28/32气体喷射发动机技术状况

<正> 1 前言气体喷射发动机是以气体燃料为主,以少量柴油作为引燃点火的双燃料发动机,这种发动机采用了一个与柴油机喷油系统相似的气体燃料高压喷射系统,将气体燃料喷入气缸中。气体喷射发动机可用不同品质的气体燃料,对润滑油质量没有特殊要求,热效率与柴油机相同。因而,此类发动机逐步被一些用户接受。国际上一些著名的发动机制造厂     

天然气发动机供气方式及其特点分析

对天然气发动机的供气系统进行研究。阐述供气系统可分缸外喷射和缸内直喷两种,缸外喷射又可细分为进气道混合器供气和缸外进气门处喷射供气;缸内直喷又可细分为气体燃料缸内直接低压喷射、电热塞助燃缸内高压直接喷射、油气共用泵喷嘴缸内高压直接喷射。介绍了各种供给系统的结构和工作原理,在充气效率以及动力性和排放方面对各种方式的优劣进行了比较分析,提出今后的研究方向。     

气体燃料发动机动力性分析及对策

根据不同燃料的理化特性,从理论和试验上研究了天然气体燃料发动机动力不足的原因.研究表明,气体燃料发动机容积效率并未发生明显变化,动力不足的主要原因在于气体燃料理论空燃比大、混合气密度低和分子量较低.其相应的最有效对策是采用缸内喷射技术.     

发动机燃用煤层气的燃烧性能研究

为了分析发动机燃用煤层气时的燃烧特性,本研究在现有的单缸柴油机上加装点火系统和燃料喷射系统,将其改装成为适合燃用低热值气体的电控气体燃料发动机。采用台架试验研究与模拟分析相结合的研究方法,按照真实的煤层气的成分和各成分体积比例,配制出煤层气,并对发动机燃用不同组分的煤层气的性能进行了试验研究,对其燃烧特性进行了分析和总结。     

电控气体燃料发动机监控系统的开发与设计

为了提高电控系统的开发效率,开发了电控气体燃料发动机监控系统,可对电控气体燃料发动机的工况参数和电控单元控制参数进行实时数据采集、存储、图形化显示,同时具有参数在线调整和离线图形化处理等功能。由于在监控过程中采用了实时通讯,因而能及时简便地进行电控气体燃料发动机的匹配标定工作。     

气体燃料发动机新技术(一)

介绍气体燃料发动机几种新技术的基本原理和特点。气体燃料发动机可用的技术包括：增压中冷技术、废气再循环技术、催化氧化还原技术、天然气缸内直接喷射技术、层状进气稀薄燃烧技术、预燃室技术等。     

气体燃料发动机新技术(二)

介绍气体燃料发动机几种新技术的基本原理和特点。气体燃料发动机可用的技术包括：增压中冷技术、废气再循环技术、催化氧化还原技术、天然气缸内直接喷射技术、层状进气稀薄燃烧技术、预燃室技术等。     

点燃式气体燃料发动机燃烧特性的研究

依据气体燃料混合气形成特点，本文将准维双区模型应用于气体燃料发动机燃烧过程中，并成功对气体燃料发动机进行了模拟计算，模拟计算结果与实测结果吻合良好。模拟计算弥补了实验测试中的不足，可以从更深层次地认识气体燃料燃烧特性和规律。     

使用气体燃料高压喷射技术的中速四冲程柴油机

Vasa 22和32两种型号中速四冲程柴油机已改换成运用气体燃料高压喷射原理的双燃料发动机。研制工作由MarRek和Wartsila Diesel两个公司联合进行。以研究燃烧性能各种影响因素为目的的初步试验已在Vasa 4R22型机的一个气缸上完成。对于双燃料运行的控制与安全系统,已在使用气体燃料运行的Vasa 4R32型机的所有气缸上进行试验。     

增压单燃料CNG发动机电控多点顺序喷射系统的研究

由于经济性及环保方面的突出优势,单燃料CNG(压缩天然气)发动机的设计开发已成为气体燃料发动机技术发展的重要方向。本文介绍为增压单燃料CNG发动机而研发的以Intel公司16位80C196KB单片机为核心、采用电控多点燃气顺序喷射技术的电控系统,主要介绍该电控系统的软、硬件开发方案。     

Effective efficiency and power density analysis for WiDE as a fuel in diesel engine performance

A comparative theoretical performance analysis for diesel, 5% water in diesel emulsion (WiDE), and 10% WiDE as fuels in a single‐cylinder diesel engine is presented here. Variations in engine performance parameters such as effective power density (EPD), effective power (EP), and effective efficiency (EE), along with compression ratio and equivalence ratio, have been analyzed on the basis of isobaric heat addition and isochoric heat rejection assumptions. Also, friction loss, exhaust loss, and total loss occurring in engines with the above‐mentioned fuels have been discussed. Theoretical analysis revealed that in a diesel engine with compression ratio 18, the EP and power density increased by 28.6% and 30.45%, respectively, for diesel fuel compared with 10% WiDE fuel. The optimum cycle temperature ratio, EP, and power density were obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 and the optimum EE with an equivalence ratio of 0.89 for diesel, 5% WiDE, and 10% WiDE fuels. However, the maximum exhaust loss and the minimum incomplete combustion losses were obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 and 0.8, respectively. At an equivalence ratio of 1.2, diesel fuel had a higher exhaust loss of 9.25% and 27.21% and heat loss of 5.39% and 11.8%, respectively, compared with 5% WiDE and 10% WiDE fuels. Thus, the fuel consumption rate with diesel as fuel was higher, followed by 5% WiDE and 10% WiDE fuels for diesel engine performance.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动，研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降，油耗有所上升，烟度大幅下降，NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系，合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能，又可有效地降低碳烟排放，且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机，掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大，影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷，燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大，而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

An internal combustion engine platform for increased thermal efficiency,constant‐volume combustion,variable compression ratio,and cold start

An internal‐combustion engine platform, which may operate on a portfolio of cycles for an increased expansion ratio, combustion under constant volume, variable compression ratio, and cold start, is introduced. Through unique thermodynamic cycles, the engine may be able to operate on a much greater expansion ratio than the compression ratio for a significantly improved thermal efficiency. This improvement is attained without involving a complex mechanical structure or enlarged engine size, and at the same time without reducing the compression ratio. The engine with these features may serve as an alternative to the Atkinson cycle engine or the Miller cycle engine. Furthermore, based on the same engine platform, the engine may operate on other cycles according to the load conditions and environmental considerations. These cycles include those for combustion under constant volume, variable compression ratio under part load conditions, and cold start for alternative fuels. It is believed that the introduced thermodynamic cycles associated with the engine platform may enable a future internal combustion engine that could generally increase the thermal efficiency by about 20% under full and part load conditions and overcome the cold start problem associated with diesel fuels or alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influences of hydrogen and various gas fuel addition to different liquid fuels on the performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine

This study reports the impacts of dual fuel mixtures on the theoretical performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine (SIE). The effects of addition of liquefied hydrogen, methane, butane, propane (additive fuels) into gasoline, iso-octane, benzene, toluene, hexane, ethanol and methanol fuels (primary fuels) on the variation of power, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, were examined by using a combustion model. The fuel additives were ranged from 10 to 50% by mass. The results exhibited that the ratios of hydrogen, methane, butane, propane noticeably affect the performance of the engine. The maximum increase ratio of power is 82.59% with 50% of toluene ratio and its maximum decrease ratio is 10.84% with 50% of methanol ratio in hydrogen mixtures. The maximum increase ratio of thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are observed as 26.75% and 32.23% with the combustion of benzene-hydrogen mixtures. The maximum decrease ratio of thermal efficiency is 29.71% with the combustion of 50% of methanol ratio and it is 21.95% for the exergy efficieny with the combustion of 50% of ethanol ratio in hydrogen mixtures. The power, IMEP, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of primary fuels demonstrate different variation characteristics with respect to type and ratio of additive fuels.     

Effect of some BED blends on the equivalence ratio, exhaust oxygen fraction and water and oil temperature of a diesel engine

Nowadays, natural-based oxygenated fuels, especially biodiesel and ethanol, have been considered as substitutes for fossil fuels. Because of relatively lower energy content of oxygenated fuels, it is necessary to blend them with fossil ones. In this research, authors conducted an investigation on some BED blends to determine and compare their effects on equivalence ratio, exhaust oxygen fraction and water and oil temperature in a diesel engine. For this purpose, 18 different blendes of ethanol and biodiesel with net diesel fuel were tested in a MT4-244 engine¹ considering two engine speeds in full load condition. In almost all samples the equivalence ratio decreased with increasing of biodiesel and ethanol percents. Exhaust oxygen fraction in all of samples increased with increasing of biodiesel and ethanol percents, whereas the engine water and oil temperatures slightly reduced.     

液化石油气与汽油燃烧特性的对比试验研究

在点燃式发动机上分别燃用液化石油气和汽油,通过采集示功图并进行放热规律计算,对两种燃料在相似工况、相同过量空气系数下的燃烧特性进行对比分析。结果表明,在不改变样机结构和点火提前角的情况下,燃用液化石油气造成样机最大输出功率下降了7.64%。标定工况下,过量空气系数的变化对样机燃用汽油时的功率影响较大。两种燃料标定工况下的比热耗均随过量空气系数的增大而降低,但液化石油气降低的幅度较小。相似工况、相同过量空气系数下,相对于汽油,液化石油气的滞燃期短,燃烧持续期短,燃烧速度快。     

Effect of equivalence ratio on knocking tendency in spark ignition engines fueled with fuel blends of biogas,natural gas,propane and hydrogen

This research evaluates the effect of the equivalence ratio on knocking tendency in two Spark Ignition (SI) engines fueled with gaseous fuels. A Lister Petter TR2 Diesel engine (TR2) converted to SI was used to evaluate the equivalence ratio effect when the engine was fueled with fuel blends of biogas, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. A Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine was used to study the effect of equivalence ratio on the Critical Compression Ratio (CCR) which is a metric to evaluate the knocking tendency of gaseous fuels. In both engines, the tests were conducted using the knocking threshold as the engine limit operation to quantify the effect of the equivalence ratio on knocking tendency. Experimental results in the CFR engine revealed that a lean mixture reduces the knocking tendency allowing to operate the CFR engine at higher CCR. In contrast, the effect of the equivalence ratio on the knocking tendency in the TR2 engine was different since leaner mixtures increased the engine knocking tendency. This tendency was caused by the increase in the % throttle which increased the mixture pressure at the end of the compression stroke. The high knocking tendency to lean mixtures forces to reduce the output power to find the knocking threshold for all fuel blends.     

The impacts of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of ice powered by oxygenated fuels: A review

Energy sources are becoming a governmental issue, with cost and stable supply as the main concern. Oxygenated fuels production is cheap, simple and eco-friendly, as a well as can be produced locally, cutting down on transportation fuel costs. Oxygenated fuels are used directly in an engine as a pure fuel, or they can be blended with fossil fuel. The most common fuels that are conceded under oxygenated fuels are ethanol, methanol, butanol Dimethyl Ether (DME), Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and biodiesel that have attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the higher heat of vaporization, high octane rating, high flammability temperature, and single boiling point, the oxygenated fuels have a positive impact on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions by allowing the increase of the compression ratio. Oxygenated fuels also have a considerable oxygen content that causes clean combustion. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the impact of compression ratio (CR) on the performance, combustion and emissions of internal combustion engines (ICE) that are operated with oxygenated fuels that could potentially replace petroleum-based fuels or to improve the fuel properties. The higher octane rating of oxygenated fuels can endure higher compression ratios before an engine starts knocking, thus giving an engine the ability to deliver more power efficiently and economically. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this review study was the slight increases or decreases in power when oxygenated fuel was used at the original CR in ICE engines. Also, CO, HC, and NOx emissions decreased while the fuel consumption (FC) increased. However, at higher CR, the engine performance increased and fuel consumption decreased for both SI and CI engines. It was seen the NOx, CO and CO₂ emissions of oxygenated fuels decreased with the increasing CR in the SI engine, but the HC increased. Meanwhile, in CI engine, the HC, CO and NOx decreased as the CR increased with biodiesel fuel.     

Particulate emissions from laser ignited and spark ignited hydrogen fueled engines

Exponentially increasing energy demand and stricter emission legislations have motivated researchers to explore alternative fuels and advanced engine technologies, which are more efficient and environment friendly. In last two decades, hydrogen has emerged as promising alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines and vehicles. For gaseous fuels, laser ignition (LI) has emerged as a novel ignition technique due to its superior characteristics, leading to improved combustion, engine performance and emission characteristics. Numerous advantages of LI system such as flexibility of plasma location, lower NO_x emissions and capability of igniting ultra-lean fuel–air mixture makes LI system superior compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) system. This study experimentally compares particulate emissions from hydrogen fueled engine ignited by LI and SI systems. Experiments were performed in a constant speed engine prototype, which was suitably modified to operate on gaseous fuels using both LI as well as SI systems. Particulate were characterized using engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) spectrometer. Results showed that LI engine resulted in relatively higher particulate number concentration as well as particulate mass compared to SI engine. In both ignition systems, particulate emissions increased with increasing engine load however rate of increase was relatively higher in LI system. Relatively larger count mean diameter (CMD) of particulate emitted from SI engine compared to LI engine was another important observation. This showed emission of relatively smaller particles in larger numbers from LI engine, compared to baseline SI engine.     

Effect of different types of fuels tested in a gasoline engine on engine performance and emissions

In this study, three different fuels named G100 (pure gasoline), E20 (volume 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline blend) and ES20 (20% sodium borohydride added ethanol solution and 80% gasoline) were used to test in a gasoline engine. First of all, G100 fuel, E20 and ES20 blended fuels, respectively, were tested in a gasoline engine and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at full load and at five different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 3000 rpm, and engine performance and exhaust emission values were determined for each test fuel. When the test results of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels are compared with the test results of the engine operated with gasoline; engine torque of E20 blended fuel increased by 1.87% compared to pure gasoline, while engine torque of ES20 blended fuel decreased by 1.64%. However, the engine power of E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased by 2.02% and 5.10%, respectively, compared to the power of pure gasoline engine, while their specific fuel consumption increased by 5.02% and 6.57%, respectively, compared to pure gasoline fueled engine. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while CO₂ and NO_x emissions increased.