Methodical principles of multicriterial optimization of daily operating conditions of power equipment at thermal power stations

We describe a procedure for optimizing the long-and short-term operating conditions of the equipment at thermal power stations that is based on a multicriterial approach and takes into account the factors of economic efficiency, reliability, and maneuverability     

Low-cost measures helping to make the operating turbines at thermal and nuclear power stations more reliable and efficient

Measures aimed at making steam turbines more economically efficient, reliable, and suitable for repair, and at increasing their available power output through reducing abrasive and drop impingement erosion of blades and improving the vacuum tightness, modernization, and monitoring of the labyrinth seals are proposed.     

A modern thermal power station operating on high-moisture lignite

The boilers developed by the power machinery construction company Alstom for two power-generating units operating on high-moisture lignite from the Maritsa East field in Bulgaria are described.     

Mini cogeneration stations: Foreign experience

The prospects of using autonomous power and heat supply systems are analyzed. The economic advantages of mini cogeneration power stations equipped with gas piston, diesel, or gas turbine units are shown. Examples of successful operation of mini cogeneration power stations outside of Russia are given.     

Using plasma-fuel systems at Eurasian coal-fired thermal power stations

The development of plasma technology for igniting solid fuels at coal-fired thermal power stations in Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and other Eurasian countries is briefly reviewed. Basic layouts and technical and economic characteristics of plasma-fuel systems installed in different coal-fired boiles are considered together with some results from using these systems at coal-fired thermal power stations.     

Effectiveness increase of turbine plants of thermal power stations

There is presented the information on the projects developed by the JSC “Turboatom” for the new steam turbines intended for the thermal power stations. There are considered the ways of the operating characteristics enhancement of the turbo-units manufactured earlier.     

大功率燃料电池运行条件的研究

采用正交法设计实验,利用不同结构的流场组装的两台50kW质子交换膜燃料电池堆运行,探索各种电池运行因素(温度、相对湿度、反应气利用率等)对大功率燃料电池堆稳定运行的影响,获得较优的燃料电池运行条件;为大功率燃料电池发动机的稳定运行提供参考。     

Prospects for solving environmental problems pertinent to thermal power stations

Possible ways to protect the atmosphere and water basin against harmful emissions and effluent waters discharged from thermal power stations are considered. Data on the effectiveness of different methods for removing NO _x , SO₂, and ash particles, as well as heavy metals and CO₂, from these emissions and discharges are presented.     

Improving operational efficiency of fuel oil facilities used at gas-and-oil-fired power stations

Results obtained from experimental investigations of energy consumption are described, and ways for considerably reducing it are proposed taking as an example the fuel oil facility at the 2400-MW Lukoml District Power Station, which operates predominantly on gas.     

火电厂用冷却塔替代烟囱的探讨

长期以来,烟囱成为火电厂必不可少的重要设施。近年来,随着脱硫脱硝技术的运用,使处理后的烟气湿度和烟气成分与过去相比发生了变化。能否在适当条件下用冷却塔替代烟囱（将烟气通过冷却塔排放）呢？通过对塔内气体流动工况的变化分析,以及对湿法脱硫后的烟气从烟囱排放分析和烟气中残余二氧化硫和飞灰对循环冷却水污染分析,最后得出结论：若烟气采用了高效除尘和脱硫（或脱硫脱硝）处理,可以设置低矮的事故烟囱,不再建设永久性烟囱,双而降低造价和运行费用。     

Sorption-membrane technologies for preparing makeup water at coastal thermal power stations

Technologies of preparing makeup water for boilers are considered, central to which is combined use of ion-exchange and reverse-osmosis methods for treatment of seawater and ocean water. It is shown that the concentrate produced by reverse-osmosis plants can be used as preferred material for regenerating filters at the stages during which source water and water at the outlet from the reverse-osmosis plant are treated with Na-and Mg-Na-cation exchange resins.     

Computer-aided designing of automatic process control systems for thermal power stations

The structure of modern microprocessor systems for automated control of technological processes at cogeneration stations is considered. Methods for computer-aided designing of the lower (sensors and actuators) and upper (cabinets of computerized automation equipment) levels of an automated process control system are proposed. The composition of project documents, the structures of a project database and database of a computer-aided design system, and the way they interact with one another in the course of developing the project of an automated process control system are described. Elements of the interface between a design engineer and computer program are shown.     

火力发电厂水平衡测试及节水分析

介绍了火力发电厂水平衡测试的方法，并结合电厂水平衡测试结果，分析火力发电厂节水的重点，指出冷却系统、除灰系统用水是节水潜力大的环节。同时，提出了相应的节水对策，其主要节水对策是合理调整用水设备运行，及时检修漏水设备；提高用水流量、水质计量仪表配备率、合格率，以加强用水监督；配置循环冷却水防垢、防腐处理系统，避免节水带来的负面影响。     

Condensers of large steam turbines for thermal and nuclear power stations

Designs and technical characteristics of the condensers of large steam turbines for thermal and nuclear power stations operating in Russia and abroad are described. New technical solutions used in designing them are considered.     

Staged combustion of Kuznetsk coals in flames at thermal power stations

Results obtained from the use of process arrangements for staged combustion of fuel in boilers operating with Kuznetsk coals with high content of volatiles are analyzed. Possible ways for optimizing this combustion technology are proposed.     

Improvement of water chemistries and chemical monitoring at thermal power stations

Problems connected with operation of thermal power stations that use different water chemistries are considered. It is shown that there is a need to monitor the quality of water and steam using a common-station automated process control system.     

Environmental hazard classes of ashes and slags from thermal power stations

Results of works on estimating the environmental hazard classes of ashes and slags from power-generating facilities are presented. It is determined that the overwhelming majority of ashes and slags from power stations can be related to nonhazardous materials, which can be used as secondary raw mineral stock in producing construction materials.     

Operational reliability and longevity of the feed pipelines of power units at thermal power stations

A wide range of matters relating to the operational reliability of feed pipelines at power stations is analyzed. Results from investigations into the mechanical properties and parameters characterizing the cracking resistance of the metal of feed pipelines that have long been in operation are presented. The role of the main factors as possible causes of damages to the components of feed pipelines is evaluated. The results from calculations of feed pipeline components for strength and longevity are briefly analyzed, and the main requirements for their field inspection procedure are formulated.