生物质与塑料催化共热解制芳烃研究进展

芳烃是多用途的化学品,主要来源于石油和煤焦油等。以生物质和塑料为原料制取芳烃,可以缓解能源短缺和环境污染,实现生物质和塑料的资源化利用。催化剂能够增强共热解的协同效应,生物质与塑料进行催化共热解可以提高产物品质,改善热解产物分布,提高轻质芳烃的产率和选择性,抑制焦炭的生成。本文综述了生物质与塑料催化共热解制取芳烃的协同热解机理及影响因素,总结了不同种类催化剂的共热解研究进展,以期为生物质与塑料催化共热解定向调控制备芳烃工艺的改进和优化提供参考。     

葡萄糖催化热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮特性研究

催化热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮（LGO）是生物质制备高值化学品的重要方法。开发了一种新型的金属磺化炭催化剂用于高效制备LGO,并研究了热解温度、催化剂与生物质的比例以及金属盐类型对左旋葡萄糖酮生成的影响,研究表明：金属磺化炭明显促进了LGO的选择性,在Ce-SC催化剂作用下,催化热解温度为300℃、原料/催化剂比例为1∶1时,LGO的含量达到了82%;在Co-SC催化剂作用下,催化热解温度为400℃、原料/催化剂比例为1∶1时,LGO的含量达到了64%。     

生物质热解液化制备生物油技术研究进展

介绍了国内外生物质热解液化工艺、主要反应器及其应用现状;简述了生物质催化热解、生物质与煤共热解液化、微波生物质热解、热等离子体生物质热解几种新型热解工艺;并对目前生物质热解动力学研究进行了总结;对未来生物质热解液化技术的研究进行了展望。     

生物质催化热解制备低碳烯烃的研究进展

随着我国原油对外依存度增加和国内烯烃供需矛盾加剧,烯烃原料供应紧张,制约了低碳烯烃行业发展。因此,扩大烯烃原料种类、采用非石油原料生产低碳烯烃有着重要意义。生物质作为原料用于制取烯烃有着广阔的研究前景。催化热解制备低碳烯烃工艺简单,克服了传统气化-合成技术制备过程复杂和周期长等缺点。然而,生物质催化热解制备低碳烯烃工艺过程也存在诸多影响因素,如生物质原料特性、催化剂类型和热解工艺条件等。本文着重讨论了原料种类、氢碳有效比、碱金属及碱土金属、温度、催化剂与原料比、反应装置、热解方式和催化剂种类等因素对低碳烯烃产率的影响,其中催化剂是提高低碳烯烃产率的关键因素。目前,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂广泛用于该工艺研究中;由于其易积炭快速失活,催化剂改性成为了研究的热点。针对现研究中改性方式较为单一且改性过程中存在的不足,提出了两种可行的分子筛改性方法。此外,鉴于还未见专门用于催化热解制备低碳烯烃的反应装置,文中给出了一个反应器设计参考性的意见。     

生物质催化热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的研究进展

左旋葡萄糖酮是一种重要的手性合成子,催化热解生物质制备左旋葡萄糖酮具有经济、环保等特点,是生物质资源开发与利用的又一新平台。本文综述了催化热解生物质制备左旋葡萄糖酮催化剂的研究现状,着重介绍了无机酸、固体酸、固体超强酸、氯化物等催化剂对热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的影响。阐述了各催化剂的优势与局限性：无机酸催化剂价格低廉、催化效率高,但原料预处理复杂、易腐蚀设备且难以回收;固体酸催化剂腐蚀性较小,易于分离回收,但催化效果较弱;固体超强酸催化效果良好且易于回收利用,但制备过程较为复杂;氯化物催化剂价格便宜、易于获得,但催化效果不佳。开发安全高效、绿色环保、可回收利用的催化剂是今后热解制备左旋葡萄糖酮的研究热点和难点。     

生物质模化物催化热解制取烯烃和芳香烃

采用愈创木酚作为生物质模型化合物,以ZSM-5为催化剂,在固定床反应器中研究了反应温度、质量空速以及分压对热解产物产率、选择性的影响,并考察了催化剂的积炭情况。结果表明,愈创木酚催化热解的主要产物为酚类,其次是芳香烃。温度对产物分布有显著影响。催化剂适量的积炭有利于提高烯烃和芳香烃的产率。根据愈创木酚催化热解反应产物分布,推测其主要反应为脱除甲氧基形成酚类,进一步芳构化形成芳香烃。本文研究结果为研究生物质催化热解反应机理提供了理论依据。     

微波快速催化热解生物质制备富烃燃油的研究进展

回顾了微波快速催化热解生物质制备富烃生物油的国内外研究现状,重点叙述了有效氢碳比(H/C_(eff))及催化剂对微波快速催化热解生物质制备富烃生物油的影响。指出可通过提高热解原料H/C_(eff)、选择合适催化剂来调节生物油烃类组分;着重介绍了不同H/C_(eff)生物质原料、HZSM-5催化剂等影响因素,并对微波快速催化热解生物质制备富烃生物油进行了展望。     

低温等离子体协同生物质热解-催化制备烃类燃料

以HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,进行低温等离子体(NTP)协同生物质真空热解-HZSM-5催化制备精制生物油的试验,采用响应面法对NTP协同生物质热解-催化制备精制生物油的工艺参数进行了分析和优化,考察了生物质质量与催化剂高度(质高比)、反应温度和体系压力对精制生物油收率的影响,三者对精制生物油的收率具有显著影响,且交互作用显著.对最优工艺条件下制备的精制生物油元素组成、高位热值(High heating value,HHV)、官能团构成和分子组分进行分析,以期为生物质能源高效转化利用提供试验基础据和理论依据.     

Mo/ZSM-5催化作用下生物质快速热解制生物油实验研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备Mo/ZSM-5催化剂,并应用于生物质快速热解制备生物油。采用Py-GC/MS装置,重点研究了Mo负载量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂与木粉质量比等参数对生物油产率和组成的影响规律。实验结果表明,与纯木粉热解相比较,ZSM-5和Mo/ZSM-5催化作用下生物油的产率大幅提高;在反应温度为600℃、反应时间为25 s、催化剂与木粉质量比为10/1的条件下,10Mo/ZSM-5催化作用下生物油中芳香烃类化合物的产率和相对含量达到最大值。根据生物油产率和组成的变化,可以得出Mo负载的ZSM-5催化剂强化促进酸类、醛酮类等含氧化合物转化为芳香烃类化合物,有效实现了生物质热解生物油品质的提升。     

生物质制备生物油裂解反应器研究进展

生物质热裂解是生物质在隔绝空气的条件下,快速加热裂解,裂解蒸汽经快速冷却制得棕褐色液体产物。将生物质热解生成生物油,不仅便于运输和储存,而且还可以作为生产化工产品的原料。主要介绍了国内外生物质纤维素裂解制备生物油工艺、裂解反应器的特点等。就我国目前的技术,建议开发高效裂解工艺、新型高效反应器、研究反应机理以及开发高效催化剂等,从而降低生物质裂解油成本。     

The influence of catalyst regeneration on the composition of zeolite-upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils

The composition of oils derived from the on-line, low pressure zeolite upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils from a fluidized bed pyrolysis unit have been investigated in relation to the regeneration of the zeolite catalyst. The catalyst used was H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The gases were analysed by packed column gas chromatography. The composition of the oils before catalysis and after catalyst upgrading were analysed by liquid chromatography fractionation, followed by coupled gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of each fraction. In particular, the aromatic and oxygenated aromatic species were identified and quantified. In addition, the oils were analysed for their elemental composition and molecular weight range using size exclusion chromatography. Before catalysis the biomass pyrolysis oil was highly oxygenated but after catalysis a highly aromatic oil was formed with high concentrations of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, significant concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were formed. Regeneration of the zeolite catalyst showed that continued regeneration reduced the effectiveness of the catalyst in converting biomass pyrolysis oils to an aromatic product. Elemental analysis of the upgraded oils showed an increase in the oxygen content of the oil with increasing regeneration of the catalyst. The molecular weight range of the oils was found to decrease markedly after catalysis, but continued regeneration of the catalyst increased the molecular weight range of the upgraded oils. Detailed analysis of the uncatalysed oils showed they contained low concentrations of aromatic and PAH species which markedly increased in concentration after catalysis. The overall effect of increasing catalyst regeneration was a decrease in the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH. Also as the catalyst was regenerated, the number of methyl groups on the parent single ring aromatic compound or PAH increased. The oxygenated aromatic species in the oil before catalysis were mainly, phenols and benzenediols and their alkylated homologues. After catalysis some of the oxygenated species were reduced and some increased in concentration. A dual mechanistic route is suggested for the formation of aromatics and PAH during the catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils: (1) the formation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons on the catalyst which then undergo aromatization reactions to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH; (2) deoxygenation of oxygenated compounds found in the non-phenolic fraction of the pyrolysis oils which directly form aromatic compounds.     

Fe-Zn共改性ZSM-5催化作用下生物质快速热解特性研究

选取木屑和花生壳作为原料进行生物质热解,研究有机产物分布,催化剂使用Fe、Zn两种金属元素进行改性。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外（FT-IR）、比表面积测试（BET）对Fe-Zn改性的ZSM-5进行分析。使用闪速裂解-气质联用仪（PY-GC/MS）对原料进行热解,探究生物质催化热解的产物分布变化。催化剂的使用使得芳烃类产物产率获得较大提升,在木屑热解中,Fe负载的分子筛催化获得了酚类的最高产率,比ZSM-5催化热解产率提升18.30%。金属改性催化剂在花生壳热解中,大幅提升了芳烃类产物产率,其中Zn负载催化剂芳烃类产物产率最高,Zn负载催化热解比直接热解的酚类产率降低了18.92%。Zn负载催化获得了最低的酮类产率,与直接热解相比酮类产率降低19.74%,显示出较强的脱羟基效果。此外Zn负载催化和Fe-Zn双金属负载催化在花生壳热解中都大幅降低了酸类产物产率,与直接热解相比酸类产率分别降低了30.46%、36.71%。     

Improving hydrocarbons production via catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics and dual catalytic pyrolysis

To increase the low yield and selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons during the biomass pyrolysis process, we torrefied the biomass and then co-pyrolyzing with plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polypropylene (PP) and also single and dual catalyst layouts were investigated by Py-GC/MS. The results showed that non-catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of raw bagasse (RBG) generated no aromatics. After torrefaction non-CFP of torrefied bagasse (TBG) generated low aromatic yield. Indicating that torrefaction would enhance the proportion of aromatics during the pyrolysis process. The CFP of TBG_200℃ and TBG_240℃ over ZSM-5 produced the total aromatic yield of 1.96 and 1.88 times higher, respectively, compared to non-CFP of TBG. Furthermore, the addition of plastic could increase H/Ceff ratio of the mixture, consequently, increase the yield of aromatic compounds. Among the various torrefied-bagasse/plastic mixtures, the CFP of TBG/EVA (7:3 ratio) mixture generated the highest the total aromatic yield of 7.7 times more than the CFP of TBG alone. The dual catalyst layout could enhance the yield of aromatics hydrocarbons. The dual-catalytic co-pyrolysis of TBG_200℃/plastic (1:1) ratio over USY (ultra-stable Y zeolite)/ZSM-5, improved the total aromatics yield by 4.33 times more than the catalytic pyrolysis of TBG_200oC alone over ZSM-5 catalyst. The above results showed that the yield and selectivities of light aromatic hydrocarbons can be improved via catalytic co-pyrolysis and dual catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics.     

城市污水污泥催化快速热解制备芳香烃和烯烃

将城市污水污泥干燥处理,在小型热解分析系统中使用沸石分子筛进行催化快速热解实验,研究热解条件对芳香烃和烯烃产率及选择性的影响。结果表明：污泥快速热解产物中,烃类物质和含氮化合物较多,这些组分主要源自污泥中的蛋白质和油脂成分;添加催化剂后,芳香烃和烯烃的产率明显提高;在热解温度500℃、催化温度600℃条件下芳香烃和烯烃的产率分别为24%和19%。另外,污泥中大部分的N、P、Na和K等元素依然保留在炭粉中。     

Production of aromatic hydrocarbons by co-cracking of bio-oil and ethanol over Ga2O3/HZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic cracking of bio-oil is important to produce aromatic hydrocarbons, which can partially replace gasoline or diesel to greatly reduce carbon emissions from transportation. To further promote the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons, this work studied the effects of the preparation method and the acid strength of Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 on catalytic cracking of the bio-oil distilled fraction systematically. The preparation method of Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 had an important effect on its catalytic activity: the Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 prepared by physical mixing showed the low dispersion of active phases and poor pore structure, resulting in its insufficient activity and severe coke deposition; the Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 prepared by precipitation exhibited the higher activity, while many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons unfavorable for the subsequent utilization were in the oil phase; the Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 prepared by impregnation showed the highest activity and 35.5% (mass) selectivity of the oil phase, including 80.3% monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 12.0% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The Brønsted acidity of Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 decreased with Si/Al ratio, leading to the decline in reactant conversion, oil phase selectivity and quality. Meanwhile, the polymerization between monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates was promoted to produce many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and even coke, causing catalyst deactivation.     

生物质裂解油催化裂解精制

在HZSM-5催化剂存在的条件下，生物质裂解油在固定床反应器内进行了催化裂解. 实验研究了精制生物油的产率受温度、催化剂粒度、质量空速、溶剂诸因素的影响程度. 在较佳的反应条件下，即质量空速3.7 h-1、温度380℃时，获得了较高的精制生物油产率(44.68%). 产物分析表明，精制油中的含氧化合物如有机酸、酯、醇、酮、醛的含量大大降低，而不含氧的芳香族碳氢化合物和多环芳香碳氢化合物含量有所增加.     

生物质与催化裂化油浆共热解协同作用研究

基于生物质焦油氧含量高、品质差的缺陷,本文提出将生物质与重油共转化利用的方法。以催化裂化油浆（FCC）、稻壳（RH）、木屑（PS）为原料,通过低温固定床热解实验对其共热解产物分布进行了研究。结果表明,在FCC的供氢作用下,共热解有利于焦油中含氧化合物的脱除,随着生物质比例增加,反应过程中脱羧基、脱羰基反应减弱,脱羟基反应增强,产物中CO、CO₂产率较计算值增加幅度减小,水的产率较计算值逐渐增大。焦油中烃类物质增加,其中芳香烃以二元环和四元环增加为主,脂肪烃中以C₁₃~C₂₀增加为主。整体上,共热解过程促进了半焦产率的增加,焦油产率虽无明显改变但品质得到了显著提升。     

生物质与催化裂化油浆共热解协同作用研究

基于生物质焦油氧含量高、品质差的缺陷,本文提出将生物质与重油共转化利用的方法。以催化裂化油浆（FCC）、稻壳（RH）、木屑（PS）为原料,通过低温固定床热解实验对其共热解产物分布进行了研究。结果表明,在FCC的供氢作用下,共热解有利于焦油中含氧化合物的脱除,随着生物质比例增加,反应过程中脱羧基、脱羰基反应减弱,脱羟基反应增强,产物中CO、CO₂产率较计算值增加幅度减小,水的产率较计算值逐渐增大。焦油中烃类物质增加,其中芳香烃以二元环和四元环增加为主,脂肪烃中以C₁₃~C₂₀增加为主。整体上,共热解过程促进了半焦产率的增加,焦油产率虽无明显改变但品质得到了显著提升。     

硼掺杂活性炭催化生物质与塑料共热解制芳烃

活性炭（AC）由于其发达的孔隙结构和官能团,被用作生物质和塑料催化裂解的催化剂或催化剂载体。然而,AC催化剂的催化活性较低,需对其进行改性处理以提高催化性能。本文利用固定床反应器探究了掺硼活性炭（BAC）催化剂催化玉米秸秆和高密度聚乙烯共热解过程中硼掺杂量、催化剂/原料质量比、共热解温度对产物产率及分布的影响规律。采用BET、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD测试了AC与BAC催化剂的比表面积、孔容、表面官能团及酸性等性能,并采用XRD和XPS对BAC使用前后硼的晶体结构和存在形态进行了表征。结果表明,随着硼掺杂量的增加,BAC催化剂的比表面积和孔径逐渐降低,表面官能团无明显变化,而强弱酸量显著增加。使用后的BAC催化剂中硼主要以B—O键的形式存在,BC₃衍射峰消失,出现了B—C弱衍射峰。随着硼掺杂质量分数从0.5%增至3.0%,单环芳烃的含量先升高后降低,而多环芳烃的含量呈现出与单环芳烃相反的变化趋势。当硼掺杂量为1.0%、共热解温度为600℃和BAC催化剂/原料质量比为1.25时,单环芳烃含量达到最大值44.18%,此时多环芳烃的含量为19.75%。此外,硼的存在能有效抑制焦炭沉积,提高催化剂的寿命。