左右两个加载段模具、上下两个拉伸段模具与制样底板组成,其中两个拉伸段模具分别与两侧的加载段模具通过燕尾槽连接。在此基础上,对粘性土试样进行了单轴拉伸试验,探讨了粘性土的抗拉特性,以及试样形式与拉伸段长度对其破坏形式、抗拉强度与峰值位移的影响情况,研究结果表明：哑铃状试样可以避免拉伸过程中出现的端部松弛与应力集中问题,拉伸断裂面发生在有效拉伸长度范围内;粘性土的破坏形式不是纯脆性破坏,而是在抗拉强度后存在一个软化阶段;抗拉强度随拉伸段长度的增大而减小,峰值位移随着拉伸段长度的增大而增大,二者均与拉伸段长度呈对数关系。