NaOH-Fenton试剂预处理桑木的纤维素酶分段酶水解研究

采用分段酶水解木质纤维原料的方法,以NaOH-Fenton试剂预处理桑木为原料,通过在反应过程中及时移除葡萄糖和纤维二糖,减轻产物的抑制作用,最终达到提高酶水解得率和缩短酶解反应时间的目的。实验结果表明：纤维素酶用量为15FPIU/g（以纤维素计,下同）时,在三段（8+8+8h）水解过程中,经第一段水解,纤维素酶反应速率从1.25g/（L·h）提高到2.21g/（L·h）,第二段水解后,酶反应速率为1.54g/（L·h）,比未分段水解的酶反应速率提高了73%;当纤维素酶用量为40FPIU/g时,三段（8+8+8h）水解得率增至88.08%;三段（8+8+8h）水解充分利用了酶解残渣上的结合酶进行后续水解。对纤维素酶在预处理桑木上的吸附情况进行研究,发现桑木经NaOH-Fenton试剂预处理后,对纤维素酶的最大吸附量为8.08mg/g,预处理增加了纤维素酶与桑木间的吸附位点。     

稀碱-Fenton试剂预处理对云南苦竹酶水解得率的影响

利用响应面法对稀碱-Fenton反应预处理竹粉的条件进行优化,确定最佳的Fenton预处理条件为:1 g 稀碱预处理后竹粉底物加入质量分数30 %的 H₂O₂ 溶液3.4 mL,Fe²⁺浓度15.8 mmol/L,反应时间12 h,获得的 72 h 酶水解得率为49.98%。与原料和经2%NaOH 预处理后的样品相比,经2%NaOH-Fenton 预处理后的样品中纤维素含量升高,半纤维素和木质素含量降低,72 h酶水解得率为48.24%,分别提高了47.79和37.44个百分点。当纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的用量分别为32 FPIU/g和16 IU/g(以纤维素质量计)时,72 h 酶水解得率为76.64%,比单独使用纤维素酶时的酶水解得率提高了22.80%。     

木薯渣超低酸预处理后的酶水解及乙醇发酵

为提高木薯渣的酶解糖化效率,降低原料处理成本,采用超低酸(ULA)对木薯渣进行预处理,并对预处理后的木薯残渣(CR_(ULA))进行纤维素酶酶解糖化,同时探究木薯残渣附着酶的再利用以及回用过程抑制物的累积对发酵产乙醇的影响。结果表明,CR_(ULA)采用70 FPU/g_(底物)纤维素酶水解12 h后,获得47.22 g/L葡萄糖和60.61 g/L总糖。附着于CR_(ULA)上的纤维素酶循环利用5次,纤维素酶添加量从70 FPU/g_(底物)(RUN 1)下降到42 FPU/g_(底物)(RUN 5),节省了40%的新鲜酶,RUN 5的葡萄糖和总糖浓度分别为48.00 g/L和60.92 g/L。RUN 1和RUN 5的酶解液分别用于乙醇发酵,得到乙醇浓度和得率分别为21.67 g/L和0.46 g/g_(葡萄糖)、21.52 g/L和0.45 g/g_(葡萄糖),与葡萄糖培养基所得结果接近。附着酶再利用过程中抑制物乙酸、5-HMF和糠醛浓度有累积增加,而甲酸无明显的变化。由物料衡算可知,木薯渣经ULA预处理及酶水解后,葡萄糖得率为80.64%,乙醇产率为13.84%。     

过氧甲酸预处理对甘蔗渣酶解和发酵的影响

以甘蔗渣(SCB)为原料,经过氧甲酸(PAP)预处理后加入酶进行水解,并以水解液发酵产乙醇,考察预处理时过氧化氢(HPP)浓度变化对甘蔗渣酶解和乙醇得率的影响。实验结果表明：在甘蔗渣PAP预处理过程中,HPP与甲酸(FAP)体积比为1∶1时,预处理甘蔗渣(PAP-SCB-1)的木质素脱除率达84.30%;在纤维素酶用量为10 FPIU/g(以预处理后的甘蔗渣质量计)时,PAP-SCB-1水解72 h葡萄糖得率为98.71%,较单独过氧化氢预处理甘蔗渣(HPP-SCB,葡萄糖得率9.11%)和单独甲酸预处理甘蔗渣(FAP-SCB,葡萄糖得率7.06%),分别提高了9.84和12.98倍;PAP-SCB-1水解液经24 h发酵后,乙醇得率为84.06%,比HPP-SCB(76.20%)和FAP-SCB(75.15%)均有增加。对预处理前后物料的化学成分变化、比表面积和结晶度进行测定,结果显示：经PAP预处理后可以显著脱除甘蔗渣中的木质素,木质素的量由未经预处理的21.27%降低到10%以下;比表面积和结晶度都有提高,PAP-SCB-1的比表面积和结晶度分别为13.01 m²     

玉米秸秆中不同木质素脱除方法对纤维素酶吸附及酶解效果的比较

利用不同预处理方法获得的玉米秸秆底物研究木质素脱除对纤维素酶吸附量及酶解效率的影响。相比于其他处理方法,2%(质量分数)NaOH处理的底物具有最高的木质素脱除率(85%),最高的底物可及性[4.7 mg·(g 葡聚糖) ^-1]及酶解效率(18.9%)。通过对不同处理获得的底物进行Langmuir吸附等温曲线模拟,获得了最大吸附量(W_max)与吸附平衡常数(K),且木质纤维素酶水解效率与纤维素酶吸附量具有很好的线性关系(R²>0.8),表明脱除木质素能很好地提高底物可及性与酶解效率。然而,提高NaOH浓度(3%,4%)进一步脱除木质素时,底物可及性与碳水化合物转化为单糖的效率反而明显下降。因此,适当脱除木质素而提高底物对纤维素酶的可及性将有助于获得更有效的酶水解效果。     

表面活性剂对木薯秆酶水解的影响

采用纤维素酶促水解的方法,以木薯秆为底物,研究了5种表面活性剂(SDS、Tween 20、Tween 80、Triton x-100、Triton x-114)及其用量对木薯秆酶水解得率的影响。结果表明,除SDS外,其他4种表面活性剂对木薯秆酶水解有不同程度的促进作用,Tween 20的效果最为显著。添加2.5 g/L的Tween 20水解72 h和5.0 g/L的Triton x-114水解60 h,酶水解得率分别达到了49.23%、49.48%,比空白样提高了33.45%和34.13%。     

离子及表面活性剂对甜高粱秆渣酶解的影响

为了提高纤维素酶水解经高温液态水处理后的甜高粱秆渣的效率,探讨了多种阴离子、阳离子以及吐温80(Tween 80)对纤维素酶活力的影响,并初步探讨了Tween 80影响甜高粱秆渣酶解的机制。酶激活试验表明,Br^-、I^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Co²⁺对纤维素酶有激活作用,但对甜高粱秆渣的水解效率提高不明显。添加Tween 80发现,随着浓度的增加,它对纤维素酶的抑制作用增强,而Tween 80添加量为0.175 ml·(g甜高粱秆渣)^-1时,甜高粱秆渣的酶解效率由16.6%提高到37.9%。吸附试验表明,甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶和Tween 80的吸附达到一定限度后不再上升,Tween 80能显著降低甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶的吸附。红外光谱分析发现,木质素对Tween 80的吸附要强于它对纤维素酶的吸附。     

假木质素及其对纤维素酶的抑制效应研究进展

预处理是提高木质纤维生物转化效率的关键技术之一,但目前有效的预处理技术常导致碳水化合物降解,并生成对纤维素酶有抑制作用的物质。其中,假木质素是由碳水化合物降解产物进一步缩合而形成的具有三维立体、结构类似于木质素的物质。在纤维素的酶水解过程中,假木质素可对纤维素酶蛋白造成立体阻碍、静电吸附等作用,并降低纤维素的最终酶水解效率。深入研究假木质素结构特征及其对纤维素酶的抑制作用能够为提高纤维素基乙醇产率提供理论参考。     

NaOH/AQ预处理对玉米秸秆脱木质素及酶解性能的影响

对玉米秸秆进行氢氧化钠/蒽醌（NaOH/AQ）去木质化预处理,考察了预处理温度、时间和NaOH用量对玉米秸秆脱木质素程度的影响,并探讨了脱木质素程度对提高预处理后物料酶解性能的影响。L₉（3⁴）正交试验得出较适宜预处理工艺条件为：温度160℃,时间60 min,NaOH用量（以绝干原料质量计）2.8%;其他条件为AQ用量0.05%,固液比1：5（g：mL）,此时木质素脱除率为75%,酶解后聚糖转化率达到73.79%。随着物料脱木质素程度的提高,其酶解效率相应增加;当木质素脱除率达到一定程度后,预处理后的聚糖转化率达到最大值,继续提高木质素脱除率,聚糖转化率反而降低。响应面优化的酶水解工艺条件为纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶10 IU/g,反应时间72 h,温度50℃,底物质量分数2.5%,此时还原糖得率为85.62%。对酶解液进行HPLC分析,酶解液中的葡萄糖质量浓度为14.83 g/L,木糖质量浓度为4.83 g/L。XRD分析显示,预处理前后纤维素的晶型没有变化,而结晶度由31.40%提高至46.91%,表明物料中木质素和半纤维素发生了不同程度的溶出。     

玉米秸秆蒸爆渣的氨基酸辅助纤维素酶水解

以商品纤维素酶C2730酶解玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破渣,研究了不同氨基酸、氨基酸浓度、温度对水洗蒸汽爆破渣纤维素酶水解的影响,优化纤维素酶水解条件,提高纤维素酶水解得率。实验结果表明,纤维素酶水解蒸汽爆破渣的优化氨基酸为苯丙氨酸,优化水解条件为每克纤维素酶用量15FPIU,苯丙氨酸质量浓度为1.5 g/L,温度为50℃,水解时间为48 h,还原糖和葡萄糖得率分别为51.38%和36.78%。     

甘蔗渣的酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理及其酶解

预处理可以打破木质纤维素原料纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分间的顽抗结构,从而提升纤维素基质可酶解性。本文针对目前常压甘油有机溶剂预处理花费时间过长的问题,尝试开展酸催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理研究以缩短预处理时间。实验通过单因素选择和响应面Box-Behnken设计优化,获得酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理的最佳条件为：预处理温度245℃,预处理时间38min,硫酸添加质量0.1%。在此条件下获得基质48h酶解率的响应面预测值为94.0%,实际值为91.4%。结果表明响应面优化方案和回归模型适用于本实验,预处理显著提高了基质可酶解性。高浓度基质（15%～20%）酶解进一步证明了预处理后基质具有突出的可酶解性,20%浓度基质在酶载量5FPU/g干基质条件下批次酶解72h,酶解率达60%,葡萄糖浓度达83.4g/L。酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂酸预处理在明显缩短预处理时间的同时,能显著提高木质纤维素基质可酶解性,使后续工业化意义的浓醪酶解糖化成为可能。     

SULFUR DIOXIDE-ETHANOL-WATER PULPING OF HARDWOODS

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has developed a two-stage process to separately convert hemicellulose and cellulose to sugars leaving behind a high-lignin solid residue. Research at The University of Alabama has led to a proposed three-stage process utilizing sulfur dioxide to remove hemicellulose, followed by organosolv delignification to remove lignin and the remaining hemicellulose, then acid hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose. The purpose of the work presented in this paper was to determine whether the sulfonation and delignification steps could be successfully combined. This would result in a simpler process with improved yield of glucose.

Pulping of hardwoods in a sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water system has been shown to give a 50 to 52 percent yield of solid residue with a lignin content of approximately 7%.These results offer improvements to the TVA process in several ways. Removal of the lignin from the lignocellulose matrix would allow more efficient acid hydrolysis of cellulose and the use of less severe conditions. Delignification also serves to increase yields from enzymatic hydrolysis. Use of an organosolv to remove lignin prior to condensation reactions from acid hydrolysis would produce a lignin product which is more reactive and has higher commercial potential. The results of this work have shown the feasibility of combining the University process with the TVA process while maintaining a two-stage process.     

氧气辅助湿热预处理对玉米秸秆酒精发酵的影响

为了解氧气（O₂）在玉米秸秆湿热预处理中的作用,优化玉米秸秆酒精生产工艺,本文采用三种不同湿热预处理条件处理玉米秸秆,即条件1（195℃,15min）、条件2（195℃,15min,12bar O₂）和条件3（195℃,15min,12bar O₂,2g/L Na₂CO₃）,并利用酿酒酵母对预处理后的玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵酒精工艺（SSF）进行了研究。实验结果表明：经过预处理,玉米秸秆分为固体滤饼与水解液两部分,其中绝大部分纤维素以固体形式保留在滤饼中,而半纤维素和木质素由于不稳定则发生了部分水解或降解。三种预处理条件下纤维素总体收率分别为91.2%、94.6%和95.9%,半纤维素总体收率分别为74.5%、50.3%和68.2%,固体滤饼中木质素质量分数分别为25.2%、17.5%和13.7%,纤维素酶解葡萄糖率分别为64.8%、65.8%和67.6%。表明氧气对纤维素收率影响不大,能够促进半纤维素的溶出。氧气主要与木质素发生反应,尤其与碱性物质碳酸钠（Na₂CO₃）结合,能够促进木质素降解,从而获得了较高的纤维素收率和纤维素酶解葡萄糖率。因此在底物质量分数8%,经过酿酒酵母142h发酵,经条件3处理的玉米秸秆获得的酒精浓度最高,最终酒精浓度达到25.0g/L,并且整个发酵过程没有明显的抑制作用产生。     

Evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated by atmospheric glycerol autocatalysis

BACKGROUND: Because ethanol organosolv pulping requires high pressure and is highly volatile, an atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment process has been investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated using this method was evaluated to explore a novel, economically competitive and environmentally friendly pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The method also provides economical utilization of industrial glycerol, helping to cope with the challenge of the excess production of glycerol and to further defray the cost of biodiesel production. RESULTS: With preliminary optimization of the parameters in the pretreatment process, pretreatment performed at 240 °C for 4 h with the glycerol addition of 15 g g^?1 dry feedstock and wash at 80 °C led to high recovery of cellulose (95%) and good removal of lignin (>70%), which formed, respectively, 80% and 10% of the pulp. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wheat straw yielded 90% of theoretically achievable sugar after 24 h and 92% after 48 h. CONCLUSION: Atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment removed significant amounts of hemicellulose and lignin without affecting good cellulose recovery. The proposed novel strategy increased the susceptible of wheat straw to enzyme attack and led to enzymatic hydrolysis that was comparable with that achieved using ethanol organosolv pretreatment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of atmospheric aqueous glycerol and steam explosion pretreatments of wheat straw for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: The oversupply of cheap glycerol by the oleochemicals industry together with problems occurring in low‐boiling‐point organosolv pretreatments, has generated an interest in the use of glycerol in the organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Atmospheric aqueous glycerol autocatalytic organosolv pretreatment (AAGAOP) is a promising strategy that can effectively enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. As a cost‐effective technique, steam explosion pretreatment (SEP) is being adopted in industrial applications. Accordingly, work has been carried out to investigate how AAGAOP enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass compares with the SEP method. RESULTS: Under controlled laboratory conditions, based on ≥ 90% cellulose recovery, AAGAOP removed ≥ 60% hemicellulose and ≥ 60% lignin from wheat straw while SEP led to ～80% hemicellulose and 10% lignin removal. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields of AAGAOP and SEP reached ～90% and ～70%, respectively. Physical‐chemical structural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), helped explain the above results. The two methods gave priority to dissociating the guaiacyl lignin and had a relatively small effect on syringyl units. However, AAGAOP exhibited a superior performance. CONCLUSION: The two methods enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by removing and/or altering physical‐chemical structural impediments. The AAGAOP technique, with some special advantages, was more effective than SEP in enhancing the recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of inhibition effects of various isolated lignins on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose

Various isolated soluble and insoluble lignins isolated from ammonia recycle percolation (ARP), dilute sulfuric acid, and hot-water pretreatments and two commercially available lignins (alkali and organo-solv lignin) were tested to evaluate their inhibitory effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects by adding various isolated lignins in the enzyme hydrolysis. The results showed that enzyme reaction was generally inhibited by addition of lignins. The order of lignins from most to least inhibitory effects were alkali, ARP-soluble, water-soluble, acid-soluble, ARP-insoluble, and organo-solv lignins. With 0.344 g ARP-soluble or alkali lignin/g-glucan lignin loadings, 72-h digestibilities were decreased by 16% and 20%, respectively. It was also observed that the digestibilities were decreased, as the lignin loadings increased. The hindering effect by ARP-insoluble or organosolv lignin was not significant.     

Catalytic organosolv fractionation of willow wood and wheat straw as pretreatment for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: Ethanol‐based organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass is an effective pretreatment technology for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis to produce sugars and lignin within a biorefinery. This study focuses on the catalytic effect of H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgCl₂ on organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw. RESULTS: The use of catalysts improved fractionation of both feedstocks. The maximum enzymatic cellulose digestibility obtained was 87% for willow wood (using 0.01 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ as catalyst) and 99% for wheat straw (0.02 mol L^?1 HCl). Non‐catalytic organosolv fractionation at identical conditions resulted in 74% (willow wood) and 44% (wheat straw) glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment was particularly effective for wheat straw. The influence of the acid catalysts was found to be primarily due to their effect on the pH of the organosolv liquor. Acid catalysts particularly promoted xylan hydrolysis. MgCl₂ was less effective than the acid catalysts, but it seemed to more selectively improve delignification of willow wood. CONCLUSION: Application of catalysts in organosolv pretreatment of willow wood and wheat straw was found to substantially improve fractionation and enzymatic digestibility. The use of catalysts can contribute to achieving maximum utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in organosolv‐based biorefineries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Purification of Biorefinery Lignin with Alcohols

After hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw, a slurry rich in lignin but with a high content of inorganic substances, especially silica, and residual carbohydrates is produced. This slurry was used to develop an ethanol organosolv separation method to produce silica-free lignin fractions. The addition of para toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) and the use of two alternative long-chain alcohols, oleyl alcohol or nonylphenol, were tested. In every reaction, two lignin fractions were produced and their molecular size and elemental composition were characterized. The yield of each fraction and the change in MWD were studied as a function of temperature and solid to liquid ratio. At 100, 150, and 200°C and with the use of PTSA, high-purity lignin fractions were obtained. After lignin fractionation with nonylphenol, a liquid silica-free product with high lignin content was obtained in yields between 17 and 72%.