How Nanoparticles Transform Single Molecule Measurements into Quantitative Sensors

Single molecule measurements are revolutionizing the understanding of the stochastics of behavior of single molecules. There is a common theme referred to as a near-field approach, in how many single molecule measurements are being performed in assays. The term near field is used because the measurement volume is typically very small such that a single molecule, or a single molecule binding pair, within that volume is of an appreciable concentration. The next development in detection will be performing many single molecule measurements at one time such that single molecule measurements can be used as the basis for quantitative analysis. There have already been some notable developments in this direction. Again, all have a common theme in that nanoparticles are used to create many near-field volumes that can be measured simultaneously. Herein, the coupled developments in nanoparticles and measurement strategies that allow nanoparticles to be the backbone of the next generation of sensing technologies are discussed.     

Photoelectrochemical solar cell fabrication with tungsten diselenide single crystals

Recent reports on highly efficient photoelectrochemical solar cells withn-type WSe₂ have prompted us to grown-type single crystals of WSe₂ using a chemical vapour transport method. Different transporting agents have been used. It is seen that SeCl₄ transporter leads to very large single crystals ofp-type WSe₂, whereas the same transporting agent with excess amount of Se leads ton-type single crystals. PEC solar cells fabricated withp-type andn-type crystals thus grown have been reported and the results discussed.     

Quantitative Proteomics Study Reveals Changes in the Molecular Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Impaired Stem Cell Differentiation upon Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

The increasing number of nanoparticles (NPs) being used in various industries has led to growing concerns of potential hazards that NP exposure can incur on human health. However, its global effects on humans and the underlying mechanisms are not systemically studied. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), with the ability to differentiate to any cell types, provide a unique system to assess cellular, developmental, and functional toxicity in vitro within a single system highly relevant to human physiology. Here, the quantitative proteomics approach is adopted to evaluate the molecular consequences of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO₂ NPs) exposure in hESCs. The study identifies ≈328 unique proteins significantly affected by TiO₂ NPs exposure. Proteomics analysis highlights that TiO₂ NPs can induce DNA damage, elevated oxidative stress, apoptotic responses, and cellular differentiation. Furthermore, in vivo analysis demonstrates remarkable reduction in the ability of hESCs in teratoma formation after TiO₂ NPs exposure, suggesting impaired pluripotency. Subsequently, it is found that TiO₂ NPs can disrupt hESC mesoderm differentiation into cardiomyocytes. The study unveils comprehensive changes in the molecular landscape of hESCs by TiO₂ NPs and identifies the impact which TiO₂ NPs can have on the pluripotency and differentiation properties of human stem cells.     

螺栓与孔间隙对单搭单螺栓连接板模态频率的影响

由于装配需要或者制造误差等因素的影响,连接板的螺栓与螺栓孔之间不可避免地存在间隙,而且间隙的变化对连接板的模态频率有一定的影响。通过研究螺栓与孔间隙对单搭单螺栓连接板模态频率的影响机制,讨论一种基于变通孔直径的螺栓连接动力学设计方法。首先,基于ABAQUS软件和Python语言,建立了包含变通孔直径的单搭单螺栓连接板有限元计算模型;然后,探讨了螺栓连接板在一端固支、两端固支两种边界条件下螺栓与孔间隙变化对连接板模态频率的影响机制;最后,提出了一种基于变通孔直径的螺栓连接板动力学设计方法。结果表明:当通孔直径为螺栓直径的1.02~1.20倍时,通孔直径的变化对螺栓连接板各阶固有频率的影响可忽略;通孔直径大于螺栓直径的1.21倍时,其变化对连接板模态频率有明显的影响,且影响程度各异。研究表明在特定激励环境下可通过改变通孔直径来改变系统模态频率,从而避免结构共振。该方法为螺栓与孔间隙对复杂螺栓连接系统固有频率的影响分析提供了参考,也为螺栓连接系统的抗振疲劳设计问题提供了思路。     

断口形貌几何特征定量分析

本文介绍了断口粗糙度与断口轮廓几何形态细节特征的定量分析方法,这一分析方法对于材料的失效分析,研究断裂的微观物理机制和设计高断裂阻力的材料等方面都具有实际应用价值。     

物相定量分析在铝工业中的应用

总结介绍了到目前为止在铝工业中应用的物相定量分析方法,分析了各种方法的应用范围以及优缺点,包括化学物相定量法、外标法、化学物相计算法、X射线衍射增量法、K值法、绝热法、Rietveld全谱拟合定量法、K值法和化学物相计算法结合以及Zevin无标定量法等.结果表明:每种物相定量分析方法都有各自的优点和缺点,需要根据样品的...     

Metal oxide mesocrystals and mesoporous single crystals: synthesis,properties and applications in solar energy conversion

Metal oxide mesocrystals (MCs) and mesoporous single crystals (MSCs) exhibit superior carrier transport ability,high specific surface area,shortened photo-carrier diffusion lengths to interfaces and enhanced absorbance of the incident sunlight.These advanced features make metal oxide MCs and MSCs be a promising candidate material in photocatalysis,photoelectrocatalysis,dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs).Recently,remarkable advances of applying metal oxide MCs and MSCs in these areas have been achieved.Therefore,it is extremely important to deeply understand the influence of the unique properties of metal oxide MCs and MSCs on solar energy conversion systems.Herein,we presented a brief introduction on the synthesis and carrier transfer behavior of metal oxide MCs and MSCs.Then,the rational structure design and modification of metal oxide MCs and MSCs for photocatalysis,photoelectrocatalysis,DSSCs and PSCs are systematically discussed.Finally,the perspectives on extending the application of metal oxide MCs and MSCs are addressed.     

Visual Quantitative Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells with Single‐Cell Sensitivity Using a Portable Microfluidic Device

Immunocytological technologies, molecular technologies, and functional assays are widely used for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) after enrichment from patients' blood sample. Unfortunately, accessibility to these technologies is limited due to the need for sophisticated instrumentation and skilled operators. Portable microfluidic devices have become attractive tools for expanding the access and efficiency of detection beyond hospitals to sites near the patient. Herein, a volumetric bar chart chip (V‐Chip) is developed as a portable platform for CTC detection. The target CTCs are labeled with aptamer‐conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) and analyzed by V‐Chip through quantifying the byproduct (oxygen) of the catalytic reaction between ACNPs and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the movement of an ink bar to a concentration‐dependent distance for visual quantitative readout. Thus, the CTC number is decoded into visually quantifiable information and a linear correlation can be found between the distance moved by the ink and number of cells in the sample. This method is sensitive enough that a single cell can be detected. Furthermore, the clinical capabilities of this system are demonstrated for quantitative CTC detection in the presence of a high leukocyte background. This portable detection method shows great potential for quantification of rare cells with single‐cell sensitivity for various applications.     

绩效定量考核指标的选择方法

为了保证绩效定量考核的科学性和准确性,文章探讨了考核指标选择的原则、无量纲化的方法,分析了考核指标的常见类别,提出了典型岗位的考核指标体系。为制订绩效定量考核方法选择合理的考核指标体系,确立了指导思想和具体方法。     

Radiometric calibration of single photon detectors by a single photon source based on NV-centers in diamond

A widespread use of various relative calibration techniques is established in order to realize reliable and low uncertainty measurements of the detection efficiency, which is one key parameter characterizing single photon detectors. In the following paper we will present an approach to evaluate the relative detection efficiency of single photon avalanche photo diode (SPAD) detectors compared to a standard detector. This calibration technique is based upon the fiber-coupled relative efficiency calibration of analogue detectors, used in fiber-optic communication. For the first time, to our knowledge, an intrinsic single photon source based on the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond was used for this purpose. Furthermore, the possible influence of different photon statistics, arising from different irradiation sources like thermal sources or lasers on the calibration results for the fiber exchange method has been theoretically studied.     

我国外来入侵种福寿螺分子生物学研究进展

福寿螺是一类恶性外来入侵生物,自20世纪80年代初引种并入侵我国以来,对我国农作物生产和水生生态系统造成了严重的危害.我国已报道的福寿螺入侵种类包括Pomacea canaliculata和P.insularum两种,这两种福寿螺也是东南亚、南亚和北美等多国的入侵种类.这两种福寿螺近年来在世界范围内得到了广泛的研究,现综述这两种福寿螺分子生物学的研究进展,包括种类的分子鉴定、分子系统学及蛋白基因的研究等,并对其分子生物学研究和应用进行了讨论和展望.     

Testing the reproducibility and robustness of the cancer biology literature by robot

Scientific results should not just be ‘repeatable’ (replicable in the same laboratory under identical conditions), but also ‘reproducible’ (replicable in other laboratories under similar conditions). Results should also, if possible, be ‘robust’ (replicable under a wide range of conditions). The reproducibility and robustness of only a small fraction of published biomedical results has been tested; furthermore, when reproducibility is tested, it is often not found. This situation is termed ‘the reproducibility crisis'', and it is one the most important issues facing biomedicine. This crisis would be solved if it were possible to automate reproducibility testing. Here, we describe the semi-automated testing for reproducibility and robustness of simple statements (propositions) about cancer cell biology automatically extracted from the literature. From 12 260 papers, we automatically extracted statements predicted to describe experimental results regarding a change of gene expression in response to drug treatment in breast cancer, from these we selected 74 statements of high biomedical interest. To test the reproducibility of these statements, two different teams used the laboratory automation system Eve and two breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231). Statistically significant evidence for repeatability was found for 43 statements, and significant evidence for reproducibility/robustness in 22 statements. In two cases, the automation made serendipitous discoveries. The reproduced/robust knowledge provides significant insight into cancer. We conclude that semi-automated reproducibility testing is currently achievable, that it could be scaled up to generate a substantive source of reliable knowledge and that automation has the potential to mitigate the reproducibility crisis.     

利用Rietveld方法的多相粉末定量分析

利用Ｘ射线步长扫描衍射数据和全图谱（Ｗｈｏｌｅ－ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ）拟合技术（Ｒｉｅｔｖｅｌｄ方法），通过相含量和Ｒｉｅｔｖｅｌｄ修正中标度因子之间存在的简单关系，对包含不同重量的水晶和刚玉粉末的混合物样品进行了相含量的定量分析。求得的结果与原始配比一致，说明这一技术可以有效地用于多相粉末，尤其是衍射图谱严重重叠样品的定量分析研究。     

定量包装控制系统的设计与实现

目的提高定量包装机的包装精度。方法在现有定量包装机基础上,设计了以PLC作为控制器,以触摸屏TPC7062KS为显示操作屏的定量包装控制系统,直接获取包装系统的运行信息和各种数据,提高了包装系统的可靠性和可操作性。在分析传统方法不足的基础上,在梯形图程序中采用模糊PID控制算法进行闭环控制。结果通过多次试验,包装精度能够达到±0.2%。结论采用该控制方法,包装精度提高了,并且基本不会受到外界因素的影响。     

模具定量精确成形技术在挤铸生产中的应用 研究

目的解决小型铝合金挤压铸件在浇铸过程中,存在的浇铸质量误差大、铸件组织的一致性较差、热节区出现组织缩松的问题,同时提高材料利用率。方法将模具定量精确成形技术引入到实际生产。结论模具定量精确成形技术的应用,能够有效解决小型铝合金挤压铸件在浇铸过程中因浇铸质量误差大的问题,铸件的总体质量误差能够控制在±0.02 kg范围以内,有效解决了因铸件质量误差大造成的铸件壁厚误差大,解决了铸件组织的一致性较差、热节区出现组织缩松的问题,提高了材料的利用率。     

植物多酚常见的定性定量分析方法

目的 对植物多酚常见的定性定量分析方法进行综述,为其在食品包装和贮藏领域的资源化利用提供方法和实验支撑.方法 从实验原理、实际操作、适用范围和优缺点等方面对纸色谱法、薄层色谱法、显色法等常见的定性分析方法,以及高锰酸钾滴定法、酒石酸亚铁法、普鲁士蓝法、福林酚法、香草醛-盐酸法、正丁醇-盐酸法、近红外光谱法和原子吸收光谱法等常用的定量分析方法进行介绍和对比分析,对定量分析方法和测定标准品的选择进行进一步的介绍.结果 植物多酚常见的定性定量分析方法的原理和繁简程度各不相同,测试结果有较大差异,各有优缺点;在测定中,通常采取几种不同的分析方法对同一样品中的植物多酚含量进行定量测定,从而对样品中所含的不同结构和种类植物多酚的含量得到一个综合的表征与认识;在定量分析中,通常采用与样品中多酚类物质属于同一类的酚类化合物纯物质作为标准品进行测定.结论 研究者需要根据各自的研究目的和样品的特点,选择几种合适的方法构建一套合理的分析方案对植物多酚进行定性定量分析,从而全面地反映样品中植物多酚的类型和含量.     

Magnetostriction of HTSC single crystals

We have measured the sample length change of HTSC single crystals in the superconducting state in a magnetic field. The magnetic field was applied parallel to the crystallinec-axis direction and was swept at a constant rate of 10 mT/s up to 6 T. The sample length change was measured along theab-plane direction, i.e., perpendicular to the field. We have found for the Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈ single crystals that the relative sample length change (L/L) is extraordinarily large for a superconductor, on the order of 10^–4. For the case of (La_1–x Sr _x )₂CuO₄, the amount of magnetostriction was not as large as for the Bi system, but the magnetostriction curves had many similarities. For both compounds, a relaxation phenomenon was observed when the field sweep was suspended at a certain field value. These observations are discussed in relation to flux line pinning.     

氧化锆粉体的Rietveld方法X射线衍射定量相分析

对以不同温度和时间进行热处理的氧化锆粉体,利用X射线步长衍射数据及Rietveld修正方法进行了相含量的定量分析．结果表明,以500℃热处理2h的氧化锆粉体为立方和四方二相混合物（重量比为48：52）．在700℃热处理2h,立方相已消失,部分四方相也相变成单斜相,四方相与单斜相的重量比为35：65．800℃及900℃分别热处理8h及2h都得到接近纯单斜相的氧化锆粉体,四方相的含量分别为5wt％和1wt％．文中也讨论了热处理温度和时间对氧化锆粉体晶粒大小的影响．