引黄灌区和谐分水实时调度研究

如何实现引黄水量指标有限条件下的灌区水量合理分配及调度,是引黄灌区水资源管理面临的关键问题。将和谐分水理念应用于引黄灌区的水资源管理工作,提出了基于规则的引黄灌区和谐分水方法,制定了三义寨引黄灌区不同水资源供需条件下的和谐分水方案。开发的灌区用水分析决策支持系统,具有灌区需水量实时分析和水量分配方案制定等功能,可为引黄灌区水资源实时调配提供技术支持。     

基于公共属性的水资源配置方案探讨——以大清河流域为例

根据水资源的公共属性,结合用水户与人类生活联系的紧密程度,将用水户划分为不同优先等级的受水顺序,同时站在水资源节约和充分利用的角度,将不同用水户的供水水源划分为不同优先等级的供水顺序,从而形成用水户受水公平优先、水源供水效率优先的配置方案。     

动态规划求解理论在灌区水量分配中的应用分析

在满足原有灌区灌溉水平下的水量要求的基础上,以各用水户单位水效益为指标,以灌区总净效益最大化为目标,建立了水资源分配的线性规划数学模型.研究结果表明,在不采取任何投入的情况下,采用优化分水可使灌区单位水效益在平水年提高6.8％、总净效益提高44％(总水量增加38％).在此基础上,提出了不同平水年情况下各单位的分水比例,...     

基于多因子的跨省河流水量分配方法研究

按照跨省河流水量分配遵循的水源地优先、尊重现状、公平优先、兼顾效益等基本原则,综合考虑区域产水量、现状用水、人口和耕地等经济社会状况、用水效率和效益等因素提出水量分配核算指标,建立基于多因子水量分配方法.分配结果有利于促进水资源的有序开发、合理配置和高效利用.     

霍林河流域水权制度建设特点及思考

霍林河流域初始水权分配试点的主要工作内容,是霍林河流域水量分配方案的编制,即以现状用水为基础,考虑发展需求,按照分水原则制定出一套省(自治区)际水量分配成果。在下游生态用水和上游工业用水的权衡中,将湿地作为用水户进行水量分配,分配相对充足的水量以保证湿地生态。在工业用水和农业用水分配方案中,优先考虑农业用水。本次水量分配方案考虑了弱势方的基本权利保障,为后续的水权制度建设奠定了基础。     

图论在水资源系统建模与配置计算中的应用

为提高复杂水资源系统的供排水关系识别与模型构建计算能力,本文基于系统网络图探讨了图论在模拟水资源系统复杂水量传输过程、确定网络遍历顺序与系统配水计算中的应用。利用图论中的拓扑排序算法与深度优先搜索算法对水资源系统网络关系进行不同目标的分析识别。综合两种算法,进行一次供水、供水还原与二次供水的多次网络分水过程设计和迭代计算,结合最大最小公平算法等水量分配原则,设计基于网络系统的复杂水量分配计算过程,将用户需水、工程可供水量和供水网络关系结合进行供需自适应配置,解决多水源多用户对应关系下的水源供给不均衡问题。以三亚市地表水资源配置开展实例研究,结果表明通过图论算法在系统拓扑关系遍历和配水计算过程中的应用,系统枯水年城镇缺水率从3.42%降至1.63%,供需均衡度从0.38提高至0.71,提高了配置的计算效率与合理性。     

流域/区域水量水质联合配置研究Ⅰ：理论方法

针对当前水资源配置对水质因素考虑不足等问题,进行了流域/区域水量水质联合配置研究。阐述水量水质联合配置理论基础,构建供需平衡、耗水平衡和基于水资源优化配置的水质模拟系统,提出基于水功能区纳污能力的污染物总量分配优化模型,分析分质供水的实现方式以及不同模块之间的耦合关系。基于改进"三次平衡"思想,提出水量水质联合配置方案设置、识别缺水类型和污染物总量控制分配的决策思路。本研究可为水量水质联合配置提供理论基础和方法指导。     

对水事纠纷处理程序及方法的研究和探讨

1　水事纠纷概念及特征1 1　水事纠纷概念水事纠纷即是在开发利用水资源活动中 ,因分水、用水、管水、排水、泄洪发生的矛盾。水事纠纷可以发生于地区与地区之间 ,单位与单位之间 ,单位与个人 ,个人与个人之间。表现为二个主体和多个主体之间的矛盾。1 2　水事纠纷的特征水事纠纷是以水资源和水工程为缘由 ,以兴利和除害为目的 ,以区域或流域为联系发生的矛盾。2　水事纠纷的反映和表现2 1　用水纠纷用水纠纷是在流域或区域分水时 ,因供需不平衡 ,反映在水资源分配上的矛盾。表现在一个供水系统中 ,因用水先后或分配不合理 ,单位之间或与…     

基于需水弹性理论的“黄河法”分水规则重构

实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是“黄河法”的时代使命,而分水规则的科学构建是“黄河法”立法的关键内容。需水弹性,是指各类用水满足其对应利益需求的能力及强弱。在时、空均特定的条件下,各类用水的需水弹性呈现为生态用水<生活用水<生产用水的规律。以时间或空间为变量分别来看：特定空间范围内,不同时间段同类用水的需水弹性不同;特定时间范围内,不同区域同类用水的需水弹性不同。研究表明,重构“黄河法”分水规则应以“需水弹性理论”为圭臬,立足于优先保障生态用水、重点保障生活用水、突出保障生产用水和兼顾加强水量统一调度与分配能力,并将之融贯于“黄河法”的立法目的、基本原则和以分水为核心目标的各项法律制度之中。     

改革和完善讨赖河流域分水制度的构想

历史上形成的分水时段与分水理相结合的讨赖河流域分水制度,具有一定的合理性,也有局限性。在流域内水资源供需矛盾日益突出的情况下,应根据水资源的特点,结合当地经济社会发展状况及前景,对区域水资源和河道水量进行水量水权初始分配。在现行分水制度和初始水权分配方案基础上,对个别分水时段进行调整,提出分配水量控制措施,并对有关指标体系进行分析验证,最终建立时间水权与水量水权、总量控制与定额管理、行政调整与市场交易相结合的分水制度。     

Use of bankruptcy methods for resolving interprovincial water conflicts over transboundary river: Case study of Indus River in Pakistan

Sustainable transboundary water governance is often challenged by conflicts between agents, which necessitates the design of cooperative and self‐enforcing alternatives to facilitate equitable water distribution. A pervasive and critical problem related to many transboundary rivers is that the total allocation or demand of riparian states is usually much more than that of the total available water. This problem is a major cause of disputes, both nationally and internationally. A key challenge concerns how to allocate the available water among riparian states with competing and often conflicting needs under an uncertain supply–demand gap. To address this pervasive allocation problem related to transboundary rivers, the bankruptcy method is used. The bankruptcy method distributes water among riparian states when their total demand exceeds the total available water. We investigate the utility of this method in the Indus River – a river that is shared among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely, Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) – using five commonly used bankruptcy rules and the Shapely value. Two new bankruptcy rules namely the “groundwater‐based rule” and “the proposed rule” are also proposed to address the usage of groundwater: the land affected by salinity and the gross domestic product (GDP) of each province. Additionally, this paper introduces a new method to compare and contrast the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed rules. The findings suggest that the groundwater‐based rule has the lowest dispersion and is the preferred method for water allocation in the Indus River Basin. The use of the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed methods has the potential to address the supply–demand mismatches of shared rivers. The proposed framework for selecting the best rule is recommended as an effective tool to facilitate negotiation over practical water allocation within transboundary river basins.     

Water Allocation in Transboundary River Basins under Water Scarcity: a Cooperative Bargaining Approach

Transboundary river basins are one of the main sources of fresh water which are facing water scarcity. When transboundary water is contested not only the allocation outcomes matter but also the allocation process should possess a certain desirable properties such as flexibility and sustainability. Therefore designing a mechanism that possesses these desirable characteristics and allocates the contested water resource is important as well. This article proposed a water allocation framework by combining the bankruptcy theory with asymmetric Nash bargaining solution concept for solving the water sharing problem in transboundary river basins under scarcity. Furthermore, the allocation framework was applied to the Nile river basin and to a hypothetical water scarce transboundary river basin. The results obtained were then compared with the allocation outcomes from classical bankruptcy allocation rules. The results showed that the proposed method can provide insights which could be useful for obtaining water allocation outcomes which are easier to implement and enforce under water scarce conditions.

     

基于水循环的分布式水资源调配模型开发与应用

自以水循环为基础的水资源动态配置模式提出以来,一批基于耦合分布式水文模型的水资源配置模型被先后提出,但其采用的耦合方法往往忽视了经济社会用水过程与天然水文过程之间的动态反馈作用。本文通过改进SWAT模型,并嵌合水资源配置模块,开发了基于水循环的分布式水资源调配模型（Water resources allocation and regulation model based on the SWAT,SWAT-WARM）,从模型结构、耦合方法、配置规则等方面系统描述了模型的双向耦合原理。以唐河流域为例开展模型的构建与应用研究,采用包含河道流量过程、特征频率径流总量、国民经济用水量和水资源开发利用量的多指标校验方法验证模型的性能,在此基础上,分析了不同时空尺度的水资源配置结果以及全流域年度水循环转化情况。分析结果表明,该模型通过分布式水文模拟和水资源配置模拟的动态结合,能够描述“自然-社会”水资源复杂系统的实时互馈过程,可为流域水资源精细化管理提供技术支撑。     

有外调水源的库群联合供水调度方法的改进

针对有外调水源的库群联合供水调度常规方法存在的不足,在调水规则和共同供水任务分配方面进行了改进。在调水规则方面,提出了一种调水过程控制的双调水控制线法,该方法在调度图中引入上下两条调水控制线,两线之间形成一个调水启闭的"缓冲区",有效克服了单调水控制线法调水启闭频次过多的缺陷,易于实际应用。在成员水库共同供水任务分配方面,提出了一种附加调节系数的动态分水方法,通过与成员水库蓄水状态相关的调节系数对共同供水任务进行"二次分配",与常规分水方法相比,供水任务分配更加合理,有效降低了供水成本。在大连市供水系统中的应用实例,验证了改进方法的有效性与合理性。     

Evaluation of the Bankruptcy Approach for Water Resources Allocation Conflict Resolution at Basin Scale,Iran’s Lake Urmia Experience

Water conflicts appear when there are insufficient and less available water resources than water demands claimed by different agents. In this study, a new bankruptcy approach is investigated to resolve water conflicts in the Zarrinehroud River Basin, the largest and most important sub-basin of Lake Urmia’s Basin in the northwest of Iran. The new bankruptcy method is compared with the proportional rule (PRO) and another alternative based on the cessation of irrigated agriculture in the region proposed to supply and save environmentally in danger Lake Urmia. Four scenarios consisting of the current situation, optimistic, average and pessimistic scenarios regarding the future of water resources of the basin and agricultural developments were considered. According to the results, both bankruptcy rules helped Lake Urmia to receive more water, but neither could utterly overcome the water shortage of the Lake, so can be used as supplementary actions alongside other solutions. The cessation of irrigated agriculture throughout the basin overcame the average annual shortage of Lake Urmia in the first and second scenarios equal to 137 and 148 million cubic meters respectively. It showed disability to fully supply the lake in the third and fourth scenarios. These three methods must be combined with a social-economic policy like the purchase of decreased water allocations to farmers to be socially acceptable.     

博弈论在水资源冲突中应用的研究进展

与传统的定量分析方法和最优化方法相比,博弈论能更好地识别和模拟水资源冲突主体的决策机制,并考察不同冲突间的相互作用机制。通过梳理和归纳有关文献,分别从水资源配置冲突、跨界水污染冲突和水资源冲突协调机制3个方面,对博弈论在解决水资源冲突中的运用进行了综述,并在此基础上提出了研究展望。鼓励运用市场经济宏观调控机制解决流域水资源水量和水质双重利用冲突;流域初始水权分配定量化有待深入研究。     

考虑调水和供水规则的水库优化调度

针对用于调节当地地表水资源的水库受多水源影响需要制订新调度规则的问题，考虑非常规水调蓄能力低的特点，在优先配置非常规水的基础上对受水区水库设置调水和供水规则，建立了考虑调水和供水效率的水库优化调度模型，并采用理想点法和遗传算法对调度规则寻优。将模型应用于威海市区米山水库，结果表明：与标准调度策略相比，优化后的水库调度规则使多年平均调水量减少2 692.4万m³,多年平均弃水量减少417.5万m³,提高了天然来水和外调水的利用率；枯水年对外调水的依赖性高于丰水年和平水年，平均调水量仅减少398万m³;在该调度规则下，减少外调水量的同时增加非常规水的配置可将农业供水保证率从75%提高到88.4%。     

Managing Irrigation Water Shortage: a Comparison Between Five Allocation Rules Based on Crop Benefit Functions

In this work the efficiency of five allocation rules of irrigation water is analyzed and compared. We define the most efficient rule as the one that minimizes the economic losses arising from a reduction in water availability. The first allocation rule is an equal quota granted to all irrigators. The second one is based on proportional reductions. By means of the third rule all losses of income per hectare are matched, while the fourth makes that all relative losses to the reference incomes are matched. Lastly the fifth rule seeks to maximize private benefit and economic efficiency. We prove that this one would likely be preferred by farmers growing more than one crop. The fundamentals of these rules are included, showing the analytical deduction of the crop-specific reallocations from any prescribed water reduction rule within an irrigation district, as well as the losses of income ensuing from reduced water deliveries. The methodology used herein to compare the efficiency of all these rules is dependent on the relations between allocations and yields. To estimate them, a simple and practical procedure is presented. The five allocation rules are applied to an irrigation community and compared to each other in terms of economic efficiency. Differences in economic losses arising from one rule or another will be sharper the more heterogeneous communities are. Different losses across rules will also be related to the level of water shortage.     

Simulation-optimization model of reservoir operation based on target storage curves

This paper proposes a new storage allocation rule based on target storage curves. Joint operating rules are also proposed to solve the operation problems of a multi-reservoir system with joint demands and water transfer-supply projects. The joint operating rules include a water diversion rule to determine the amount of diverted water in a period, a hedging rule based on an aggregated reservoir to determine the total release from the system, and a storage allocation rule to specify the release from each reservoir. A simulation-optimization model was established to optimize the key points of the water diversion curves, the hedging rule curves, and the target storage curves using the improved particle swarm optimization （IPSO） algorithm. The multi-reservoir water supply system located in Liaoning Province, China, including a water transfer-supply project, was employed as a case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed join operating rules and target storage curves. The results indicate that the proposed operating rules are suitable for the complex system. The storage allocation rule based on target storage curves shows an improved performance with regard to system storage distribution.     

水权交易机制设计：以节水和水资源优化配置为目标

本文对无交易机制、市场交易机制和政府主导交易机制三种状态下水权交易的资源配置效率和节水效果进行了分析与比较。首先运用简单的个体决策模型来分析比较无交易机制状态和市场交易机制状态下的资源配置效率和节水效果；其次运用一个两阶段博弈模型分析政府主导交易机制下的个体最优决策所导致的资源配置效率和节水效果。分析结果表明在参与人目标收益最大化约束前提下，市场交易机制只能实现水资源的优化配置却不能促进节水，而政府主导交易机制在实现水资源优化配置上更有效率，而且在一定条件下还能促进节水。随后通过数值模拟演示了上述分析结构。最后，运用美国加州和德州的水权交易数据进一步证实了本文结论。