城市河道治理中的景观生态模式

阐述了城市河道的基本功能,根据景观生态学的基本原理指出了城市河道改造中需要坚持的基本原则:系统性原则、可持续性原则、景观改造的谨慎性原则、经济合理性原则,强调河道治理必须考虑到改造过程对城市防洪、景观、生态等方面的影响,推动城市水域空间规划设计的和谐处理,避免功能失效和景观生态缺失。同时,对城市河道治理的水利基本要素、城市河道断面的选择、城市河道景观设计、城市河道生态环境与景观效益等进行了分析。     

Assessing the cost of groundwater pollution: the case of diffuse agricultural pollution in the Upper Rhine valley aquifer.

This paper presents an assessment of the costs of diffuse groundwater pollution by nitrates and pesticides for the industrial and the drinking water sectors in the Upper Rhine valley, France. Pollution costs which occurred between 1988 and 2002 are described and assessed using the avoidance cost method. Geo-statistical methods (kriging) are then used to construct three scenarios of nitrate concentration evolution. The economic consequences of each scenario are then assessed. The estimates obtained are compared with the results of a contingent valuation study carried out in the same study area ten years earlier.     

金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征

根据1986年秋季和1987年春季金塘水道内十个站点的大、中、小潮的流速和悬沙浓度的同步观测资料,利用悬沙质量守恒原理,分析了金塘水道的悬沙输运和再悬浮作用特征。水道与外海的悬沙交换、水道内悬沙与底质的泥沙交换分别使水道内的悬沙质量平均每小时发生2%~10%和7%~14%的变化,前者小于后者。水道与外海进行悬沙交换时,水道向外海输出悬沙,大潮周日输出的悬沙质量比小潮大2个数量级。在悬沙与底质的泥沙交换过程中,大潮和中潮以再悬浮作用为主,小潮以沉降作用为主,在一个大小潮周期中,再悬浮作用强于沉降作用,水道底床发生侵蚀。再悬浮通量与流速、(τ-τcr)/τcr具有一定的正线性关系(τ为底部切应力,τcr为临界再悬浮切应力)。再悬浮系数处于10-4kg.m-2s-1量级,与(τ-cτr)/τcr不具有明显关系,底质沉积特征是影响再悬浮作用和再悬浮系数的重要因素。     

长江口北港河势演变及趋势分析

根据长江口1977-2013年海图及2011-2012年北港洪枯季实测水沙、流速数据,结合历史资料对北港上、中、下三段南北港分流口、北港主槽、拦门沙河段的河势演变进行分析。结果表明:20世纪70至80年代南北港分流口河道更迭演变是导致北港河势变化的主要原因;1977-2001年为北港主河槽的调整期,河槽上段北偏,下段南偏;涨潮流导致北港北沙淤涨,且北港北汊分流比增多;目前北港洪、枯季落潮优势明显;洪季落潮输沙明显,枯季涨潮输沙较强;由于大量河口工程的建设,北港河势进入稳定期,适宜航道开发。     

Identifying Uncertainty Guidelines for Supporting Policy Making in Water Management Illustrated for Upper Guadiana and Rhine Basins

In recent years, guidelines have been developed for supporting water managers in dealing with uncertainty in integrated water resources management (IWRM). Usually such guidelines have concentrated on certain aspects of processes in IWRM, notably on uncertainty associated with the modelling process and monitoring data. While this is of undisputed importance for supporting water managers in making well balanced and informed decisions, less attention has been paid to guiding policy makers in where uncertainty may emerge when considering the whole water management process. In this paper it is assessed in what way the policy makers can benefit from support in accounting for uncertainty at various stages in the water management process. Point of departure is an analysis of a broad range of uncertainty guidelines and their categorization in the water management process using a recently developed framework. Emphasis is on linking sources of uncertainty to uncertainty guidelines from an applied point of view in water management by developing a way to assist water managers to deal with uncertainty in IWRM and make informed and robust decisions. To support this, the Upper Guadiana basin in Spain and three Rhine basins are used as cases for water management issues in which it is demonstrated how water managers potentially can benefit from uncertainty guidelines in support of policy making, for instance with respect to implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD).     

河道疏浚回淤过程数值模拟

以平面二维水流泥沙数学模型为基础，对河道挖槽疏浚回淤过程的一般规律进行了模拟。模型考虑了河道的横向展宽，先模拟出一条概化的稳定平衡河槽，再模拟开挖后的回淤过程，因而挖槽回淤模拟排除了挖槽外的其它因素影响。对于本文中的概化河道，得出了开挖后的回淤量与淤积分布规律。挖槽河段在很长一段时间内保持比原平衡河道较窄深的断面形态，说明挖槽疏浚对河道输沙和洪水灾害防治是有利的。     

黄河上游河道水力几何形态关系分析

根据黄河上游干流10个水文断面的多年实测资料,分析了黄河上游不同断面及不同河段的水面宽、水深、流速与流量之间的关系,并探讨了水力几何形态关系中各相关参数的沿程变化特征。结果表明：在整个上游河段,水面宽随流量的变化速率较小,其中上游上段的水力几何形态主要通过流量对水深和流速的共同影响来实现,上游下段则主要通过流量对流速的影响来实现;黄河上游水力几何形态关系与黄河下游及国内外其他河流相比,有相似也有差异,这与该河段的地貌及河道边界条件有关,也与人类活动的影响有关。     

河道疏浚回淤过程数值模拟

以平面二维水流泥沙数学模型为基础，对河道挖槽疏浚加淤的一般规律进行了模拟。模型考虑了河道的横向展宽，先模拟出一条概化的稳定平衡河槽，再模拟开挖后的回淤过程，因而挖槽回淤模拟排除了挖槽外的其它因素影响。对于本文中的概化河道，得出了开挖后的回淤量与淤积分布规律。挖槽河在很长一段时间内保持比原平衡河道较窄深的断面形态，说明挖槽疏浚对河道输沙和洪水灾害防治是有利的。     

黄河河口尾闾与三角洲演变过程机制解析

通过解析黄河河口尾闾摆动、大堤决口、三角洲演替过程与机制,认识到黄河河口尾闾每一次改道都再现了由地下河演变到地上河再决口改道的过程,而弯道环流裁弯取直过程中裁穿相对薄弱的悬河河岸,是近代三角洲以宁海为顶点自然决口与摆动的根本原因。1855年以来10条主要流路形成的整个近现代三角洲依次各存在第一代三角洲、第二代三角洲、第三代三角洲的自然叠加关系,1988年至今的现行清水沟流路第三代三角洲已成雏形。黄河尾闾摆动与三角州形成是黄河多沙河口几千年来的天性,要保障黄河河口的健康生命,不仅要为现行黄河河口尾闾留出一块可以摆动的第三代三角洲,规划流路河口也要留出第三代甚至第四代三角洲。     

永宁江枢纽引航道和挡潮闸闸港冲淤研究

作者研究水宁江枢纽引航道和挡潮闸下游河道泥沙冲淤，在闸港现场冲淤试验分析基础上，进行数值模拟研究闸港淤积期和冲刷期的泥沙冲淤特点。     

Hydrological simulations in the Rhine basin.

Simulations with regional climate models (RCMs), carried out for the Rhine basin, have been analyzed in the context of implications of the possible future discharge of the Rhine river. In a first analysis, the runoff generated by the RCMs is compared to observations, in order to detect the way the RCMs treat anomalies in precipitation in their land surface component. A second analysis is devoted to the frequency distribution of area averaged precipitation, and the impact of selection of various driving global climate models.     

莱茵河水资源管理的创新

1987年,"莱茵河行动计划"开始实施.截止2000年,该计划的实施使许多有害化合物的排放量及其在河流中的浓度显著降低.2000年底,欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)颁布实施.指令要求,到2015年,欧盟境内所有水体应达到良好的化学与生态状态.对欧盟各成员国而言,执行EU WFD,特别是其具有约束力的时间表具有很大的挑战性.为此,编制完成了详细目录,并制订了监测计划.2009年底,将公布首个莱茵河流域管理规划(RBMP)及其措施计划.在重点介绍国际性、国家性和区域性措施的同时,将对RBMP的现状进行探讨.流域管理规划过程是周期性的,2015年不是终点,之后每6 a将对RBMP进行一次更新.     

犍为航电枢纽船闸上引航道口门区通航条件研究

引航道的布置及规模大小对通航条件影响极大。岷江犍为枢纽所在河段的河道地形与泄洪和通航等条件均十分复杂。采用1：100正态物理概化模型模拟犍为航电枢纽布置,测量不同水位流量下引航道口门区的纵向及横向流速,对其进行分析,提出修改方案,根据修改方案重新进行试验,并采用船模进行验证。     

上荆江典型断面河床纵横向变形过程的概化模拟

针对当前三峡工程运用后坝下游河床的调整特点,将床面冲淤与河岸崩退的计算模块相结合,构建了基于断面尺度的河床纵向及横向变形的概化数学模型。以上荆江荆34断面为研究对象,采用概化模型计算了该断面2006年和2008年水文年的河床纵向与横向变形过程,计算的河床纵向冲刷量、河岸崩退总宽度及崩塌后岸坡形态等结果与实测结果吻合较好。此外还分析了考虑与不考虑床面冲淤2种情况下2006年荆34断面形态调整的计算结果,该断面河床冲刷主要集中在枯水河槽,床面冲刷下切导致河岸高度增大,最大增幅约1.9 m,且考虑河床冲淤后计算的河岸崩退总宽度比不考虑时的计算值偏大20%。表明了近岸床面冲刷下切导致滩槽高差增大,将会加剧崩岸的发生。     

黄河上游宁蒙河道冲淤变化分析

黄河上游来水沙地区分布不均匀，水沙异源。大型水库修库前，来沙多，宁蒙河道淤积，５０年代淤积尤为严重。青铜峡、刘家峡水库运用后，水库大量拦沙，宁蒙河道发生冲刷。龙羊峡，刘家峡水库联合运用后，汛期蓄水削峰，出库中小水流量历时加长，大流量出现机会大大减少，宁蒙河道重新调整，主要表现在；水流挟沙能力降低；河道淤积严重，水位升高，平滩流量减小；河势摆动加剧，滩岸坍塌严重；西柳沟高含沙洪水淤堵干流呈加重趋势。     

How do instream flow increase and gravel augmentation impact biological communities in large rivers: A case study on the Upper Rhine River

Actions are being developed to address the adverse consequences of engineering works on large European rivers by developing and implementing restoration activities in order to enhance the functionality and biodiversity of fluvial hydrosystems. However, as has frequently been mentioned in the scientific literature, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the project benefits, if any, and their sustainability are hindered by the difficulty in assessing the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to the methods employed. A case study was conducted on a by‐passed section of the Upper Rhine River (France and Germany) to investigate the effects of instream flow increase and gravel augmentation on selected aquatic and riparian communities (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, and riparian plants). This paper presents the results of a 6‐year interdisciplinary, before‐after control‐impact design monitoring study. The complexity of the study lies in carrying out a separate assessment of the cumulative effects on a site‐based, project‐specific basis. The results showed that (a) the instream flow increase resulted in greater richness of macrophyte species in the newly created backwaters, (b) the artificial gravel bar favoured the recruitment of pioneer species, including invasive species, although gravel redistribution by floods prevented their development, and (c) gravel augmentation tended to promote the taxonomic richness of macroinvertebrate communities with the appearance of species adapted to the new substrate areas. These findings should help to fill the knowledge gaps in large‐scale restoration and contribute key responses to the most frequently arising issues in this area, especially those concerning the efficiency and sustainability of river restoration projects.     

高含沙水流游荡型河道滩槽冲淤演变特点及机理分析

黄河下游游荡型河道河术逐年淤积抬升的众多影响因素中，高含沙洪水起着十分重要的作用，本文根据概化模型试验结果和野外实测资料，分析了高含沙水流游荡型河道滩槽冲淤演变特点，特别提出窄深河槽一方面由高含沙水流自身塑造，另一方面游荡型河道中由高含沙水流塑造的窄深河槽又表现出相对的不稳定性。     

莱茵河警报模型的开发与应用

受第8次莱茵河沿岸国家部长级会议的委托,保护莱茵河国际委员会和莱茵河流域水文国际委员会于1990年共同开发了莱茵河警报模型。1998~1999年荷兰代尔夫特水力学研究所对模型进行了改进,开发了可以计算河流横断面上污染物浓度分布的二维模块。利用目前最新版本的莱茵河警报模型,能够可靠地预报污染物的扩散进程。     

三峡工程上游引航道往复流对通航的影响

 结合三峡水利枢纽上游引航道通航水流条件的试验研究，阐述了上游引航道往复流的运动特征及其产生发展过程。并分析了往复流对通航条件的影响，提出了消减往复流强度，改善通航水流条件的一系列工程措施，结论可供设计参考。