浅谈啤酒酵母扩培过程的技术问题

酵母质量直接影响啤酒的发酵和啤酒质量。菌种的保藏、扩培设备的优劣，扩大培养过程的合理控制，关系到酵母的质量。     

啤酒酵母生产性状稳定性的实践

啤酒酵母生产性状的稳定性关系到啤酒正常发酵与产品质量的稳定问题 ,不能掉以轻心。保持啤酒酵母的良好性状应注意菌种保藏、酵母扩培、酵母使用与回收。以液氮超低温保藏最理想 ,酵母细胞存活率较高 ;酵母扩培从25℃起 ,分代逐渐降温 ,以保持其性能 ,扩培倍数以1∶5较理想 ,接种浓度为10×106～15×106 个/ml;生产使用时 ,满罐酵母接种浓度为10×106～12×106 个/ml为宜 ,以使用2～4代较理想 ,4代为限 ;酵母回收以低温(0℃左右)回收中间层较好 ,死亡率低、活力强 ,贮存时间不宜超过3天。(单雨)     

酵母扩培的实验室阶段

啤酒酵母的纯种培养在啤酒生产中非常重要,酵母扩培实验室阶段的技术要点:①扩培人员要有强烈的责任感和扎实的工作经验,严格保证扩培过程无茵;②采用普通斜面、4℃冰封保藏菌种;③选择优良的培养基;④保证扩培过程中的充氧量;⑤转接过程中选择适当的温度及合理的扩大比例.(陶然)     

传统绍兴黄酒发酵醪中酵母的分离及其生物学特性的研究

为了对传统工艺生产绍兴黄酒发酵醪中和淋饭酒母中酵母进行分离及生物学特性的研究,阐述了传统绍兴黄酒工艺发酵过程产生高酒精度的机理和形成绍兴酒风味复杂性、丰富性的因素.对传统工艺生产元红酒、加饭酒、善酿酒的主发酵醪和淋饭酒母中酵母进行分离,并对各酵母菌株的发酵力、耐酒精性、酵母的形态、醭的生成、巨大菌落和TTC变色等生物学性能进行了研究,同时,提出了进一步研究的方向和酵母菌株熟地的概念,以及对酵母菌株的宝库、熟地微生物群系进行保护的设想.     

快速发酵黄酒酵母菌的筛选

以淋饭酒母为菌种来源,通过TTC法、CO2失重法以及酿酒试验,筛选出一株快速发酵黄酒酵母菌GY-9。以GY-9酵母酿制机械化黄酒,能提高成品酒的酒精度、缩短发酵周期。经分子鉴定,GY-9为酿酒酵母菌。     

应用粳米淋饭酒母、玉米淀粉喂浆开发清爽型黄酒的工艺

根据嘉兴传统喂饭黄酒在酿制中的原理，结合酶法低温蒸煮新技术，在传统黄酒酿造工艺的基础上，采用粳米搭窝糖化培养制成淋饭酒母，然后在酵母扩培和发酵过程中将粳米喂饭改为玉米淀粉喂浆，并在后道工序中大胆引入勾兑调味技术和冷冻吸附工艺，产品具有清凉透明、香气淡雅、口味爽适、协调、细腻，具有黄酒典型风味。     

黄酒酵母GY-9的生产试验报告

GY-9酵母是本实验室从自然培养淋饭酒母中筛选出的黄酒酵母.生产试验显示,GY-9酵母发速度较快、产酒精能力强,以GY-9酵母酿制的黄酒各项理化指标均符合标准要求,感官质量与对照酒差别不大,高级醇、醛类等微量成分的含量低于以85#母酿制的黄酒.     

黄酒活性干酵母在传统工艺中的试验报告

黄酒活性干酵母在传统工艺中的试验报告吕根兰浙江省嘉兴市酒厂（３１４０００）关键词黄酒，黄酒活性干酵母，传统工艺，试验传统工艺黄酒生产中，都使用酒药拍板、搭窝，用作淋饭酒母，然后进行发酵。在生产过程中，往往由于酵母发酵力不足而影响正常发酵，使发酵出现酸...     

黄酒活性干酵母培养酒母用于大罐发酵

黄酒活性干酵母培养酒母用于大罐发酵杨月轩浙江杭州市余杭酒厂（３１１１２１）关键词黄酒，黄酒ＡＤＹ，酒母，大罐发酵，新工艺新工艺大罐黄酒生产中．一般酒厂多从试管菌种开始，逐步扩大培养至酒母罐后，再将酒母醪液接入前酵大罐中来进行糖化发酵。在整个生产过程当...     

新型淋饭酒母酿制传统工艺黄酒的试验研究

以新型淋饭酒母酿制黄酒,由于发酵前期醪液酒精度迅速上升,能有效抑制杂菌生长,达到防止醪液酸败的目的.酿成的黄酒总酸较低,各项理化指标均符合标准要求,感官品评得分高于以传统淋饭酒母酿制的黄酒.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.