基于采样点优化RRT算法的机械臂路径规划

针对基于随机采样的RRT机械臂路径规划算法在全局工作空间下采样效率低、随机性强等问题,提出一种基于采样点优化RRT算法的机械臂路径规划算法.相对于全局工作空间采样,优化算法首先基于非障碍物空间生成随机采样点,以降低算法碰撞检测概率与冗余节点的生成,再结合一定概率的人工势场法产生启发式采样点,使得机械臂臂体于路径规划采样过程中既能保证随机采样的概率完备,又能使采样点更具目标导向性.其次,为使得路径更加简洁平滑,使用冗余节点删除策略剔除路径中的冗余节点来优化最终路径.最后在二维、三维的仿真环境中对优化算法进行对比实验分析,以验证算法在随机采样路径规划算法中的良好性能,并在IRB 1200-7/0.7机械臂上进行避障规划算法实验.仿真和实验结果都表明,所提出的算法在机械臂路径规划中可以获得更高的规划效率和更优的路径.     

基于改进人工势场的移动机器人路径规划

介绍了传统人工势场法在静态环境中的应用,分析了此方法在动态环境中的不足,在此不足的基础上引入了速度势场的概念,改进了传统的人工势场函数,得出了新的引力函数和斥力函数;新的引力函数和斥力函数考虑了机器人、目标点、障碍物的速度特性,使机器人能更好适应动态环境;在新的势场函数作用下,机器人能快速调整自身速度大小和方向,使其快速脱离障碍物的威胁并快速、准确到达或追踪目标;仿真实验结果验证了新的人工势场函数的有效性.     

基于群集行为的分布式多无人机编队动态避障控制

针对无人机编队保持和动态障碍物规避控制问题,本文提出了一种新的基于群集行为的分布式多无人机编队控制和避障控制算法.首先考虑了由机间气流等因素带来的干扰,基于吸引/排斥势场和一致性方法,设计了分布式无人机编队的队形保持控制算法,对编队内无人机之间的距离进行控制.进一步考虑外部移动障碍对无人机编队的影响,引入了排斥势场产生...     

动态环境下基于人工势场的移动机器人运动规划

分析了传统势场法在动态环境下的不足,并在此基础上引入了速度势场的概念,改进了传统的势场函数,推导出新的引力函数和斥力函数.在新的势场函数作用下机器人能够快速调整自身的速度大小和方向,使其快速脱离障碍物的威胁并能快速地到达目标或追踪目标.仿真实验验证了新的势场方法的有效性.     

基于改进PRM的采摘机器人机械臂避障路径规划

针对采摘机器人机械臂在不确定的环境中进行采摘作业的要求,提出了一种基于改进概率地图(PRM)算法的机械臂避障路径规划方法。将机械臂工作空间分割成离散单元集合,通过遍历的方法,获得机械臂工作空间中任意离散单元与机械臂有撞位姿之间的映射关系。将空间障碍物分割成离散单元,并通过索引映射关系获得与障碍物有撞的所有机械臂位姿信息,并以此建立关节构形空间。通过PRM算法在关节构形空间中快速搜索机械臂避障路径。仿真结果表明:相比传统PRM算法,改进算法速度提高22. 2%,能够有效地实现机械臂无碰撞路径规划。     

新型势场模型及在实时运动规划中应用

针对复杂环境中移动机器人的实时运动规划问题,在传统人工势场法基础上,以机器人与动态障碍物的相对位置和相对速度为变量,构建了一种新型的位置和速度势场模型,提出了一种新的自适应势场法.通过变参数约束扰动法解决了势场法中的局部极小问题.实验结果表明,该方法能使机器人选择最佳避障策略实现主动避障,快速地摆脱动态障碍物,规划出光滑路径,从而提高避障效率,较好地解决了动态未知环境中的路径规划问题.     

基于人工势场在机械臂避障路径规划中的研究综述

机械臂路径规划避障是目前机器人领域研究的热点,人工势场因算法简单、高效被越来越多地应用到机械臂路径规划避障中。本文首先介绍了人工势场的原理,分析了传统人工势场存在的目标不可达和局部极小值等问题,并对人工势场在机械臂避障规划中已有的算法进行分类综述,最后对人工势场在机械臂避障方面的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于接近觉的机械臂避障路径规划

提出了一种基于接近觉的机械臂避障路径规划方法。首先,针对排列稀疏的接近觉传感器阵列的障碍物感知问题,定义连杆“运动方向”的概念,优先读取连杆运动方向上的传感器以缩短读取周期的长度,并将距离传感器最近的障碍物表面建模为“假想圆锥”,过其顶点作“安全平面”,连杆在运动过程中不能与其发生碰撞。其次,针对避障路径规划问题,采用基于势函数与关节空间的人工势场法,并根据所提出的障碍物感知方法提出了基于“绕行”的改进方法以解决人工势场法的局部最优问题。最后,在UR10机器人的小臂连杆上验证本文方法,实验结果证明了本文方法的有效性、鲁棒性与实时性。     

基于改进人工势场法的机械手避障规划

针对三维环境中机械手在障碍物附近目标不可达问题和局部最小值问题,提出一种基于改进人工势场法的机械手避障方法.该方法以机械手末端所受合力的方向作为其运动方向,通过势场力的作用使机械手末端避开障碍物,解决障碍物附近目标不可达问题;采用X-Y平面内的角度偏移法,使机械手末端迅速跳出局部最小值,解决势场法的局部最小值问题;从而使机械手避开障碍物到达目标位置,并给出了机械手避障规划算法的具体实现步骤.将该方法应用于机械手末端位置、障碍物位置和目标位置已知条件下的常规作业任务中,仿真实验结果表明,机械手末端沿着规划路径可跳出局部最小值,并避开障碍物,成功到达目标位置,验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于多行为的移动机器人路径规划

机器人由当前点向目标点运动的过程中,所处环境经常为动态变化且未知的,这使得传统的路径规划算法对于移动机器人避障过程很难建立精确的数学模型.为此,针对环境信息完全未知的情况,为移动机器人设计一种基于模糊控制思想的多行为局部路径规划方法.该方法通过对各种行为之间进行适时合理的切换,以保证机器人安全迅速地躲避静态和动态障碍物,并利用改进的人工势场法实现对变速目标点的追踪.对于模糊避障中常见的U型陷阱问题,提出一种边界追踪的陷阱逃脱策略,使得机器人成功解除死锁状态.另外,设计一个速度模糊控制器,实现了机器人的智能行驶.最后,基于Matlab平台的仿真结果验证了所提出算法的有效性和实时性,与A*势场法的对比结果更突出了该算法的可行性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。