农业非点源污染模型浅析

作为非点源污染研究的最重要内容之一,农业非点源污染模型日益受到学术界的高度重视 ,也取得了长足进展.本文介绍了70年代以来几个有代表性的农业非点源污染模型,并作了对比分析及初步的发展趋势预测,对于我们在管理和研究这方面工作有一定意义.     

我国农业面源污染现状与特征分析

采用改进输出系数法估算了2016年我国农业面源污染(agricultural non-point source pollution,ANP)排放量,利用单位面积负荷系数与等标污染负荷指数分别评价了ANP环境影响程度与污染严重程度,运用聚类分析法识别了污染排放特征,分析了ANP排放变化及其主导来源。结果显示,2016年我国ANP氮磷排放量分别为294.3万t、33.1万t,农田种植和畜禽养殖分别是总氮、总磷排放的主要来源;与2007年相比,2016年我国ANP中氮磷排放量分别增长8.8%和16.4%,增长主要来源于畜禽养殖。     

非点源污染研究综述

与点源污染相比,非点源污染具有随机性、广泛性、滞后性等特点,其在机理研究和模型模拟上都更加复杂.本文首先对非点源污染的基本概念、特征及其对水环境的影响做了简要的介绍;然后分别从降雨径流、土壤侵蚀和非点源污染物迁移转化非点源污染发生的3个重要环节对其研究发展历史及现状进行了概述,并介绍了非点源污染研究与GIS和RS技术的...     

Detecting effects of Best Management Practices on rain events generating nonpoint source pollution in agricultural watersheds using a physically-based stratagem

Nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) is the export to receiving waters of nutrients originating from diffuse sources. This research documents a methodology for confirming reductions in NPSP resulting from implementation of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs). It employs that methodology to confirm the success of BMPs implemented in Graywood Gully, a study sub-watershed that drains into Conesus Lake, NY. Evaluating the effects of BMPs in agricultural watersheds is often complicated by significant temporal variability in weather and hydrologic conditions. In many cases NPSP demonstrates much greater variability in response to antecedent hydrologic/meteorologic conditions than to commonly implemented BMPs. In essence, weather variability can mask the beneficial effects of the BMPs. By using the Thornthwaite–Mather procedure to model soil moisture status in addition to event rainfall total, it is possible to remove the major sources of weather/hydrologic-related variability, essentially reducing the number of experimental variables to the BMP itself. Application of this method to the Graywood sub-watershed reveals that BMPs can greatly reduce export of NPSP generated pollutants to receiving waters. Estimates of NPSP reductions range from 53% for soluble reactive phosphorus to 89% for nitrate.     

An integrated system for nonpoint source pollution modelling and management.

Modelling the impact of nonpoint source pollution (NSP) is a complex problem that has troubled water resource managers for many years when trying to set up proper management practices in catchment areas. In this paper, an integrated decision support system, NPSDSS (nonpoint source decision support system), was introduced to resolve this problem in a relatively easy way. The system was developed in a unique platform and integrated with the IMPULSE (integrated model of nonpoint source pollution processes) model, a stand alone geographic information system (GIS) toolbox, a well-structured database, a measure screening model, and an expert system, as well. The system has been applied in the Dianchi Lake catchment area and shown to give a good perspective on providing useful recommendations for appropriate NSP management.     

Nutrient load estimation in nonpoint source pollution of Hong Kong region.

Red tides and eutrophication have been frequently observed over the past two decades in coastal waters around Hong Kong, which are caused by many factors and one of them is the nutrient from nonpoint source pollution (NSP). This paper concentrates on the nutrients carried by river flow from watersheds. Since there are no systematical data sets of nonpoint source pollution in Hong Kong, monthly river water quality measurements, rainfall and river flow data, land uses, and other related information are used to analyze the characteristics of NSP and estimate the nutrient loads for Hong Kong region. Main achievements are as follows: firstly, besides mean concentration for single land use, the concept of integrated mean concentration for mixed land uses was proposed and applied. Secondly, mean concentrations were carried out for different land uses (agriculture, town, grassland, shrubland and woodland), each Water Control Zone, and Hong Kong region. Thirdly, the annual nutrient loads were estimated, for the first time in this paper, with various methods for the whole area of Hong Kong, and about 8000 tons of TN and 1500 tons TP are transported into coastal waters from Hong Kong's land in 1998.     

农业非点源污染研究进展

国外农业非点源污染研究起步于20世纪60年代,非点源污染研究的历史已有40多年,各国科学家系统地探索了非点源污染物污染特征、类型、单场暴雨、长期平均污染负荷输出和模型模拟等方面的研究,并付诸管理实践等方面的研究。我国的非点源污染相关研究起步较晚,往往局限于狭义的非点源污染的研究。在简单介绍我国农业非点源污染研究的基础上,指出不足,并提出改进建议。     

Optimum management scheme to control nonpoint pollution in Korea.

Comprehensive measures to control nonpoint source were developed by the Office of the Prime Minister, Korea in March 2004. These management measures present the government's policies and directions relating to nonpoint source management by 2020. However, the government has encountered difficulties since the government implemented such policies without preparing legal and institutional arrangements associated with nonpoint source management practices. Particularly, there was no legal system to manage the workplaces and construction sites that discharge the polluted runoff. To provide legal arrangements to achieve efficient implementation of the government's nonpoint source management policies, amendments to the "Water Quality Preservation Act" were proposed in the congress in March 2005 and took effect from April 2006. Subsequently, the nationally mandated nonpoint source control system was to be applied to such industries and construction sites. This paper attempts to propose the scope of the nonpoint source control system and effective strategies applied to the construction sites and industrial workplaces in Korea.     

农业非点源污染的危害与防治措施

农业非点源污染的随机性、普遍性、潜在性等日益受到重视.本文概述了农业非源污染对水体、大气、土壤、食物链及农业生态系统带来的危害,根据我国在农生产和工作中存在的问题,提出了从农业生产、工程措施、法律和环保稽查方面污染防治对策.     

Critical source area management of agricultural phosphorus: experiences, challenges and opportunities

The concept of critical source areas of phosphorus (P) loss produced by coinciding source and transport factors has been studied since the mid 1990s. It is widely recognized that identification of such areas has led to targeting of management strategies and conservation practices that more effectively mitigate P transfers from agricultural landscapes to surface waters. Such was the purpose of P Indices and more complex nonpoint source models. Despite their widespread adoption across the U.S., a lack of water quality improvement in certain areas (e.g. Chesapeake Bay Watershed and some of its tributaries) has challenged critical source area management to be more restrictive. While the role of soil and applied P has been easy to define and quantify, representation of transport processes still remains more elusive. Even so, the release of P from land management and in-stream buffering contribute to a legacy effect that can overwhelm the benefits of critical source area management, particularly as scale increases (e.g. the Chesapeake Bay). Also, conservation tillage that reduces erosion can lead to vertical stratification of soil P and ultimately increased dissolved P loss. Clearly, complexities imparted by spatially variable landscapes, climate, and system response will require iterative monitoring and adaptation, to develop locally relevant solutions. To overcome the challenges we have outlined, critical source area management must involve development of a 'toolbox' that contains several approaches to address the underlying problem of localized excesses of P and provide both spatial and temporal management options. To a large extent, this may be facilitated with the use of GIS and digital elevation models. Irrespective of the tool used, however, there must be a two-way dialogue between science and policy to limit the softening of technically rigorous and politically difficult approaches to truly reducing P losses.     

陕西省汉江、丹江非点源污染及控制对策

通过对汉江、丹江流域非点源污染状况的研究 ,详细分析了汉江、丹江流域非点源污染的现状 ,提出了该流域非点源污染控制的对策     

鼠茅草绿肥在防治果园面源污染的应用前景分析

农业面源污染正成为生态环境的主要问题,但其分散性、广泛性等特点又决定了其治理难度较大.本文通过对江西省果园种植面源污染情况、鼠茅草绿肥发展现状以及控制面源污染方面的技术优势进行分析.结果表明:鼠茅草绿肥技术优势明显,适用性强,应用效果十分显著.目前鼠茅草种子采集困难、价格昂贵,以及果农生态保护意识淡薄等问题,一定程度制约了该技术的推广应用.但因其在控制农业面源污染方面的作用契合生态文明建设战略,符合江西加快推进绿色发展的理念,若加以克服困难,具有广阔的应用前景.     

辽河源头区流域农业非点源污染负荷估算

近年来,非点源污染已成为我国水体污染的主要来源,其中又以农业非点源贡献最大。为探究辽河源头区流域农业非点源污染程度,运用排污系数法估算1999-2009年流域非点源污染负荷进行估算,对COD、TN、TP和氨氮的污染负荷变化趋势进行分析,应用等标污染负荷法对流域农业非点源污染状态进行评价。结果表明:1999-2009年辽河源头区流域农业非点源污染COD,TN,TP,NH3-N平均入河总量分别为35 899.67,10 402.40,1 258.56,4 306.22t/a。从不同污染物看,TN是辽河源头区流域面源污染的主要污染物,占污染物比重的47.21%。从不同污染源分析,畜禽养殖的污染负荷比为70.56%,远远超过另外三种类型的非点源污染负荷的总和,畜禽养殖污染是辽河流域非点源污染的主要来源,农村生活源的污染负荷比为19.33%,高于种植业及水产养殖业。从流域不同地区看,梨树、公主岭、东辽、双辽4市县对流域污染贡献较大,是辽河源头区流域的主要污染区域。     

江苏省农业非点源污染地区差异评价与控制对策

对江苏省13个市的水环境农业非点源污染进行了分类调查,并采用等标污染负荷的评价方法对各类污染源进行了评价。结果表明:南京、无锡、镇江、常州以生活污染为主;徐州、宿迁、泰州、盐城、连云港、淮安、南通以化肥污染为主;苏州、扬州两地畜禽粪便污染、生活污染、化肥污染和精养鱼塘污染均占一定的比例。针对不同地区提出了控制农业非点源污染的对策。     

水源地农业面源污染防治研究进展

农业面源污染是目前导致水源地污染的主要原因、通过对农业面源污染影响因素的分析,回顾了模型研究进展,总结了通过调整景观格局控制农业面源污染的理论和实践方法,提出了下一步研究方向。     

未来气候变化影响下的流域面源污染负荷特征响应评估

针对流域面源污染负荷在未来气候变化影响下的变化特征,以我国新安江上游率水流域为例,使用通用流域污染负荷模型(GWLF),对其2000-2013年的水量及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷通量进行了模拟,并解析了其负荷来源分配。在此基础上,基于政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)的气候变化评估报告结果,利用GWLF模型分析了到21世纪20年代、50年代、80年代在A1FI(最高排放)和B1(最低排放)情景下,率水流域的水文及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷特征变化。结果表明:未来气候变化对流域水文及面源污染负荷特征均有一定影响。年水资源量先减少后增加,地表径流量和蒸发量逐渐上升而地下水量逐渐下降。到2080s,A1FI情景比B1情景有更多的水资源量。年总氮通量先增加后减少,在2050s最高,而年总磷通量则逐渐增加,且两种污染物均在A1FI排放情景下有更高的污染负荷量,表明人类温室气体的排放会潜在地增加流域水体面源污染负荷。     

中小河流非点源污染治理负荷估算及分区分类研究

针对中小河流非点源污染治理过程中存在的河流数量众多、基础资料缺乏、重点难以把握等状况,提出一套基于遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术的污染负荷估算方法,识别主要污染物和污染源,确定重点防治地区和流域。以哈尔滨地区为例,在分析非点源污染来源基础上,使用输出系数模型（ECM）估算2010年非点源TN、TP污染负荷及空间分布特征,计算TN、TP等标负荷,确定主要污染物。根据等标污染负荷空间分布差异,将哈尔滨地区划分为5个污染负荷区,以流域为单元用聚类分析法将中小河流归为5类,确定了区域中小河流非点源污染防治重点。     

妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与分析

本文利用改进的输出系数模型对妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷进行了估算,并且分别通过三分法,即分区、分类、分期的方法对结果进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2017年妫水河流域农业非点源污染物TN和TP的负荷量分别为1 402 214.9 kg/a,279 629.1 kg/a;(2)流域内各乡镇TN和TP的负荷量差异较大,旧县镇、永宁镇所贡献的TN、TP负荷量最多且单位负荷强度最大,属于重点治理区域;(3)流域内对TN的贡献最大的污染源为农业种植,对TP的贡献最大的污染源为农村生活污染,这两个污染源属于优先控制的污染源;(4)TN、TP负荷与降雨量呈现正相关关系,降雨冲刷是导致的污染物负荷增加的一个主要因素。农业非点源污染的三分研究结果为妫水河流域非点源污染治理与农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

洱海流域用地变化的智能体建模与非点源污染响应模拟

洱海流域水环境污染具有显著的人类活动-土地利用/覆被变化-非点源污染链式驱动效应,有必要分析其驱动机制,模拟和预测流域的用地变化及其非点源污染响应过程。本文利用智能体模型模拟人地交互作用过程,预测洱海流域未来土地利用/覆被动态变化的结果,进而利用SWAT模型计算不同用地情景下流域主要非点源污染指标(氮和磷)的产出量和时空分布,最后,利用统计学分析方法与GIS技术,对综合模拟结果进行了精度验证、敏感性检验以及空间分析与可视化表达。结果表明:(1)流域过去和未来10年的土地利用/覆被变化表现为耕地的持续性减少(-19.28%)与建设用地的不断增长(35.27%);(2)氮和磷在时间与空间上具有相对一致性,说明流域土地利用/覆被变化对氮、磷具有相似的水环境效应;(3)未来10年流域非点源污染主要来自于农耕区,建议在保护耕地的同时,优化农耕区的种植结构和生产模式,以减少农业生产的非点源污染贡献率;(4)未来10年流域耕地面积持续性缩减,农业非点源污染呈现逐年降低趋势;同时随着建设用地不断增加,不透水表面的快速增长可能导致的城市非点源污染风险需要引起足够的重视。     

缺资料流域农业面源污染负荷研究与综合评价

在充分考虑降雨和地形对面源污染物传输影响的条件下,为能有效解决缺资料流域农业面源污染定量化估算和综合评价的问题,以古蔺县境内的古蔺河流域为例,基于改进的输出系数法和源强系数法,将研究区内3类污染源和4种污染物的输出负荷进行定量估算;采用等标污染负荷法对该流域农业面源污染进行综合评价。结果表明:研究区中农业面源污染严重,其中主要污染源为农村居民生活污水和畜禽养殖,占总等标污染负荷的74.19%;主要污染物为TN、TP和NH3-N,占总等标污染负荷的95.83%;对古蔺河污染贡献度较大的乡镇依次为古蔺镇、双沙镇和石宝镇,占总等标污染负荷的23.32%。根据分析结果,古蔺河流域应加强农村居民生活污水、畜禽养殖粪便及废水等有机废物的治理,合理施肥,减少氮磷流失。