亚微观倒棱切削刃对硬质合金刀片切削性能的影响特性研究

为了研究硬质合金刀片亚微观切削刃口形式对其切削性能的作用机制,针对断续切削过程中硬质合金刀具存在容易崩刃破损和脆性断裂等问题,选用两种不同牌号的硬质合金可转位刀片分别在多种亚微观刃口结构条件下进行断续切削实验,应用三维受力分析仪结合高速摄影机对切削过程中的冲击和切削力进行数据监测与收集,结合图形统计分析方法研究亚微观倒棱刃口对硬质合金刀片的强化作用机理,从而揭示不同切削刃口几何参数对硬质合金刀具使用寿命的影响规律,提出倒棱刃口参数与进给量的曲线化关系。研究结果表明:大进给量f条件下应选取较大的临界夹角β_C,同时,倒棱夹角β要大,倒棱宽度L要小;反之,在小进给量f条件下,临界夹角β_C和倒棱夹角β要小,倒棱宽度L要大。研究可为硬质合金可转位刀片的强化设计提供数据和技术支撑。      

硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损试验研究

本文考察了国内外典型的几种硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损规律,通过切削试验分析了刀具几何参数、切削力等方面对刀具耐用度的影响,为硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损进行在线监测提供了基础试验数据。     

–50 ℃冷风条件下抛光硬质合金刀片加工TC4钛合金的表面粗糙度分析

目的提高硬质合金刀片加工TC4钛合金的表面质量。方法利用化学机械抛光技术对传统磨削的硬质合金刀片分别进行粗抛、半精抛和精抛处理,运用正交试验法,在常温干切和–50℃冷风条件下,分别采用传统磨削的硬质合金刀片(磨削刀片)与化学机械抛光的硬质合金刀片(抛光刀片)进行切削TC4钛合金正交试验,利用方差分析法分析切削参数对已加工表面粗糙度Ra的影响。运用多元线性回归方法建立磨削刀片、抛光刀片在常温干切和–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金已加工表面粗糙度Ra的经验预测模型。结果硬质合金刀片前刀面通过粗抛、半精抛和精抛后,刀片前刀面的表面粗糙度Ra为19 nm。当切削参数相同时,磨削刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度,比常温干切条件下平均降低了35.9%;抛光刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度,比常温干切条件下平均降低了43.5%。在常温干切条件下,抛光刀片比磨削刀片切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度平均降低了19.2%;在–50℃冷风条件下,抛光刀片比磨削刀片切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度平均降低了28.7%。抛光刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度Ra,比磨削刀片在常温干切条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度Ra平均降低了54.4%。结论采用对硬质合金刀片表面进行化学机械抛光技术和以–50℃冷风为切削介质的组合工艺,可有效降低TC4钛合金已加工表面粗糙度。     

抛光涂层硬质合金刀片加工钛合金的耐用度分析

目的提高涂层硬质合金刀具加工钛合金的切削性能及加工效率。方法采用化学机械抛光(Chemical Mechanical Polishing,CMP)对经过磨削加工的YG8硬质合金车削刀片前刀面进行抛光预处理,并使用CVD与PVD涂层工艺制备涂层。运用单因素试验法,对抛光涂层硬质合金刀片进行切削TC4钛合金的刀片耐用度试验,分析钛合金加工过程中刀具种类及切削参数变化对刀片耐用度的影响规律。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析刀片的磨损机理。结果经过化学机械抛光处理后,硬质合金刀片的平均粗糙度由87 nm降低为19 nm,降低幅度达78.2%。相同切削参数时,抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削CVD硬质合金刀片提高了75%,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削PVD硬质合金刀片提高了8.3%。可见采用化学机械抛光对硬质合金刀片进行加工是提高刀片表面平整度及耐用度的重要途径。结论抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削CVD硬质合金刀片,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削PVD硬质合金刀片。     

刃口钝化形状因子K对车削刀片性能的影响

切削刃制备技术是制备涂层硬质合金切削刀片必不可少的关键技术,目前应用最广的切削刃制备技术是刃口钝化。本文主要通过切削实验研究刃口钝化形状因子对涂层硬质合金车削刀片性能的影响,采用毛刷钝化法制备的相同钝化半径不同刃口钝化形状因子K的涂层硬质合金车削刀片在CK7525车床上对45钢进行车削实验,采用单因素法研究刃口钝化形状因子K1、 K=1和1K2对工件已加工表面粗糙度和切削刀片车削性能的影响。研究结果表明:刃口钝化形状因子1K2时,工件已加工表面粗糙度最小,切削刀片寿命最长。     

曲轴车-车梳加工用硬质合金刀片切削性能实验研究

本文以硬质合金刀片为研究对象,设计了一套完整的车-车梳模拟切削工艺,在该工艺中确定了每一个工序的工件状态、对应使用的刀片型号及其走刀路线。经过一定的分析,确定了每种刀片所侧重的切削性能,以此为优化标准来安排切削实验。分别对R型刀片和C型刀片进行了断屑实验,通过收集切屑分析两种刀片的断屑效果;对V型刀片和梳型刀片进行了粗糙度实验,采用RA-200型号的电感式粗糙度仪进行粗糙度测量。实验切削参数的选择由企业推荐参数为中心向前后扩展。实验后以每种刀片所侧重的优化性能为参考选出了最佳的切削参数组合,各刀片对应的最优切削参数分别为:R型刀片Vc=120 m/min,f=0.35 mm/r;C型刀片Vc=180 m/min,f=0.35 mm/r;V型刀片Vc=180 m/min,f=0.3 mm/r;梳型刀片Vc=260 m/min,f=0.15 mm/r。     

刀片表面粗糙度对工件表面残余应力分布影响的分析

目的探究硬质合金刀片表面粗糙度对加工工件表面残余应力分布的影响。方法首先通过Advant Edge FEM软件建立斜角三维切削模型,得出刀-屑间的摩擦模型。然后采用化学机械抛光方法对硬质合金刀片表面进行预处理,制备不同表面粗糙度的硬质合金刀片,通过对不同表面粗糙度的刀片进行四因素四水平的正交切削实验获得切削力,结合切削力的实验结果及刀-屑之间的摩擦模型,获得刀-屑间的摩擦系数,基于Advant Edge FEM对切削残余应力进行模拟仿真。最后,结合实验对仿真模型的合理性进行验证。结果采用表面粗糙度为0.02、0.04、0.08、0.2μm的硬质合金刀片切削45钢时,工件表面的最大残余应力分别为621.51、655.46、654.69、687.29 MPa。采用表面粗糙度为0.02μm的硬质合金刀片切削与采用表面粗糙度为0.2μm的硬质合金刀片切削相比,工件表面的最大残余应力减小了10.58%。结论硬质合金刀片的表面粗糙度越小,切削工件表面的残余应力越小。     

YT5硬质合金耐磨损实验中的热电热研究

切削工具的使用寿命直接影响加工质量和生产效率，硬质合金切削刀具的热电性能直接影响其使用寿命。本文通过切削实验研究了ＹＴ５硬质合金刀片耐磨性与热电热的关系，并建立了相应的实验相关性公式，找出了ＹＴ５硬质合金刀片的热电热对耐磨性的影响规律。     

不锈钢可加工性分析及其高效切削刀具技术研究

由于不锈钢中含有Cr、Ni、Ti和Mn等铁族元素,与硬质合金刀片中的Co元素属于同族元素,切削过程中容易产生刀-屑黏结和元素扩散等问题,是典型的难加工材料。以碳素钢45#为参考标准,从切削变形、载荷和加工硬化等方面分析不同种类不锈钢的切削加工性;进行刀具材质、结构和切削参数与不锈钢的切削匹配性研究,并进行参数优选;最后对不锈钢切削刀具的性能进行分析,提出不锈钢车削专用刀具设计方法,实现了高效切削和优异刀具使用寿命双重目标,研究数据以期为难加工材料的高效车削提供参考。     

硬质合金刀片表面涂层对切削过程影响的数值模拟

本文通过有限元法模拟硬质合金刀片切削过程,对表面涂层在切削过程中的影响进行了研究。结果表明:在硬质合金表面涂覆TiC涂层,刀片切削时切削力平均降低了19.7%,其中,主切削力下降了15.7%,这有利于提高刀片的耐用度并降低机床的输出功率;轴向力和径向力分别下降了19.4%和23.6%,这有利于提高加工精度和工件的表面质量。切削过程中,涂层硬质合金刀片表面等温线分布比较集中,最高温度区域为907℃,而普通硬质合金刀片等温线分布比较分散,最高温度区域为882℃,这与涂层材料的导热系数低有关。另外,切削时刀片表面最高温度不在切削刃口,而在切削屑与前刀面相互挤压部位。同时,本文对切削力模拟结果与实验结果做了比较,其中,轴向力的平均偏差为7.9%,主切削力的平均偏差为3.8%,径向力的平均偏差为7.3%,表明两者之间误差不是很大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。